02-Theories of Development. Grand theories Comprehensive Enduring Widely applied

02-Theories of Development

Grand theories• Comprehensive• Enduring• Widely applied

Grand theories• Psychoanalytic• Behaviorism (Learning theory)• Cognitive

Psychoanalytic• Freud 1856 – 1936• Development determined by unconscious motives & drives• Freud’s stages• Infancy – the mouth – oral stage• Early childhood – the anus – anal stage• Preschool years – the penis – phallic stage• Adolescence through death – latency – genital

Psychoanalytic• Erickson 1902 – 1994• Eight developmental stages• 1. Trust vs. Mistrust• 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt• 3. Initiative vs. Guilt• 4. Industry vs. Inferiority• 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion• 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation• 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation• 8. Integrity vs. Despair

Behaviorism• All behavior is learned• Observable behavior is all that matters• Classical conditioning• Pavlov• One item is associated with another

• Operant conditioning• Skinner• Reinforcement• Punishment

• Social learning• Bandura• Modeling

Cognitive Theory• Jean Piaget• 4 Stages• Sensorimotor stage

• Object permanence• Preoperational stage

• Language & egocentrism• Concrete Operational stage

• Conservation of matter• Formal operational stage

• Abstract concepts & hypothetical situations

Cognitive Equilibrium (Piaget)• We want mental balance

(equilibrium)• New ideas create

disequilibrium• How do we incorporate new

ideas to reduce disequilibrium?• Assimilation

• Incorporate into existing ideas (schemas)

• Accommodation• Change our existing ideas

(schemas)

Sociocultural Theory• We are shaped by our culture• Behavior can not be understood

without studying the context (culture)

• Guided participation• Instruction + shared

involvement• Zone of Proximal Development

Humanism• Maslow’s Hierarchy• Universal human

needs

What theories contribute• Psychoanalytic theory – Early childhood• Behaviorism – Environment• Cognitive – Thinking• Sociocultural theory – Culture• Humanism – Universal characteristics• All have strengths & weaknesses• No theory is applicable to all behaviors