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Rome: Triumphs and Fall
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The Roman Triumph and Fall
OVERVIEWGreco-Roman
Republic Augustus Caesar
Rome destroyed and replaced traditional barbarian cultures
Threat of Germans
Christianity
The Rise of RomeItaly and Its Peoples Settlements near the mouth of the Tiber River,
building on the seven hillsFourteen miles from the seaFormed a city-state around 759 B.C
Rome in Italy
The EtruscansArrived in Italy about the ninth century B.C.Moved in all directions by seventh century B.C.Greek influencesOccupied Latium where they ruled Rome for a time Rome expelled the Etruscans about 500 B.C. Rome borrowed from the Greeks In the eighth century B.C. Greece began to plant
colonies in southern Italy (called Magna Graecia by the Romans)
Roman contact brought absorption of Greek ideas and arts into their culture
The Government of the Early Republic
King Served as high priest of the sate religion, military
commander, supreme judge, and chief Executive King was advised by Senate (council of elders) Senate members drawn from the leading families
(patricians) Senate chose the king’s successor from among its own
members subject to approval by an assembly of all male citizens
Rome relied on its own citizens as fighting men and thus had to give them some share in government
Monarchy abolished about 500 B.C. with the expulsion the Etruscans
Military and executive power was transferred to two chief magistrates (consuls) Elected annually by the Assembly of Centuries Centuries were groups of one hundred men into which
the citizens were formed for government, taxation, and military purposes
Election of a plural executive designed to protect against tyranny and was extended to every important office In time of emergency a dictator was selected Selected by the consuls with advice of the Senate for a term
limited to six months
ClassesPatrician (aristocrats) Oldest and Noblest Roman families Performed religious rituals A fraction of the society and dominated Roman politics Magistrates could only come from the upper classes Senate had a fixed number, about 300
Plebeians (commoners) Complaints
No written law code Written down about 450 B.C. in the twelve tablets Want admission to major public offices Tribunes Assembly of tribunes By about 250 B.C. made eligible for all public offices
Roman ExpansionSoldier-citizens By 250 B.C., soldiers fought in small units of about one
hundred men (centuries) under the command of a centurian (elected)
Light armor and oblong shields Centuries combined into legions of about four thousand
men.Protection and self-rule offered to those conqueredColonies established on the Italian peninsula Settled by people from Rome Rights of citizenship
By 250 B.C. all of Italy south of the Po Valley was in Roman hands
Roman Expansion
Early Roman ProvincesCarthage Phoenicia Interest in Sicily Punic Wars, 264-146 B.C.
Defeat of Carthage brought Rome’s first provinces: Sicily, Spain, and Africa
Ruled by proconsuls (governors) Contributed auxiliary troops
Roman wars in Greece
The Overthrow of the Republic The Impact of War and Conquest
Disappearance of independent farmers Latifundia
Tenant farmers and hired hands
By 150 BCE was the largest slaveholding society
Urban mob (proletarians) swells in size
Erosion of Old Republican VirtuesSenatorsThe Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Resettlement Increased number of independent farmers
Close gap between rich and poor Tiberius elected tribune of the people, 133 B.C.
Broke custom of one termMurdered
Gaius tries reform and also murdered in 121 B.C
Change in character of the armyInstead of the farmer-soldier, landless and property-less citizens drafted into the legions
Bettering selves through pay, loot promotion, grants of land or money Army commanders turn into warlords
Civil Wars, 88-82 B.CGaius Marius Plebian Victories in Africa and western Europe Claimed to represent the interests of the people and common
soldiers Natural death during the civil war
Lucius Sulla Patrician Served under Marius Commanded army in Asia Minor Support of the senate Appointed dictator after death of Marius
Abolished limits on powers of senate Generously paid soldiers Use of proscription
Retired in 80 B.C., died in 78 B.C.
Julius CaesarCaesar from an old patrician familyFirst elected consul in 59 B.C.Activities in GaulWhen recalled from Gaul, brought his Army Civil war, Pompey versus Caesar
Subdued opponents and returned to Rome in 46 B.C.Gathered offices Consul and then dictator Senators believed he destroyed the republic
Assassinated March 15, 44 B.C.Marc Antony joins Octavian to defeat Cassius and Brutus Antony and Octavian divide the Roman World Antony ruled the east Octavian rules the West
Octavian defeats Antony at Actium in 31 B.C.
The Imperial FoundationsTitle of augustus (“revered”)The Augustan Political Settlement Princeps (First Citizen) Imperator (Commander-in-Chief)
Reform, Reconstruction, and the End of Expansion Governors of ability and loyalty Census Augustus as a deity Restoration of virtue Reform of the army Cut size Conditions of Service Praetorian guard kept in Rome Armies kept on the frontier
The Approach to One World: The Pax Romana
Lack of an arrangement for orderly succession Theoretically, with the death of Augustus, power should go back
to the senate Augustus selected stepson Tiberius as his successor Tiberius proclaimed princeps by the senate upon Augustus’ death
in 14 A.D. Family intrigue Flavian dynasty
The Empire: Extent and Composition Addition of Britain and Dacia Parthia China Three cultural groups
Eastern – Egyptians, Jews, and Syrians Hellenic – Aegean Sea and southern Italy Western – Romanized section of the empire
Roman Empire at Its Height
Cities of the Empire40 provinces comprised the empire Basic unit: civitas (the city) League of cities
Bound together by network of sea lanes and highways Rome at its center Impression of wealth and grandeur
Each city managed by senate
Cities of the West strove to copy Rome
The Meaning of the Roman Peace: Prosperity, Technology, Citizenship
Trajan to Marcus Aurelius
Peace
Technological innovation
Roman citizenship
Little interest in people beyond the frontiers
Roman Character and ThoughtReligion, Family Life, and Morality Numina (spirits, each with special function) Paterfamilias Women Changes in religious ideals Values and morality
Roman LiteratureLiterature as Moralistic Expression Poets Livius Andronicus: translated Homer’s Odyssey Prose Cicero History Livy: History of Rome
Literature in the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.-A.D. 14) Virgil: the Aeneid Ovid: erotic poems Plutarch: Parallel Lives – 50 short biographies Juevenal: satiric poet
Roman Epicureanism and StoicismEpicurus Individual happiness: happiness equals pleasure minus pain Shun pursuit of wealth or public office Scientific and materialist view of the universe
Stoicism Zeno: founder of Stoicism Ideal Stoic: self-sufficient, dutiful, compassionate, and calm Universe is not chaos but rather functions according to a plan of
goodness Harmony and happiness achieved by striving for virtue rather than
pleasure Universal appeal Marcus Aurelius Jus Naturale (Natural Law)
Science and MedicineCenter was Alexandria, Egypt
Claudius Ptolemy, Almagest
Galen of Pergamum in medicine
Roman LawEvolution of Roman Law Justicia Praetor Jus civile Jus gentium
The Idea of “Natural Law” Influence of Stoic philosophy
One law in nature, the law of reason
Codification of the Laws Justinian’s Corpus Juruis Civilis (Body of Civil Laws) Novels Institutes
Architecture and EngineeringArchitectural Forms and Aim Arch Vault Cross-vault Dome Aqueducts Drainage works Roads
Civic Architecture and Monuments Forum of Trajan Basilica Nave Apse Pantheon
Rotunda Thermae (Bathhouse)
Baths of Diocletian Arena
Colosseum Arches and columns
The End of Rome and the Beginning of Europe
The problems of the Empire Economic weakness
Once able to live off the profits of conquest Increased taxes, decreasing population
LeadershipNo clear means of successionBarbarians
Germanic tribes
Reconstruction of the Empire by Diocletian and Constantine
The End of the Augustan Settlement Overhauls civil administration
New capital of Nicomedia Maximian appointed in 286 to govern the western portion of the
empire from Milan The two augusti (Diocletian and Maximian) each assisted by a junior
colleague (a caesar), who ruled over a prefecture One hundred twenty provinces grouped into twelve units, dioceses,
that were grouped into four prefectures
Army Legions broken into smaller units
Mobile armies in each diocese The large numbers necessary meant recruitment from the barbarians
Economics Problems in unemployment, investment, rising prices Edict of maximum prices Critical occupations made hereditary
Sacred Monarchy and the Worship of the Gods: Diocletian
Borrows idea from Egypt of the ruler as both god and man
No longer a “barracks emperor” – chosen by his army
Re-establishes imperial authority Failed to find successor
Constantine and ChristianityDisposed of all rivals by 324 Followed most of Diocletian’s reforms
Stops persecution of the Christians Edict of Milan, 313
Believed Christian God had helped him in battle
Continues Diocletian’s tradition of the sacred monarchy Chosen by one Christian god
The Burden of EmpireHigh taxes and rising prices
Barbarian invasions
Country people come under the domination of a tiny elite of landowners
Peasants become bound to the landEmergence of an elite of landowners and bishops in
the western empire Count
Bishops and landowners
Barbarian generals
Germanic Invasions of the WestWarfare under Diocletian and Constantine against their barbarian neighborsRomans take up barbarian waysThe HunsThe Visigoths Adrianople Alaric
Romulus Augustulus, last emperor of the West, 475
Invasions of the Western Empire
Battle of Châlons, 451Western empire carved up by the early sixth century Africa belonged to the Vandals Ostrogoths held Italy Visigoth occupied Spain Franks controlled Gaul Angles and Saxons conquered Britain Continuation of Roman government and
institutionsGrowth of Christianity
Discussion QuestionsHow did the early government of Rome develop? Why did it emerge in this manner? Who benefited from the governmental structure and how?
Identify the consequences of Roman growth and expansion during the Republic.
What was the impact of Augustus on Rome? In what manner did his rule change the course of Roman history and how did it affect the future of Rome?
Describe intellectual developments in the period of the Roman Empire. What was the impact of these?
How did the Roman Empire develop during and after the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine?
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