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ABSTRACT
Checkmating unemployment among Nigeria youth: fish farming
option is a project met to look into the unemployment situation in the
country, identify the course and effect and possible effort being made by
the government to remedy the situation. The fish farming option can be
seen as an option to checkmate unemployment. So, this project focuses
on exploring the fish farming business as the way youth can be self
employed.
This project is divided into five chapters with chapter one starting
with the background of the study, objective of the study limitation of the
study statement of research problem, scope of the study and justification
of the study.
Several literature are review to see what other authority says about
the topic. So, several books, journals and other sources of information
were use to assess the level and nature of unemployment situation
globally and also in Nigeria. The option fish farming was expressively
discussed for easy understanding of those who intend to go for the
business.
The research methodology aspect is the focuses of chapter three
while the four deals with data analysis and interpretation. The
questionnaires were design and distributed to the respondent, personal
interview and observation were also used to get the information. The data
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
was interpreted using simple percentage, regression analysis and
spearman rank order correlation method were use to test the two
hypothesis of the fish farming reduce youth unemployment and fish
farming is a lucrative business.
Finally, the whole finding were summarize, recommendations were
made and the chapter was concluded on the note that fish farming could
be a better option to checkmate youth unemployment in Nigeria and also
lucrative.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE I
CERTIFICATION II
DEDICATION III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV
ABSTRACT VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem 8
1.3 Research Question 9
1.4 Objective of the Study 10
1.5 Justification of the Study 11
1.6 Scope of the Study 12
1.7 Limitation of the Study 12
CHAPTER TWO
2.1.1 Introduction 13
2.1.2 Definition of unemployment 15
2.1.3 Taxonomy of unemployment 15
2.1.4 Structure of unemployment in Nigeria 21
2.1.5 Remedies of unemployment situation in Nigeria 23
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
2.2 Fish farming, an option to checkmate Unemployment 28
2.2.1 Introduction 28
2.2.2 History of fish farming 29
2.2.3 Construction of fish pond 30
2.2.4 Method of fish farming 31
2.2.5 Species of fish that can be farm in Nigeria 33
2.2.6 Care and feeding of fish 34
2.2.7 How to start fish farming business 35
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Research Methodology 38
3.2 Method of data collection 38
3.3 Sample design 39
3.4 Justification of sample size 39
3.5 Method of data analysis 40
3.6 Research Hypotheses 41
3.7. Organization Structure of
Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture 41
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and analysis 42
4.1 Data presentation 42
4.2 Data analysis 42
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
4.3 Testing of research hypotheses 55
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, conclusion and recommendations 60
5.1 Summary of findings 60
5.2 Conclusion 61
5.3 Recommendation 62
References 63
Appendix 65
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Unemployment is defined according to Oxford Advance Dictionary
as the fact of number of people without a job.
Harold Goldstein (2008) defined unemployment as enforced idleness of
wage earners who are able and willing to work but cannot find jobs. In
societies in which most people can earn a living only by working for others,
being unable to find a job is a serious problem. Because of its human
costs in deprivation and a feeling of rejection and personal failure, the
extent of unemployment is widely used as a measure of workers' welfare.
The proportion of workers unemployed also shows how well a nation's
human resources are used and serves as an index of economic activity.
Unemployment is a global phenomenon in this 21st century. For
example the rate of unemployment in Belgium stood at 8.7% (statistics
institute of Belgium, 2010).United Arab Emirate rise to 12.7% (Emirate
business April, 2008). United State of America is 9.8% (office of national
statistic US November, 2010).
The rates of unemployment in Africa are listed below: -
South Africa 25.3% (statistic South Africa, 2010)
Nigeria 19.7% (National Bureau for statistic federal Republic of
Nigeria 2009, September)
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
Year National %Urban
%Rural
%1985 6.1 9.8 5.21986 5.3 9.1 4.61987 7 9.8 6.11988 5.3 7.8 4.81989 4.5 8.1 3.71990 3.5 5.9 31991 3.1 4.9 2.71992 3.4 4.6 3.21993 2.7 3.8 2.51994 2 2.3 1.91995 1.8 3.9 1.61996 3.4 3.9 2.81997 4.5 8.5 3.9
Source: CBN (1998) Nigeria Major economic and financial report.
Economists have described the causes of unemployment as frictional,
seasonal, structural, and cyclical.
Frictional unemployment arises because workers seeking jobs do
not find them immediately; while looking for work they are counted as
unemployed. Friction in this case refers to the incongruity between the
demand for and supply of labor.
Seasonal unemployment occurs when industries have a slow
season, such as construction and other outdoor work in winter. It also
occurs at the end of the school year in June, when large numbers of
students and graduates look for work. At its seasonal high point (January
and February), Structural unemployment arises from an imbalance
between the kinds of workers wanted by employers and the kinds of
vii
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
workers looking for jobs. The imbalances may be caused by inadequacy in
skills, location, or personal characteristics. Technological developments,
for example, necessitate new skills in many industries, leaving those
workers who have outdated skills without a job.
Cyclical unemployment results from a general lack of demand for
labor. When the business cycle turns downward, demand for goods and
services drops; consequently, workers are laid off. In the 19th century, the
U.S. experienced depressions roughly every 20 years.
However, several effort have been made to tackle unemployment
globally through fund from international economic organization (like World
Bank, International monetary fund, European Economic Community),
Government, corporate organization, non Governmental parastatal and
individual. Attentions are driven toward creating job rather than seeking for
job.
Ogunleye G.A. (2004) says in the face of severe unemployment
experienced by a country as Nigeria, small and medium scale is usually
the way out. The experience of some developed countries like United
States of America and China that SME has contributed to the growth and
development of these economies, especially in terms of employment,
contribution to GDP, export, etc. it is as a result of these that U.S.A
viii
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
currently has a small business sector that has about 22 million small
sector generating more than a half of the country’s GDP, employing about
53% of the total private workforce, and is responsible for creation of all
new jobs. Also in china, the number of township enterprises (as SME are
called ) increase from 1.52 million in 1978 to 19 million in 1991.During this
period, their employees increased from 28 million to 96 million. The same
is true of rural Middle East and Asian.
In a developing country like Nigeria, SMEs have been recognized
as the foundation for achieving rapid economic growth and development
by way of their output as well as employment potentials. However, despite
the numerous advantages of SMEs, the contribution of this sector to the
overall economic development of the nation has over the years remained
low. Because of this problems and in recognition of SMEs advantage
federal government of Nigeria has over the years continued to play
pioneering and active roles since the 1970s in stimulating SMEs. Notable
among the past present and measures for combating unemployment
include:
1. provision of strong institutional support which can be seen in the
following:
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
The establishment of the small scale industries credit schemes
(SSIC) in 1971.the scheme was operated as a matching grant
between state and federal government to make credit available
for small and medium enterprise.
The establishment of industrial development centers (IDC)
1970-1975.under the plan, #800,000 was allocated for setting up
IDCs in various parts of the country. The aim of government was
to provide extension services to the SME as they relate to
product development, entrepreneurial training, and technical
appraisal of loan application as well as managerial assistance.
Establishment of National Directorate of Employment (NDE)
1986 .Through the Directorate, a number of programmes such
as small scale industries, youth Employment and vocational
skills Development, etc, were embarked upon to boost
employment.
Working for Yourself Programme (WFYP) with the assistance of
British council and the international labour organization (ILO),
the federal ministry of industries established this programme to
provide technical skills to business entrepreneurs.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
2. Establishment of industrial banks and ensuring easy access to
credit facilities at reasonable rates. Government realize fund to the
established bank through central bank of Nigeria. The established
banks are:
o The Nigerian industrial development bank (1964).the bank
can grant loan from # 50000- #15 million but not more than
the 75% of the fixed asset of the business being finance.
o The Nigeria bank for commerce and industry (1973) to
furtherance of its objective to ensure availability of finance to
indigenous entrepreneurs.
o National economic reconstruction fund (NERFUND) Set up in
1989 to provide medium to long term loan for SME.
The government, Non Governmental organization and individual
citizen of Nigeria effort have gone a long way in generating employment
across the sectors of the economy.
Despite the effort made so far to combat unemployment, 29,550,000 youth
are still unemployment (national bureau for statistics federal republic of
Nigeria 2009) which means by implication the number will increase by
some Nigeria Youth Corp who will step into the labour market this year.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
To remedy this government can work on the sector that has the potential
of generating employment i.e. agricultural sector particularly fish farming.
In 2004 the total world production of fish farming was
140,500,000 tones and the growth rate has been sustained and rapid, in
2007, its market reached $ 86 billion (Source: World Fisheries and
Aquaculture), which tells us that fish farming has the potentiality of
creating employment globally.
Fish farming is an important economic activity in China. Between
1980 and 1997, the Chinese harvests grew at annual rate of 16.7 percent,
jumping from 1,900,000 tones to 23,000,000 tones (Source: Chinese
Bureau of fisheries report, 2005) which account for 70% of world
production of fish.
Nigeria as a nation has a population of 150 million people (Source:
population Census 2006) with the unending demand for fish by her
populate can adopt the measure that China used in combating
unemployment. Therefore, fish farming is one of lucrative business one
can learn and earn a very good profit.
WHAT THEN IS FISH FARMING
According to Grace .O. Evbuomwan (2004) defined fish farming as the art
of growing and breeding fish in enclosures such as ponds, multipurpose
water reservoirs, irrigation and drainage channels, fish pens constructed at
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
the edges of rivers or lakes, water filled burrow pits as well as fish cages
floated on rivers or lakes.
Fish farming has the following braches which one can specialize
and expand as time goes by: -
1. Construction of fish ponds
2. Production and selling of fingerlings
3. Buying and Nurturing of fingerlings to juveniles and post juveniles
stage then crop.
4. Buying and selling of feeds
5. Fish farming consultant.
Fish farming Nigeria contribute to the Nigeria GDP of #216.417
billion (source Chairman Fishery society of Nigeria) and small and medium
scale fish farming contribute #14 billion to the economy. This is indeed an
eye opener to a lucrative business one can start and make cool money.
1.2. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Unemployment is a social evil that must be kept at an acceptable level
because it bring about increase in crime rate and other social vices among
the youth, ranging from prostitution , political violent, internet scam,
kidnapping, militancy in Niger delta, drug trafficking armed robbery and
girl trafficking to Italy. It also brings about loss of dignity, human suffering,
poverty, family disintegration etc.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
The need to create employment has made government to be taking
several measures to tackle the problem through conversing for
entrepreneurial behaviour among the youth accompany with initiating of
several developmental and empowerment programs through national
directorate for employment, releasing of fund from centre bank of Nigeria
through bank of industry to micro finance bank.
The fish farming can be considered as an option in the face of
unemployment as Nigeria is yet to meet the increase in demand for fish as
an alternative source of protein that is not carcinogenic. Fish farming is an
economic activity that could lead to improved income and quality of life
and it have a high rating because the net return on investment is relatively
higher than that of other animal species and its contributory role to national
economy cannot be over emphasized.
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION
For the effective research study, researcher shall find answer to the
following question:
1. How lucrative is fish farming?
2. What is the minimum capital requirement to set up the business?
3. What are the danger and risk to watch out for?
4. What is the technical knowledge one must possess before venture
into the business.
5. What is the anticipated pay back period of investment?
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
6. How can one source for fund to finance the business?
7. What are the branches and method of fish farming?
8. What is the marketing potential of fish farming business?
The study will help to critically appraise fish farming as an option to
reduce unemployment among Nigeria youth.
1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The search light of this research is primarily focus on fish farming
as a tool to combat unemployment. This study will be an eye opener for
youth to look inward and see many lucrative business opportunity he/she
can embark upon. In the light of this, the following objectives world be
addressed and these include: -
a. Revealing ways of gaining financial support for business.
b. Offer possible solution to the danger and risk involve in fish
farming.
c. Comparing other businesses with fish farming business so as to
ascertain the better option of your choice.
d. Exploring marketing potential of fish farming.
e. Awareness of Ethics, Government rule and Regulation girding the
business.
f. Extensive study on, “how can I get the business started”.
g. Step by step’s approach of becoming a large scale fish farmer and
earn maximum profit.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
1.5. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The study will be of great importance to: -
i. Individual who is at the valley of decision concerning what kind of
business to start and how lucrative can it’s be.
ii. The corporate organization seeking to diversity its business can as
well discover through this research the potentiality of fish farming
business in the market and its profit maximization.
iii. The Government, after been aware of the research by the World
Bank that majority of Nigerians falls below the poverty line of $1 per
day (World Bank 2002). In looking for how to create employment,
fish farming should be consider with the potentiality of creating
23,000 jobs (source chairman fishery society of Nigeria i.e. FISON).
iv. The insecurity in the country which is militant in Niger delta,
kidnapping, robbery and prostitution is as a result of poverty and
unemployment so this study will go a long way to appeal to the
hungry man who is angry and at the same time bring morality to the
country.
v. Several undergraduates are yet to know that labour market is
oversaturated and seeking white collar job can be a mirage.
Therefore, the study is just establishing to undergraduate to look
beyond getting certificate.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
vi. One of the richest man in the whole world (Bill Gate) is not a civil
servant but an entrepreneur therefore the topic is justify the fact that
one can only serve purpose of God and of man having a personal
businesses.
1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is wide. This is because unemployment is a
global issue and there are May businesses that are option to checkmate
unemployment among youth. However this study will be confine to fish
farming as an option to checkmate unemployment.
Objectively, accessing this study properly will make the researcher
to narrow the research to Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Fish
Farming business in Ilorin Metropolis, but will generalize the result with
what can be obtainable to Nigeria as a whole.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The time and financial constrain are the major limiting factor of this
study. Also, on the part of the respondent some information was
considered confidential. Some of the fish farmer don’t keep record of their
produce in a year because of there educational level.
Lastly at the ministry, the statistical data of the fish farmer in kwara
state was not accessible at the time of this study because it was lent out to
other student of another institution and they could not return it.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
As a result of this, proper management of time and money will be
made so as to make an effective research
xviii
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Emmanuel u. ukuje (2003) Work is an important part of every person’s life;
it defines who we are and without work we often feel socially excluded. For
young people, finding a stable job position is also a symbol that marks the
transition from childhood to adulthood. In finding employment, young
people find independence and a freedom of choice about their lives. It
gives them a certain degree of economic security that is often a
prerequisite for partnership formation and parenthood.
According to Harold Goldstein (2007), the creation of sustainable
livelihoods has become an important factor in this era of globalization to
understand the progress of a nation, especially in developing countries
and among disadvantaged populations. Sustaining the progress calls for
an explicit consideration of future generations. Youth will inherit many of
the environmental, economic and social problems created over the past
decades and incorporating their opinions and concerns into policies at all
levels is critical for a country’s progress. Youth unemployment is an acute
problem in many nations. This is primarily owing to the unequal economic
growth and formal job growth and secondly, the mismatch in skills
xix
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
between those demanded by employers and those acquired in school.
More "enlightened" societies in developing countries are aware of the
problems but become frustrated in their individual attempts to solve these
problems.
Rifkin Jeremy (2000) writes that the capacity of leaders to address
the issue of Sustainable Livelihood Generation is of great importance. It is
essential to weave the process of judgment, career focus, tolerance and
being receptive to ideas into the fabric of learning. These qualities are
essential for the holistic development of an individual and also for churning
out visionary leaders who are the need of the hour for sustaining the
developmental process. G.A Ogunleye (2004), says the essentials for
generating sustainable livelihoods are ‘adaptability’ and ‘dynamic
livelihood capability’. It is thus desired to improve the effectiveness of the
non-formal training system in order to mediate the lateral potential of
young people into productive social and economic activity, while
sensitizing itself to their current livelihood conditions and capabilities.
Self-employment, entrepreneurship, school to work programs and work-
based training should be promoted. Partnerships with the private sector
need to be strengthened and the use of new ICTs to support youth
employment and training must be encouraged. The youth themselves
must be empowered to generate the solutions to youth employment and
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
the same should be aimed at all levels to support further replication of
such initiatives from the grassroots to the global level.
This chapter describes the structure of unemployment in Nigeria,
appraises the duration, cause and remedies and presents a preliminary
assessment of currently attempted solutions to the problem of
unemployment and fish farming option.
2.1.2 DEFINATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
According to Rifkin Jeremy (2000), Unemployment is a state of
worklessness experienced by persons who as member of the labour force
perceive themselves and are perceived by others as capable of work.
They are actively looking for paid employment without success under the
prevailing economic circumstances. Harold Goldstein (2008) defined
unemployment as enforced idleness of wage earners who are able and
willing to work but cannot find job.
2.1.3 TAXONOMY OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
Akin Adewale (2010) Categorized Unemployment under four criteria which
are:
Classification By Degree
Classification By Volition
Classification By Duration
Classification By Cause
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
2.1.3.1 CLASSIFICATION BY DEGREE:
Classification by degree is classified: -
a. Partial unemployment
b. Total unemployment
Partial unemployment: This is the situation in which worker are able to find
part time work to do even though they are seeking full time jobs.
Total unemployment; this refers to those who can not even find any paid
job to do they are 24 hour a day 7days a week unemployment.
2.1.3.2 CLASSIFICATION BY VOLITION
Classification by volition is group as voluntary and involuntary
unemployment.
a. Voluntary unemployment: people who chose not to work are said to
be voluntary unemployed. Discourage workers who have lost hope
of securing a paid job and stop looking for jobs are included in the
list of voluntarily unemployed.
b. Involuntary unemployment: these occur when those who are
actively seeking first job cannot get a job. Those who are
discharged from the job they hold are involuntary unemployed.
2.1.3.3 CLASSIFICATION BY DURATION
This is a subjective label since what constitutes short or long term
depends on the personality, psychological make up and the socio
economic background of whoever is measuring it .but it could be said that
xxii
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
unemployment is long term whereas duration shorter than a year is short
term.
2.1.3.4. CLASSIFICATION BY CAUSE
Economists have described the causes of unemployment as frictional,
seasonal, structural, and cyclical.
Frictional unemployment arises because workers seeking jobs do
not find them immediately; while looking for work they are counted as
unemployed. Friction in this case refers to the incongruity between the
demand for and supply of labour. The amount of frictional unemployment
depends on the frequency with which workers change jobs and the time it
takes to find new ones. Job changes occur often in the U.S.: A. a survey
showed that more than 25 percent of all workers had been with their
current employers one year or less. About a quarter of those unemployed
at any particular time are employed one month later. This means that a
considerable degree of unemployment in the U.S. is frictional and lasts
only a short time. This type of unemployment could be reduced somewhat
by more efficient placement services. When workers are free to quit their
jobs, however, some frictional unemployment will always be present.
Seasonal unemployment occurs when industries have a slow
season, such as construction and other outdoor work in winter. It
also occurs at the end of the school year in June, when large
xxiii
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
numbers of students and graduates look for work. At its seasonal
high point (January and February). Structural unemployment arises
from an imbalance between the kinds of workers wanted by
employers and the kinds of workers looking for jobs. The
imbalances may be caused by inadequacy in skills, location, or
personal characteristics. Technological developments, for example,
necessitate new skills in many industries, leaving those workers
who have outdated skills without a job. A plant in a declining
industry may close down or move to another area, throwing out of
work those employees who are unable or unwilling to move.
Workers with inadequate education or training and young workers
with little or no experience may be unable to get jobs because
employers believe that these employees would not produce enough
to be worth paying the legal minimum wage or the rate agreed on
with the union. On the other hand, even highly trained workers can
be unemployed; this happened in the U.S. in the early 1970s, for
example, when the large numbers of new graduates with doctorate
degrees in physics and mathematics exceeded the number of jobs
available in those fields. If employers practice illegal job
discrimination against any group because of sex, race, religion,
age, or national origin, a high unemployment rate for these workers
could result even when jobs are plentiful. Structural unemployment
xxiv
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
shows up most prominently in some cities, in some occupations or
industries, for those with below-average educational attainments,
and for some other groups in the labor force. In June 1992, for
example, when the U.S. civilian unemployment rate was 7.8
percent, the rate in the state of New York was 9.2 percent; for
teenagers 16 to 19, 23.6 percent; for black workers, 14.9 percent;
and for retail workers, 9.2 percent.
o Cyclical unemployment results from a general lack of demand for
labor. When the business cycle turns downward, demand for goods
and services drops; consequently, workers are laid off. In the 19th
century, the U.S. experienced depressions roughly every 20 years.
The reasons for unemployment as mention above are peculiar to
Nigeria and its manifest itself in the following ways;
Structural employment: the effect of structural unemployment in Nigeria
can be seen in seven ways as highlighted by:
Changes in industrial structure:-the claim here is that changes in
the composition of demand are the cause of this type of
unemployment.
Mismatch of skills
xxv
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
Geographical mismatch: the existence of cultural barriers to
geographical mobility of labour , cultural employment practices,
localization and truncating of potentials along tribal lines,
marginalization of the poor who are excluded from investment
opportunities, pressure on population, and the poor state of social
infrastructure (Ukpong, 1994).
Demographical shifts:
Institutional rigidities:
Automation, system of manufacture designed to extend the
capacity of machines to perform certain tasks formerly done by
humans, and to control sequences of operations without human
intervention. The term automation has also been used to describe
non-manufacturing systems in which programmed or automatic
devices can operate independently or nearly independently of
human control. Automated guidance and control systems are used
to perform various operations much faster or better than could be
accomplished by humans.
Capital restructuring unemployment: this are those that become
unemployed as a result of banking sector’s reform of
xxvi
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
recapitalization as found in Nigeria banking sectors and insurance
company.
Cyclical unemployment occur in Nigeria in the face of economic
recession that send many stock brokers out of job and some
organization only cope with the situation by refusing to recruit job
seeker. Many private and public institutions however tend to see
the NYSC as a means of securing cheap labour .they utilize the
services of corp. members each year but tend not to absolve any
substantial number at the end of the service year.
2.1.4 STRUCTURE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
The level of unemployment of an economy can be measured in
terms of percentages; this is known as the national unemployment rate.
Unemployment started to pose serious problems in the
1980s.With the recession of this period, aggregate effective demand was
weak, yet effective demand is required in order to spur on the creation of
the jobs as was the case before the1980. The problem was compounded
by the continuous production of school leavers at all levels into the job
market which could not absorb all of them. The unemployment rate which
fall 5.3 to 4.3 percent between September 1987and match 1987 rose to
7.4 percent by september1987 .the over all unemployment rate fell from
5.3in December 1988 to 4.1 percent by June 1989 (NMB, Labour force
xxvii
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
survey, 1989). A downward trend is maintain and all time low of 2.9% was
recorded in September 1992-1997.
Year
National
%
Urban
%
Rural
%
1985 6.1 9.8 5.2
1986 5.3 9.1 4.6
1987 7 9.8 6.1
1988 5.3 7.8 4.8
1989 4.5 8.1 3.7
1990 3.5 5.9 3
1991 3.1 4.9 2.7
1992 3.4 4.6 3.2
1993 2.7 3.8 2.5
1994 2 2.3 1.9
1995 1.8 3.9 1.6
1996 3.4 3.9 2.8
1997 4.5 8.5 3.9
Source: CBN (1998) Nigeria; Major economic and financial indicator.
The downward trend is attributable to the continued
strengthening of activities of the National Directorate of Employment
xxviii
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
(NDE) National Directorate for Food and Rural Infrastructure (DFFR)
As well as the government.
xxix
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
2.1.5. THE REMEDIES FOR UNEMPLOYMENT SITUATION
Attempts at solving these problems have seen the development of
direct and indirect initiatives of the state. The new educational policy is
to indirectly change the orientation to work, curriculum is meant to
emphasis skill acquisition rather than intellectual skill that have
contributed to graduate and young school leavers’ unemployment.
Attempts have been made to revamp the economy by directly
controlling foreign exchange and disciplining the Nation’s domestic
consumption patterns. Efforts at development of local technology have
been heightened to enhance development of small scale enterprises.
Agriculture has become a favour sector of the economy. Efforts are being
made to develop the rural areas to make them attractive to the urban
unemployed through the activities of the National Directorate for Food,
Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DERRI) and the National Directorate for
Employment (NDE) (Anyanwu .C. M.2000).
2.1.5.1. SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES
Small and medium scale industries are defined as those enterprises
with total investment of between #100,000 and #2million excluding the
cost of capital (Guidelines for the small scale industries Equity investment
scheme, 2001).
Ogunleye G.A. (2004) says in the face of severe unemployment
experienced by a country as Nigeria, small and medium scale is usually
xxx
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
the way out. The experience of some developed countries like United
States of America and China that SME has contributed to the growth and
development of these economies, especially in terms of employment,
contribution to GDP, export, etc. it is as a result of these that U.S.A
currently has a small business sector that has about 22 million small
sector generating more than a half of the country’s GDP, employing about
53% of the total private workforce, and is responsible for creation of all
new jobs.
Also in china, the number of township enterprises (as SME
are called ) increase from 1.52 million in 1978 to 19 million in 1991.During
this period, their employees increased from 28 million to 96 million. The
same is true of rural Middle East and Asian.
S.F Mohammed (2007), in a developing country like Nigeria, SMEs
have been recognized as the foundation for achieving rapid economic
growth and development by way of their output as well as employment
potentials. However, despite the numerous advantages of SMEs, the
contribution of this sector to the overall economic development of the
nation has over the years remained low. Because of this problem and in
recognition of SMEs advantage, federal government of Nigeria has over
the years continued to play pioneering and active roles since the 1970s in
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
stimulating SMEs. Notable among the past- present measures for
combating unemployment as discuss by O.J Nnanna (2004) include:
2.1.5.2 Provision of Strong Institutional Support Which Can Be Seen
in the Following:
The establishment of the small scale industries credit schemes
(SSIC) in 1971.the scheme was operated as a matching grant
between state and federal government to make credit available for
small and medium enterprise.
The establishment of industrial development centers (IDC) 1970-
1975.under the plan, #800,000 was allocated for setting up IDCs in
various parts of the country. The aim of government was to provide
extension services to the SME as they relate to product
development, entrepreneurial training, and technical appraisal of
loan application as well as managerial assistance.
Establishment of National Directorate of Employment (NDE)
1986 .Through the Directorate, a number of programmes such
as small scale industries, youth Employment and vocational
skills Development, etc, were embarked upon to boost
employment.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
Working for Yourself Programme (WFYP) with the assistance of
British council and the international labour organization (ILO),
the federal ministry of industries established this programme to
provide technical skills to business entrepreneurs.
2.1.5.3. Establishment of industrial banks and ensuring easy access to
credit facilities at reasonable rates. Government realize fund to the
established bank through central bank of Nigeria. The established banks
are:
o The Nigerian industrial development bank (1964).the bank can
grant loan from # 50000- #15 million but not more than the 75% of
the fixed asset of the business being finance.
o The Nigeria bank for commerce and industry (1973) to furtherance
of its objective to ensure availability of finance to indigenous
entrepreneurs.
o National economic reconstruction fund (NERFUND) Set up in 1989
to provide medium to long term loan for SME.
The government, Non Governmental organization and individual citizen of
Nigeria effort have gone a long way in generating employment across the sectors
of the economy. The table below shows the contribution of various sectors to
employment generation
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
Description 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Total working population 100 100 100 100 100
Agric .hunting, forestry &fishing. 54.75 59.50 59.49 59..26 60.88
Mining & quarrying 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14
Manufacturing industries 1.78 1.52 1.75 1.74 1.9
Prod. And Dist. of electric, gas and
water.
0.82 0.72 0.88 0.88 0.90
Building &construction 0.66 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.57
Comm. repairs of Auto &Domestic
Art
0.28 0.20 0.2 0.20 0.22
Hotels & restaurants 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20
Transport, storage &
communication
0.89 0.87 0.85 0.86 0.87
Real estate, renting &Bus. Activities.
0.83 0.54 0.58 0.57 0.59
Public admin & defence, comp. 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
soc. Sec.
Education 20.18 18.56 18.01 18.25 19.88
Health & social work 0.63 0.41 0.60 0.61 0.62
Others 6.21 5.52 6.17 6.13 6.2
Source: National Bureau of Statistics; The Nigerian statistical fact sheet on
Economic and Social Development, June, 2005.
Agricultural sector remain the largest sector that contribute to
employment generation of the country compare to the other sectors as
show in the table above. Despite the effort made so far to combat
unemployment, 29,550,000 youth are still unemployment (national bureau
for statistics federal republic of Nigeria 2009) which means by implication
the number will increase by some Nigeria Youth Corp who will step into
the labour market this year. To remedy this government can work on the
sector that has the potential of generating employment i.e. agricultural
sector particularly fish farming.
2.2 FISH FARMING AN OPTION TO CHECKMATE UNEMPLOYMENT
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION
Fish farming is practiced all over the world. National Geographic reports
that about half of the fish we consume now comes from farms. According
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
to S.S. Abiola (2003) large commercial fish farms raise a wide variety of
aquatic life, from catfish in ponds to large cages or nets in oceans and
seas. Specialty fish farms frequently use tanks to grow large numbers of
fish in a concentrated area.
Aquaculture, farming of aquatic organisms in fresh, a wide variety of
aquatic organisms is produced through aquaculture, including fishes,
unlike capture fisheries; aquaculture requires deliberate human
intervention in the organisms' productivity and results in yields that exceed
those from the natural environment alone. Stocking water with seed
(juvenile organisms), fertilizing the water, feeding the organisms, and
maintaining water quality are common examples of such intervention
(Bartholomew W. Green 2008).
Most aquacultural crops are destined for human consumption.
Aquaculture is considered an agricultural activity, despite the many
differences between aquaculture and terrestrial agriculture. Aquaculture
mainly produces protein crops, while starchy staple crops are the primary
products of terrestrial agriculture. In addition, terrestrial animal waste can
be disposed of off-site, whereas in aquaculture such waste accumulates in
the culture environment. Consequently, Aquaculturists must carefully
manage their production units to ensure that water quality does not
deteriorate and become stressful to the culture organisms (Parker Rick. O.
2000).
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
2.2.2 HISTORY OF FISH FARMING
Aquaculture was developed more than 2,000 years ago in countries such
as China, Rome, and Egypt. Not long after, aqua- cultural practices in
Europe, China, and Japan commonly involved stocking wild-caught seed
—for example, carp fingerlings (juvenile fish) captured from rivers—in
ponds or other bodies of water for further growth.
Mollusk culture was advanced in the 1200s by the discovery in France that
mussel spat (newly settled juveniles) would settle on upright posts in the
intertidal zone, and in the 1600s by the discovery in Japan that oyster spat
would settle on upright bamboo stakes driven into the sea floor. The
concept of pond fertilization was developed in Europe about 1500. In this
process, manure is added to the water to encourage the growth of small
organisms such as aquatic invertebrates and plankton, which in turn are
eaten by the fish.
The United States system of federal hatcheries for the propagation of
anadromous fishes (fishes that live and mature in salt water but reproduce
in fresh water) was established in the 1870s. Much of the current
technology used to reproduce fish in hatcheries has been developed by
these federal hatcheries. In 1959 the first marine shrimp hatchery and farm
was established in Japan, and it was the forerunner of the commercial
shrimp-culture industry. The salmon-culture industry in Europe and the
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
channel-catfish-culture industry in the United States both began in the
1960s (Bartholomew .w. Green 2008).
2.2.3 Construction of fish farming pond.
Agricultural fish farming ponds are constructed to facilitate the particular
species being raised. Some ponds have shallow areas for growing
vegetation, deeper areas where the fish can escape from the sun and
warmer surface water. Some ponds are like large bowls, so the fish may
be "herded" and netted by hand at the end of the growing season.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
2.2.4 METHOD OF FISH FARMING
There are many methods that can be use in fish farming which range
from place to place and the varieties of fish to be store. The following are
the method that can be used (According to Grace Evbuomwan 2005).
a. Earthen ponds method of raising fish:
Most fish is undertaken in earthen ponds. These ponds are usually
equipped with water inlets and outlets that permit independent control of
water addition and discharge. Ponds are stocked with a specific quantity of
juvenile aquatic animals. Management practices range from pond
fertilization, which increases the number of natural food organisms, to
provision of a complete, formulated feed that supplies all nutrients
necessary for growth. Animals that have reached market size are
harvested from the ponds. In a complete harvest, the pond is drained and
all animals are removed from the pond for processing. In a partial harvest,
only a portion of the animals are removed from a full pond using a seine
net. Additional juveniles are often stocked into the pond after a partial
harvest, and the production cycle is continued. Channel catfish, tilapia and
carp family are often cultured in earthen ponds.
b. Cages and Raised Ways Method of Fish Farming:
Fish can also be raised in cages and raceways- long, narrow
earthen or concrete ponds that receive a continuous flow of water from a
nearby artesian well, spring, or stream. Often, several raceways are built
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
in series down the slope of a hill. Cages are used to raise fish in lakes,
bays, or the open ocean and are constructed of flexible netting suspended
from a superstructure floating on the water's surface. Many more
fingerlings can be stocked into raceways and cages than into earthen
ponds, but nutritionally complete formulated feed must be provided to fish
grown in these systems. Rainbow trout are grown in raceways in many
places. The advantage of this method is that it does protect the stock
against predators.
c. Indoor fish farming:
An alternative to outdoor open ocean cage aquaculture, one in
which the risk of environmental damage is high, is through the use of a
recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). A RAS is a series of culture tanks
and filters where water is continuously recycled and monitored to keep
optimal conditions year round. To prevent the deterioration of water
quality, the water is treated mechanically through the removal of
particulate matter and biologically through the conversion of harmful
accumulated chemicals into nontoxic ones.
Other treatments such as UV sterilization, ozonation, and oxygen injection
are also used to maintain optimal water quality. Through this system,
many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized
including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants.
The practices also increased feed-use efficiency growth by providing
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
optimum water quality. Because of its high capital and operating costs,
RAS has generally been restricted to practices such as bloodstock
maturation, larval rearing, fingerling production, research animal
production, SPF (specific pathogen free) animal production, and caviar
and ornamental fish production(Timmons et al., 2002; Piedrahita, 2003).
2.2.5 Species of Fish that can be Farm in Nigeria
a. Carp family: - Carp are prolific and breed rapidly, and they are bred
and fished commercially in Asia, Europe, southern Africa, and, on a
smaller scale, the United States. As bottom feeders they stir up mud and
uproot vegetation, often driving out other fish; on the other hand, they can
survive in stagnant or polluted waters that most other fish do not inhabit.
The types of carp we have are
Tench
School of Koi
Common carp fish
b. Cat fish: - Catfish are named for the feelers, or barbells, located around
the suggesting the whiskers of a cat. These feelers are used for finding
food. The body is scale less, either naked or with bony plates. The dorsal
and pectoral fins are often edged with sharp spines that are used for
defense. The kinds of cat fish are:
Brown Bull Head Cat fish
Channel Cat fish
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
c. Tilapia: - Tilapias have laterally flattened bodies that range from about
10 to 30 cm (about 4 to 12 in) in length. They feed on a wide variety of
food, including insect larvae, crustaceans, juvenile fish, worms, various
plants, and detritus. Some species can survive in waters with oxygen
concentrations as low as 0.1 parts per million, and one species inhabits
hot springs with water temperatures as high as 40° C (104° F). However,
most species of tilapia are not so tolerant.
(Abigail Category 2010 and Grace O. Evbuomwan 2005).
2.2.6 Care and Feeding
Regardless of the type of fish farm, the enclosed animals are
dependent upon the fish farmer for most of their care. The farmer must
provide adequate nutrition, protect the fish from disease and predators,
and monitor water quality. Each species of fish has a different diet. Some
will require daily feeding of commercial fish feed, some require vegetation
to balance their diets, and some will survive on the waste products of other
aquatic life. The farmer must ensure feeding is regular at a particular time
usually twice every day and in sufficient quantity so as not to cause
cannibalistic (i.e. feeding on each other) among the fish. The two kind of
find available are; floating palette and sinking palette (Parker Rick
O.2000).
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
2.2.7 How to Start a Fish Farming Business
2.2.7.1 Starting Own Fish Farming Business
If one wants to start fish farming business then here is a guide to
help make one dreams come true (as discus by Ogundari Olawale 2007).
Starting a fish farming business requires a lot of knowledge, skill
and planning as the investor would have to look into a lot of variables to
make the business possible. Though starting a fish farming business
would require intensive study of both the actual technique in fish
production as well as the expenses one has to invest for equipment, the
fish farming business can prove to be a very profitable venture.
2.2.7.2 Studying to start a fish farming business
The very first thing that any prospective fish farming business
owner has to do is to soak up on as much knowledge in fish culture as
possible. It is highly advisable that he take some college courses or some
programs that are related to fish farming. If the fish farming business
owner has no experience it is good that he first try and work for an
established fish farming expert to know the ins and outs in fish farming. If
he has the knowledge he then has to conduct the research.
2.2.7.3 Do the research in the fish farming business
The would-be owner needs to study the conditions that surround his
proposed location of the fish farm. He must take into account the source of
water in the area and how much is flowing from it, what rate and the
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
temperature of the water. He should also look into other naturally available
resources around the area such as geothermal water from springs. Some
fishes breed faster better in warm water than others. Also look into the
conduciveness of the buildings and structures around the farm. After
looking into the conditions of the environment the entrepreneur also has to
look into the possible market of the fish. It is not profitable to harvest tons
of fishes with no buyer. Could there be a contractor for the fishes? How
about fast food chains? How far is the market for the fish and what vehicle
will be used to transport the fish? After finding out the possible market
conditions the owner must look into organizing the business. The owner
must register it as sole-proprietorship, partnership, corporation or PLC. He
must also attend to the commercial license, operating permit and other
requirements that may be required by the state.
If after this survey the fish farming business still seems possible then it is
time to chart the financial aspect by determining the expected and
unexpected expenses of the business. How much would everything cost
and what would be the sources of the funds. Through this financial
analysis the entrepreneur will know in the long run how much he needs to
profit for how long to pay back the overhead cost and if it is profitable to
start the fish farming business.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
2.2.8 CONTRIBUTION OF FISH FARMING TO NIGERIA ECONOMICS
AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
Fish farming is one of lucrative businesses that the country can trust to
generate employment and contribute greatly to GDP. According to Olujimi
Faturiti (2010), fish farming contribute about $1billion us dollar to the
Nigeria gross domestic product. The small scale fish farming provide more
than 82% of domestic fish supply giving livelihood to one million fishermen.
Abigail category (2010), declare that 23000 jobs could be created in
this industry for fish handling and processing. The marketing potential of
fish farming stand as an opportunity for checkmating unemployment
among Nigeria youth with fish farming option. For example, It was
estimated for Nigeria to meet the demand of fingerling of over 4.3billion
while only 1.0 billion of fingerling has been produced and demand for table
fish is estimate at 1.2 million metric tons while only 0.5 million metric tons
are produced leaving a balance of over 0.7 million metric tons. (FISON,
Foluke Areola 2011).
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
CHAPTER THREE
3.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology as related to business organization
according to Mustapha (2006) is the process of arriving at dependable
solution to problem through planned and systematic collection, analysis
and interpretation of data. Research methodology is the systematic
collection, analysis and interpretation of the data required for the research
work.
In an attempt to appraise the effectiveness of fish farming business
to checkmate unemployment, state ministry of Agriculture and fish farming
enterprises in Ilorin as a case study. The method use in collection of data
and presentation of data for analysis is presented in this chapter.
3.2. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The major instrument used for data collection in this research work
are; questionnaire, observant and personal interview.
The questions are both open ended and close ended. In the open
ended, respondents their own answers while the close ended the
respondents pick their own answers out of the given alternative. These will
enable researcher to gather relevant information about the study.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
The observation made by the researcher has enabled him gather
relevant information about the background of the study and other
information that are relevant.
The secondary data sought from text textbooks, business
magazine, interview, the personal interview will be conducted by the
researcher for the success of this study.
3.3. SAMPLE DESIGN
Due to relatively large and very expensive cost of using aggregated
information of entire population, a sample is necessary in order to give fair
representation of the entire population to study.
In determining the sample size a special consideration is made as
to how the whole population can be fairly represented the result.
Since it is not visible to consider the whole population, sample size
drawn on basis of random at ministry of Agriculture and among fish
farming enterprise as a whole will be 80.
3.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE SAMPLE SIZE
The twenty consumers that were interviewed vary demographically.
The characteristic views of each of these consumers will serve to indicate
the sales potentiality of fish farming business.
The thirty given to fish farming business men helps to determine the
ability of fish farming in generating employment and poverty reduction.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
The twenty were distributed at the Kwara State ministry for
agriculture which helps to determine the government program in relation to
fish farming and incentive available.
3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The statistical methods will be used to analyze, interpret
and test data related to this study; which are: -
Simple percentage: - Which will be used to analyze
respondent bio data.
Regression analysis: which shall be use for the testing of
hypothesis.
Y= a+bX
_ _a = Y-bX
b = n∑xy -∑x∑y _____________ n∑x^2 – (∑X)^2
Spearman rank order correlation (RHO) will be equally
used for the testing the hypothesis.
R= 6∑d^2 ________ n (n^2-1)
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
3.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The research hypothesis for this study include: -
a. H0: Fish farming does not reduce unemployment rate in Nigeria
H1: Fish farming reduce unemployment rate in Nigeria.
b. H0: Fish farming is not a lucrative business
H1: Fish farming is a lucrative business
3.7 KWARA STATE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
(DEPARTMENT OF FISHERY) ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
SECRETARY
xlix
Honorable commissioner
Permanent secretary
Director of fishery
Fishery extension services
Aquaculture division
Fishery area office
Fingerling production
Fishery law enforcement unit Training
growth unit
Secretary
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION
This chapter is however focuses on the presentation and analysis of
the data or information acquired in respect of this project work. The
analysis of data in respect of particular results will involve presentation of
results through the use of percentage analysis. More so, descriptive tables
with appropriate headings are used. The descriptive method of data
analysis attempts to relate information being disseminated using simple
percentage.
In analyzing the data seventy copies of the questionnaire printed
out were administered (fifty were distributed to fish farmer at the ministry of
agriculture and fish farmer in Ilorin metropolis., and twenty to the
consumer / buyer of fish) of which sixty-three were responded to, while
the remaining seven were not responded to. Therefore, the analysis will
be based on the response to the questionnaire.
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS
To aid the discussion and interpretation of the research findings,
there is need to examine the feature of each item of the questionnaire
administered by Fish farmer and ministry of agriculture department of
fishery.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
TABLE 4.1.1
PRESENTATION OF RESPONSES AND NON RESPONSES TO
QUESTIONNAIRE OF FISH FARMERS
RESPONSES OF RESPONDENTS
NO. OF QUESTIONNAIRE
PERCENTAGE
Responses 45 90%Non responses. 5 10%TOTAL 50 100%
Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011)
As shown in Table 4.1.1 above fifty copies questionnaires were
printed out and distributed and distributed to respondents of which forty-
five were responded to.
TABLE 4.1.2
THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT
AGE DISTRIBUTION NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE.Below 20 years 5 11%21-30 years 28 62%31-40 years 12 27%
41-50 - 0%
50 and above - 0%TOTAL 45 100
Source : Researcher’s survey findings (2011).
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
The table 4.1.2 above shows the age distribution of the respondent.
It was discovered that 11%, 62% and 27% of fish farmer are within the age
distribution of below 20 years, 21-30 years and 31-40 years respectively
while the age distribution 41-50 and above 50 shows nil respectively.
As indicated in Table 4.1.2 above, the age distribution 21-30 caries
the largest percentage. This reveals that the employment opportunity
created by fish farming business are enjoyed absolutely by youth between
the age of twenty to forty and mostly unemployed youth fall between those
age and majority of fish farmer are between 21-30 years.
TABLE 4.1.3
THE TABLE SHOWING THE EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF THE
RESPONDENTS
ALTERNATIVES NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Primary school 7 16%Secondary school /Grade two teacher
11 24%
NCE/ O.N.D 15 33%H.N.D/ Degree holder 10 22%Other (post graduate) 2 5%TOTAL 45 100%
Source: Researcher survey findings (2011)
As indicated in the above Table 4.1.3, 33 percent of the total
respondents are OND /NCE holder, while 24% are secondary school /
grade two teacher drops out, 22%,16% and 5% are HND /Degree holder,
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
primary school drops out and post graduate holder respectively. because
OND /NCE Take the larger percentage follow by secondary school drop
out, we can then conclude that the graduate student are not much in the
business of fish farming.
TABLE 4.1.4
THE TABLE SHOWING THE PRIMARY OCCUPATION STRUCTURE OF
THE RESPONDENTS
ALTERNATIVES NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Fish farming 37 82%
Other farming
Public sector
Private sector 5 11%
Others (specify) 3 7%
TOTAL 45 100%
Source: researcher’s survey findings
It can be seen clearly that 82% of the fish farmers involve in fish
farming as primary occupation. While only 11% and 7% are primarily
employed by private enterprise and public enterprises respectively but
take fish farming as secondary occupation.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
It can be deduced also that youth who intend to go into the
business can make it the primary source of lively as majority of fish farmer
making it their main occupation.
TABLE 4.1.5
THE TABLE SHOWING THE TYPE OF FISH POND RESPONDENTS
OPERATE
ALTERNATIVES NO ,OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Earth pond 23 51%
Concrete pond 22 49%
TOTAL 45 100%
Source: researcher’s survey findings (2011)
The table 4.1.5 shows the fish kind of fish pond respondents
operate which is earth pond and concrete pond which are 51 and 49
percent respectively.
It is discover that earthen pond is the most cheapest and preferable
fish pond as it look like natural habitant of fish, fish can also feed on some
natural organism themselves in addition to artificial feed supply by farmer.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
TABLE 4.1.6
THE TABLE SHOWING THE COST OF FEEDING 1000 FINGERLINGS
TO MATURITY
COST OF FEEDING 1000
FINGERLINGS(#000)
NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
#50- #100 8 18%
#100- #200 24 53%
#200- #300 10 22%
#300- #400 3 7%
#400 and above _ _
TOTAL 45 100%
Source: Researcher‘s survey findings (2011).
Table 4.1.6 above shows the cost of feeding 1000 fingerlings to
maturity. The cost range of #100,000 to #200,000 takes the largest
percentage of 53%, follow by # 200,000- #300,000 of 22% , cost rage of
#50,000- #100,000 which covers 18% and the least is the cost range #
300,000- #400,000.
This information derives from the above data is that for any youth
intending to venture into the business must have capital of #100,000-
#200,000.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
TABLE 4.1.7
THE TABLE SHOWING HOW MANY TIMES RESPONDENT HARVEST
IN A YEAR
NUMBER TIMES RESPONDER
HARVEST IN AYEAR
NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Once _ _
Twice 24 53%
Trice 21 47%
TOTAL 45 100%
Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011)
The table above shows that 53% percentage of respondent harvest
Trice in a year and 47% of respondent twice in a year when no one
harvest once in a year.
It can be deduce that one can nurture fingerling to maturity within
four month and at most six month, in as much the larger percentage of
respondent harvest trice in year. Also, the pay back period of the capital
invested in fish farming business in within a year.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
TABLE 4.1.8
THE TABLE SHOWING IF THERE IS A MARKET FOR ALL THE
PRODUCE OF THE FISH FARMER
Is there market for your entire product?
ALTERNATIVES NO , OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Yes 39 87.7%
No
Sometimes 6 13.3%
TOTAL 45 100%
Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011)
Table 4.1.8 shows that 87.7% yes, there is market for all there
produce while 13.3% say sometimes there is market. But there wasn’t a
time when there will be total market failure because no one fill No.
Fish farming business can be said to be lucrative as there is always
a market for all the produce as said by majority 87.7% fish farmer. Also, it
can also be said that one can predict what is going to be the cash inflows.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
TABLE 4.2 .1
PRESENTATION OF RESPONSES AND NON RESPONSES TO FISH
BUYER’S QUESTIONNAI RE
RESPONSES OF THE RESPONDENTS
NO. OF QUESTIONNAIRE
PERCENTAGE
Responses 18 90%
Non- Responses 2 10%
TOTAL 20 100%
Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011)
As shown in the Table 4.2.1 above twenty (20) copies of
questionnaire were printed and distributed to respondents of which
eighteen(18) were responded to while the remaining two (2) were not
responded to.
Table 4.2.2
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT ACCORDING TO THEIR SEX
SEX DISTRIBUTION NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Male 14 77.8%
Female 4 22.2%
TOTAL 18 100%
Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011)
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
Table 4.2.2 show the age distribution of respondent of which are
77.8% male and 22.2% are female. This can be interpreted that though
both male and female patronize fish farmer but the targeted customer are
male as the findings shows larger percentage of male patronizing them.
TABLE 4.2.3
THE TABLE THAT SHOWS THE MARITAL STATUS OF THE
RESPONDENTS
MARITAL STATUS NO. OF RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
Single 12 66.7%Married 6 33.3%Divorced - -TOTAL 18 100
Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011)
The Table 4.2.3 above shows the larger percentage of 66.7% and
33.3% for single and married respectively. This implies, the majority of fish
farmer customers are bachelors or single.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
TABLE 4.2.4
Question: fishes (catfish, tilapia, carp fish etc) are richer in protein and
saver health wisely compare to egg and meat.
DEGREE OF RESPONDENT AGREEMENT
NO OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
Agreed 9 50%
Strongly Agreed 6 33.3%
Disagreed 1 5.6%
Strongly disagreed - -
Undecided 2 11.1%
TOTAL 18 100%
Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011)
The table above shows the degree of preference of fish to meat and
egg. The table 4.2.4 shows that majority of the fish farmer buyer consume
the produce because they agree that it’s richer in protein compare to egg
and meat. This is justify as 50% of respondents agreed, 33.3% strongly
agreed while only 5.6% disagree and 11.1% are undecided.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
TABLE 4.2.5
Question: how often do you patronize fish farmer?
RESPONSE NO OF RESPONSE PERCENTAGE
None 1 5.6%
Every day 12 66.6%
Every weekend 3 16.7%
Sometimes 2 11.1%
TOTAL 18 100%
Source: Researcher survey findings (2011).
The table 4.2.5 above shows how frequent each customer
patronizes the fish farmer. It was discovered that 66.6% patronize fish
farmer every day, 16.7% every weekend, 11.1% sometimes and only 5.6%
do not patronize them.
What can be deduce here is that majority of the fish farmer
costumers are restaurant, processor, fish seller, Hotel and distributor
which patronize them daily while majority of those buying sometimes and
weekend bases are final consumers.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
TABLE 4.2.6
THE TABLE SHOWING THE FAVOURITE KIND OF FISH THAT
CONSUMERS LIKE TO BUY THE MOST
KIND OF FISH NO. OFRESPONSES PERCENTAGETilapia 3 16.7%Cat fish 14 77.7%Carp fish 1 5.6%Others (specify) - -TOTAL 18 100%
Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011).
The Table 4.2.6 above show the kind of fish that consumer like the
most, the cat fish is rank the best fish the consumer love to buy as its
cover 77.7% of the respondents, then tilapia which is 16.7% and carp fish
5.6%.
It can be discover that the demand of cat fish is high compare to
other kind of fish produce by fish farmer, any body going into the business
kind think it worthwhile to produce cat fish.
4.3 TESING OF HYPOTHENSIS
The hypotheses that will be tested include:
1. To show that fish farming reduces youth unemployment
in Nigeria.
2. To show that fish farming is a lucrative business.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
4.3.1 STEPS IN TESTING IN TESTING HYPOTHESIS
In using the regression analysis method of hypothesis the following steps:
STEP 1: formulate the null hypothesis (Ho and H1)
STEP 2: Specify the level of significance to be used (0.05 level of
significance)
STEP 3: Computation of test statistics. Here we determine whether the
null hypothesis should be rejected.
STEP 4: Establish the critical value of the test statistics.
STEP 5: Make the decision. The computed value of the statistics is
compared with the critical value.
If the computed test statistics is greater than the critical, the null
hypothesis is rejected. If otherwise the reverse is the case, the null
hypothesis is accepted.
4.3.2 TEST OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 1
To show that fish farming has provided employment opportunity to
many youth therefore reduces youth unemployment.
Ho: That fish farming does not reduce youth unemployment in Nigeria.
H1: That fish farming reduce youth unemployment in Nigeria.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
Model summary
Model R R-square Adjusted R-square Standard error of the estimate
1 0.519 0.269 0.243 0.98534
a. Predictor: (constant), youth unemployment.
The above table gives the model summary with R-square value of
0.269(26.9%). This implies that, 26.9% of the variability is the
unemployment rate is being explained by the fish farming.
ANOVA
Model Sum of
square
df Mean square F Significant
Regressio
n
10.015 1 10.015 10.315 0.003
Residual 27.185 28 0.971Total 37.200 29
a. Predictor: (constant), youth unemployment
b. Dependant variable: fish farming.
The above table shows the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table with
F- calculated value at 10.315 which the critical value obtained from
statistical table at 4.28 level of significant. The decision rule is that when F-
calculated is greater than the value of F- tabulated, reject null hypothesis
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
(Ho) that says fish farming does not reduces youth unemployment in
Nigeria.
Coefficients
Unstandardized coefficient.
Standardized coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta T Sig.Constant 5.259 1.153 4.560 0.000
unemployment -1.926 0.600 -0.519 -3.212 0.003
a. Dependent variable: fish farming
The above table gives the coefficient of the regression model. From the
table, the decision rule is reject Ho if P- value < α-value =0.05, do not
reject Ho Decision since P –value =0.003 is less than α –value of 0.05, we
therefore reject Ho in favour of Alternative hypothesis H1.
CONCLUSION: we conclude that fish farming reduce youth
unemployment rate in Nigeria.
4.3.3 TEST OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS TWO (2)
Null hypothesis (Ho): That fish farming is not a lucrative business
Alternative hypothesis (H1): That fish farming is a lucrative business.
Model summary Model R R square Adjusted R
squareStd. Error of the Estimate
1 0.411 0.169 0.139 1.05090
a. Predictors: (constant), lucrativeness.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
The above table shows the summary modes with R –square values
of 0.169 (16.9%). This implies that, 16.9% of the variability in the
lucrativeness i.e making large profit is being explained by fish farming.
ANOVA
Model Sum of
square
Df Mean
square
F Significant
Regressio
n
6.277 1 6.277 5.684 0.024
Residual 30.923 28 1.104
Total 37.200 29
a. Predictors: (constant), lucrative business.
b. Dependent variable: fish farming.
It gives the analysis of variable (ANOVA) table with F- calculated value at
5.684 which the critical value obtained from statistical table at 4.20 level of
significant. Therefore, reject null hypothesis.
Coefficients
Unstandardized coefficient.
Standardized coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta T Sig.(constant) 2.923 0.587 4.978 0.000
Lucrativeness -0.923 0.387 -0.411 -2.384 0.024
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
a. Dependent variable: fish farming.
Decision Rule: reject Ho if P- Value is less than α –value of 0.05 accept
null hypothesis.
Decision: since P- value = 0.024 which is less than α- value of 0.05, we
reject null hypothesis and accept alternative hypothesis (H1).
CONCLUSION: Hence, we conclude that fish farming is a lucrative
business. The coefficient of the regression model show the intercept and
slope are 2.923 – 0.923 x where “y” is the fish farming and “x” lucrative
business. The model shows that lucrative business has a negative impact
on fish farming.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The research carried out through the use of questionnaire attempts
to identify extends at which fish farming option can checkmate youth
unemployment in Nigeria.
The research questionnaire was distributed at the kwara state
ministries of agriculture (department of fishery) and the fish farmer from
selected location in Ilorin metropolis. Also, questionnaire was design and
printed to seek consumer’s opinion.
From the research work it was discover that youth within the age
range of 20-40 years engage in the business of which 33%are OND/NCE
and 22% are HND/ Degree holder.
From the consumer side it was discover that there is higher demand
on catfish more than any other kind of fish as 77.7% of respondent who
are customer to fish farmer prefer cat fish more than any other kind of fish.
The minimum capital required to nurture 1000 fingerling to maturity
is one hundred to two hundred naira (#200,000-#300,000) according to
larger percentage of 53% respondents, the maturity period is four month
as respondents said one can harvest trice in a year. The average price of
selling one unit of fish is #450, bases on the research findings 87.7%
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
agreed that there is market for all there produced. This means for every
two hundred thousand naira invested, after four month one will have a total
earning of four hundred and fifty thousand naira. Also, in a year the total
out flow of cash will be almost #750,000 when one is sure of gaining an
inflow of #1350, 000.
Finally, two hypotheses were tested. The two hypotheses that were
tested are;
To show that fish farming reduces youth unemployment in Nigeria
To show that fish farming is a lucrative business apart from
generating employment.
5.2 CONCLUSION
Youth unemployment in Nigeria is indeed a reality; the fish farming
business can be seen as a business that is not only a remedy for
unemployment situation but as well lucrative. Fish faming enterprises has
engage most of the OND /NCE and secondary schools drop out. In recent
years many HND/university graduate had got themselves engaged in the
venture.
However, the major problem facing fish farmer is high price of fish
feed and inadequate government support in term of loan and extension
officer’s services.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
In view of the findings above a few recommendations can be made
to government, business enterprises, and unemployed youth.
On the part of the government, government at all level should make
loan available and accessible for youth who want to go into or already in
the business of fish farming. Government should deem it fit to subsidize
the price of feed for fish farmer as other crop farmer enjoy subsidy on
fertilizer and encourage the local production of fish feed. The service of
government extension will make Nigeria fish farmer attain self sufficient in
fish production as Nigeria can only supply half of the demand for fish.
Fish farming business can be recommended to corporate
establishment who wishes to diversify it business for they have the
capacity to go on large scale and thereby employed more youth of this
nation. The majority of canning fish product we have is imported if
corporate company can invest in that it will be another means of enlarging
the fortune of this business. Preservation and package of fish can be
promoted by corporate establishment for export.
The youth can start the business with zero capital by using the step
by step approach of writing a good business proposal to somebody that
has a large produce of fish. To sell for the person, all that will be needed is
a guarantor. That can continue until one get at least sixty thousand naira
for a start and simultaneously combining management of pond with fish
selling business till one is able to stay alone.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
REFERENCES
Abigail Category (2010): Fish farming contribute more than $1 billion U. S.
Dollar. Publication of Fishery society of Nigeria (FISON).
Akin Adewakun, (2010): youth unemployment in Nigeria.
Anyanwu, C.M. (2000), 0.J Nnanna, (2004):``financing and development
of small scale industries on Nigeria. Paper presented to the
committee of bankers’ on financing small industries.
Emmanuel u. Ukeje (2003): employment creation through small and
medium scale enterprises: country experiences. CBN
Bullion Vol. 27.
Grace Evbuowan. (2004): Self sufficiency in the fishery sector:
Challenge and prospect in Lagos state, CBN research and statistic
department publication.
Harold Goldstein (2008): unemployment, Redmond, W.A , Microsoft
Corporation U.S.A.
Mustapha .A. (2006): Foundation In Business Research Methods .OLAD
publishers, Ilorin Nigeria.
Ogunleye . G. A. (2004): Small And Medium scale enterprises as
Foundation for rapid economic development in Nigeria.
Rifkin, Jeremy (2000). The End of Work: A cry of alarm about global
unemployment. Microsoft Corporation, U.S.A.
lxxi
Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
S.F,Mohammed (2007). Establishing a credible small and medium
enterprises credit scheme in Nigeria. CBN Bullion. Volume
31
S.S. Abiola (2003): Employment creation / opportunities in the Agro- Allied
sub sector .CBN Bullion vol 27 no 4.
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
APPENDIX
Department of Business Administration
University of Ilorin,
Ilorin, Kwara State.
LETTER OF INTRODUCTION
I am an undergraduate student of the above name institution, I am
conducting a study on the topic “checkmating unemployment among
Nigeria youth: Fish farming option.”
The study requires asking you some questions, kindly help me by
completing the questionnaires. Any information provided will be treated as
confidential as possible and used mainly for the study.
Yours faithfully,
Researcher,
Odewoye Segun
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
QUESTIONAIRE
Survey of fish farming business
A. Preliminary information
1. Age: A.Below 20 years ( )B. 21-30( ) C.31-40( ) D.41-50( ) E.
Above ( )
2. sex: A.Male ( ) B.Female ( )
3. Marital status: A.Singe ( )B. Married ( )
4. Educational Background: A.Primary school ( )B. Secondary
school level / Grade two Teacher( ) C. NCE / O.N.D ( ) D.
H.N.D/ Degree Holder ( ) E.Others [specify]
__________________
5. Primary Occupation: A.Fish farming ( )
B.Other farming (specify)___________ ___
C.Public sector (specify) _______________
D.Private sector (specify) _______________
E.Other (specify) ______________________
6. Secondary Occupation:A. Fish farming ( )
B.Other farming (specify) ______________
C.Public sector (specify) _______________
D.Private sector (specify) ______________
E,Other (specify) _____________________
7. How long have you been into Fish Farming?
A.Below 1 year ( )B. 1-2years ( ) C.3-4 years ( ) D.5-10years ( )
E.10 years and above ( )
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
B.CORE SURVEY DATA
1. What type of pond do you operate?
A. Earth pond ( ) B. concrete ( )
2. Is it homestead or in a farm site?
A. Home stead ( ) B. farm site. ( )
3. Why are you into fish farming?
A. Recreation /pleasure ( ) B. Profit making ( ) C. subsistence ( )
4. How many fish ponds do you have?
A. 2-3( ) B. 4-5( ) C. 6-7( ) D.8-9( ) E.10 and above.
4b.what is the total size (square feet )?_____________
5.Are you planning to expand in the nearest future ?
A. yes ( ) B. No ( )
6.what type of fish do you stock ?
A.___________________________
B___________________________
7.what is the rough estimate of the stock?_____________
8.How many times do you feed your fish daily?
A. once B.Twince ( ) C. Thrice ( ) D. More than 3 times ( ) E. At
will ( )
9. What percentage of your running cost is on feeding?
A. below 40 %( ) B.41-50% ( ) C.51-60% ( ) D.61-70% E. Above
70%
10. How will you rate the cost of your input?
A. cheap ( ) B. Moderate ( ) C. Expensive D. Very expensive ( )
11. What is the total cost of feeding 1000 fingerling to maturity?
N________________
12. How often do you drain the water in your pond in a week?
A. none ( ) B. once C.2 times ( ) D.3 times ( ) E.4 times ( )
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
13. How many farm attendants (including family members) do
you have?
14.How many time do you harvest in a year?
A. once ( ) B. Twice ( ) C. Thrice ( )
15. How many kilogram do you produce in a year?________
16. Do you target a particular period to harvest ? A. yes ( ) B. No
()
16b.If yes, what period?_________________
17. Who do you sell your product to ? A. final consumers (
) B. Retailers ( ) C. Distributors ( ) D. Restaurants ( ) E.
processors ( )
18. How do you sell your product and at what price per selling
unit? A. in sizes ( ) B. in kilograms ( ) C. in Basket weights ( ) D.
combination (Average selling price)__________________
19. Is there market for all you produce? A. yes ( ) B.NO ( ) C.
sometimes ( )
20. How did you finance your business?
A. Self ( ) B. Friends / Relations. ( ) C. Cooperative (Esusu) ( )
D.Banks. ( )
21. is the enterprises profitable?
A.very profitable ( ) B. fairly profitable ( ) C. Break even ( )
D. Not profitable ( )
22 Did you agree that fish farming will be a better option that
government should invest upon to checkmate youth unemployment.
A. Agreed ( ) B. Strongly agreed ( ) C. Disagreed( ) .D strongly
disagreed( ) .E. undecided( )
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
QUESTIONNAIRE
FISH CONSUMER’S SURVEY
A. PRELIMINARY INFORMATION
1. Age : A. Below 20 years ( )B. 21-30( )C. 31-40( ) D.41-50( )
E. Above ( )
2. Sex: A. Male ( ) B. Female ( )
3. Marital status: Singe ( ) Married ( ) Divorced ( )
4. Educational Background: Primary school ( ) Secondary school
level / Grade two Teacher ( ) NCE / O.N.D ( ) H.N.D/ Degree
Holder ( ) others [specify] __________________
5. Occupation:________________________
B. CORE SURVEY
6. Do you agree that high price of fish could be as a result of high
demand of populate. A. Agreed ( ) B. Strongly agreed ( ) C.
Disagreed ( ) .D strongly disagreed( ) .E. undecided( )
7. Consumption of fish is richer in protein and saves to health
compare to egg and meat. A. Agreed ( ) B. Strongly agreed ( )C.
Disagreed( ) .D strongly disagreed( ) .E. undecided( )
8. How often do you patronize fish farmer. A. None ( ) B. Every day ( )
C. every weekend ( ) D. Sometimes ( )
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Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option
9. What is your favourite kind of fish? A. Tilapia. B. Catfish. C. Carp fish
D. Others [specify]_________________
10. What period/season is fish price the cheapest? _____________
A. Rainy season ( ) B. Dry season period ( ) C. It varies ( )
11. Do you agree that more Nigeria youth should go into the business
because it is more lucrative? A. Agreed ( ) B. Strongly agreed ( )C.
Disagreed( ) .D strongly disagreed( ) .E. undecided( )
12.what do you think government can do to make the production of fish
sufficient. A. subsidize the price of feed ( ) B.import fish( ) C. produce
it localy ( ) D.others [specify]___________________
lxxviii
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