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1 - 1© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
CH110CH110Foundations ofFoundations of
GENERAL, ORGANIC,GENERAL, ORGANIC,
& BIOCHEMISTRY& BIOCHEMISTRYCHEMEKETA COMMUNITY COLLEGE
INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Jan Cammack
http://newterra.chemeketa.edu/faculty/camjhttp://newterra.chemeketa.edu/faculty/camj
1 - 2© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
11stst Day Stuff Day Stuff
Who are you? Are you in the right place?
GOB
CTV Introduction
Privacy waver
Chemeketa Pipeline
Course Web Page
Course Syllabus & requirements
Who am I?
Web CT Quizzes
1 - 4© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
CH110 Recitation & Lab: Week 1CH110 Recitation & Lab: Week 1
1. Complete the prelabprelab assignment for Lab Experiment 1Experiment 1: Burners & Flames
2. Homework problems will be due each week at recitation
– Chpts 1(&2) problems due ThurChpts 1(&2) problems due Thur
1 - 5© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Chapter 1:Chapter 1:MeasurementMeasurement
Units of MeasurementUnits of Measurement
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
Conversion CalculationsConversion Calculations
DensityDensity
1 - 9© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
MetricMetric
SISI
CommonCommon
ConversionsConversionsLengthLength
VolumeVolume
MassMass
Units of MeasurementUnits of Measurement
meter (m) 1 m = 1.09 ydmeter (m) 1 m = 1.09 yd
liter (L) 1 L = 1.06 qtliter (L) 1 L = 1.06 qt
gram (g) 1 kg = 2.2 lbgram (g) 1 kg = 2.2 lb
1 - 10© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Matter has MassMass and takes up space.
Matter Matter =The stuffstuff things are made of.
(Air, water, rocks, etc..)
=The amountamount of stuff (in g’s) (Bowling Ball > Balloon)
WeightWeight on earth.
=Pull of Gravity on matter.
1 - 11© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Mass Vs. WeightMass Vs. Weight
How much would you weigh How much would you weigh on another planet?on another planet?
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/
1 - 14© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Scientific notationScientific notation
If a number is If a number is largerlarger than 1 than 1
•Move decimal point XX places leftleft to get a number between 1 and 10.
1 2 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0.
•The resulting number is multiplied by 10XX.
= 1.23 x 108
1 - 15© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Scientific notationScientific notation
If a number is If a number is smallersmaller than 1 than 1•Move decimal point XX places rightright to get
a number between 1 and 10.
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 = 1.23 x 10-7-7
•The resulting number is multiplied by 10-X-X.
1 - 16© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
ExamplesExamplesWrite in Scientific Notation:
25 =
8931.5 =
0.000593 =
0.0000004 =
3,210. =
2.5 x 10 2.5 x 10 11
8.9315 x 10 8.9315 x 10 33
5.93 x 10 5.93 x 10 - 4- 4
4 x 10 4 x 10 - 7- 7
3.210 x 103.210 x 1033
1 - 17© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
x 10x 10
1.44939 x 101.44939 x 10-2-2 = =
Scientific notationScientific notation
+
-1
/
x
0
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
.
CE
EE
log
ln
1/x
x2
cos tan
1.44939 E-2
0.01449390.0144939
On Calculator On Calculator 1.44939 (-) 21.44939 (-) 2EEEE
Means Means x 10x 10 ChangeChange
SignSign
1 - 20© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Measured & Exact NumbersMeasured & Exact Numbers
Exact Numbers =Exact Numbers = from counting or by definition
12 coins per package12 coins per package
12 coins 1 package
12 coins 1 package
1 package12 coins
1 package12 coins=
12 coins 1 dozen coins 12 coins
1 dozen coins 1 dozen coins
12 coins 1 dozen coins
12 coins=
1 - 21© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Measured & Exact NumbersMeasured & Exact Numbers
Measured Numbers =Measured Numbers = estimated using a tool
• We make errors We make errors
• Tools have limitsTools have limits
All measurements contain some uncertaintyuncertainty.
1 - 24© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Length of object is between 6.7 and 6.8The next digit would be a guess.
Significant figuresSignificant figures
If use 6.76 then have error of + 0.01cm
1 - 25© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Significant figuresSignificant figures
Expresses accuracy & precision.accuracy & precision.
You can’t report numbers better than the method used to measure them.
6.76.766 units = 33 sig figures
Certain Digits
UncertainDigit
1 - 26© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Significant figuresSignificant figures
Sig Figs don’t depend on the decimal point.Sig Figs don’t depend on the decimal point.
255 millimetersmillimeters
25.5 centimeterscentimeters
2.55 decimetersdecimeters
0.255 metersmeters
0.0255 decametersdecameters
1 - 27© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Significant figures: Rules for zerosSignificant figures: Rules for zeros
0.00421 Leading zeroLeading zero
Captive zeros areare significant. 4012
Trailing zeros behind decimal areare significant.114.20
Captive zeroCaptive zero
Trailing zeroTrailing zero
Leading zeros are notare not significant.
33 sig figs
44 sig figs
55 sig figs
1 - 28© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
32,00032,000Are the 0’s significant?
22 sig figs =
33 sig figs =
44 sig figs =
55 sig figs =
3.2 x 103.2 x 1044
3.20 x 103.20 x 1044
3.200 x 103.200 x 1044
3.2000 x 103.2000 x 1044
32,000.32,000.
Significant figures: Rules for zerosSignificant figures: Rules for zeros
1 - 29© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
1025 km
2.00 mg
0.00570
520
Significant figures: Rules for zerosSignificant figures: Rules for zeros
ThreeThree (only trailing zero behind decimal
is significant, leading zeros are not)
FourFour (Captive zeros are significant)
ThreeThree (trailing zeros behind decimal
are significant)
TwoTwo (No decimal, zero assumed insignif)
1 - 30© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Write with 4 Significant Figures:
2.5792.57955035035
RoundingRounding
1st insignificant digit1st insignificant digit
34.2034.2044221221 becomes 34.2034.20
becomes 2.5802.580
>> 5 5 round up
< 5 < 5 round down.
>> 5 5 round up
< 5 < 5 round down.
1 - 31© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Significant figuresSignificant figuresand calculationsand calculations
An answer can’t have greater significance than the quantities used to produce it.
speed = 1.0 km 3.00 min
+
-1
/
x
0
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
.
CE
EE
log
ln
1/x
x2
cos tan
0.3333333333
= ??
ExampleExample How fast did you run if youwent 1.0 km in 3.00 minutes?
1 - 32© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Simplified rules for significant figuresSimplified rules for significant figuresMultiplication & Division Problems:Multiplication & Division Problems:
• Do calculations.
•Look at sig figs for each value in calculation. (Constants don’t count.)
•Report answer with same sig figs as leastleast significant value.
•Round off as needed.
speed = 1.0 km 3.00 min
= 0.333333333 0.333333333 kmkm minmin
= 0.33 0.33 kmkm minmin
2 sig figs3 sig figs
1 - 33© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Simplified rules for significant figuresSimplified rules for significant figuresAddition & Subtraction Problems:Addition & Subtraction Problems:
• Do calculations.
•Look at least significant placeplace for each value in calculation.
•Report answer to least significant place.
•Round off as needed.
1.9+ 18.65 20.55
= 20.6 = 20.6
Significant to .1
Significant to .01
Significant to .1
1 - 34© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Metric prefixesMetric prefixesChanging the prefix alters the size of a unit.
Prefix SymbolPrefix Symbol Factor (multiple) Factor (multiple)
mega M 106 1,000,000
kilo k 103 1,000
deci d 10-1 0.1
centi c 10-2 0.01
milli m 10-3 0.001
101000 1 1
1 - 35© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Conversion of unitsConversion of units
Example:Example: Metric Conversion Metric Conversion How many milligrams (mg) are in 5 kilograms
(kg)?
1 kg1 kg = 1 = 11000 g1000 g
1000 g1000 g = 1 = 11 kg1 kg
1 g 1 g = 1 = 11000 mg1000 mg
1000 mg1000 mg = 1 = 11 g1 g
Factor label methodFactor label methodIdentify your conversions factors.
1 - 36© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
• Identify what is to the problem.
• Identify how you wantwant the answer to look.
5 kg5 kg = mg= mg
Example:Example: Metric Conversion Metric Conversion How many milligrams are in 5 kilograms?
1 - 37© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
• Multiply by conversion factors until units cancel.
• If the words work, the numbers will work.
5 kg5 kg
11
= mg= mg1000 g1000 g
1 kg1 kg
1000 mg1000 mg
1 g1 g
5,000,0005,000,000
Example:Example: Metric Conversion Metric Conversion How many milligrams are in 5 kilograms?
1 - 38© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Example: English-Metric ConversionExample: English-Metric Conversion
You have a pen of rats each with an average weight of 0.75 lb0.75 lb. How much rubbing alcohol will it take to kill ½ of the population if theLD50 is 5000. mg/kg ?
• Identify your conversions factors.Identify your conversions factors.
1 kg Bw1 kg Bw = 1 = 15000 mg Alc5000 mg Alc
5000 mg Alc5000 mg Alc = 1 = 11 kg Bw1 kg Bw
1.0 kg Bw1.0 kg Bw = 1 = 12.2 lb Bw2.2 lb Bw
2.2 lb Bw2.2 lb Bw = 1 = 11.0 kg Bw1.0 kg Bw
1 - 39© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
0.75 lbBW0.75 lbBW
Example: English-Metric ConversionExample: English-Metric Conversion
You have a pen of rats each with an average weight of 0.75 lb0.75 lb. How much rubbing alcohol will it take to kill ½ of the population if theLD50 is 5000. mg/kg ?
1.0 kgBW
2.2 lbBW
5000. mgAlc
1 kg BW= mgAlc 1704.5451704.545
1700 mg1700 mg = 1.7 x 10= 1.7 x 1033
Identify what is uniqueunique to the problem.
Identify how you wantwant the answer to look.
1 - 42© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
DensityDensity
Water 1.0Water 1.0 UrineUrine 1.01 - 1.031.01 - 1.03
AirAir 0.0013 0.0013 BoneBone 1.7 - 2.01.7 - 2.0
GoldGold 19.3 19.3 OilOil 0.8 - 0.90.8 - 0.9
Density =Density = MassMass
VolumeVolume
1cccc = 1 cmcm33 = 1 mlml = 1 gg water 1cccc = 1 cmcm33 = 1 mlml = 1 gg water
g g
cmcm33
g g
mlmlor AtAt 4 4 oo C C
1 - 43© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Density calculationDensity calculation
What is the density of 5.00 ml5.00 ml of serum if it has a mass of 5.230 gs5.230 gs?
= 1.05 = 1.05 g g mlml
d =d = mm V V
d =d = 5.230 g5.230 g 5.00 ml5.00 ml
1 - 44© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Specific gravitySpecific gravity
Specific Gravity =Specific Gravity = density of substance g
mldensity of reference g
ml
ReferenceReference
commonly commonly water at water at
44ooCC•Specific Gravity is unitlessunitless..
•At 44ooCC, density = specific gravity.density = specific gravity.
1 - 45© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Specific gravitySpecific gravity
•Commonly used to test sugar in urine.
Hydrometer
•Float height will be based on Specific
Gravity.
1 - 47© Chemeketa Community College: Ch110 Foundations of General, Organic,& Biochemistry
Density as a ConversionDensity as a ConversionA liquid sample with a density of 1.09 g/mL is
found to weigh 7.453 grams. What is the volume of the liquid in mLs?
A liquid sample with a density of 1.09 g/mL is found to weigh 7.453 grams. What is the volume of the liquid in mLs?
1.09 g1.09 g1 ml1 ml
1 ml1 ml1.09 g1.09 g
• Identify any conversion factors.
•How should the answer look?
7.453 g7.453 g = ml= ml
• What is unique to the problem?
1 ml1 ml1.09 g1.09 g
6.8376146.837614 = = 6.846.84 ml ml
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