1. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Performance of the RICH detectors of LHCb Antonis Papanestis STFC - RAL for the...

Performance of the RICH detectors of LHCb

Antonis PapanestisSTFC - RAL

for the LHCb Collaboration

Outline

Detector description: See previous talk by Davide

Perego.

Cherenkov angle resolution Alignment Corrections for the

magnetic field distortions. Particle identification

PID algorithm. Small selection of physics

results that depend on particle ID.

Monte Carlo simulation of the invariant mass for B->hh decays

Cherenkov angle resolution (i)

Typical run

σ= 1.62 mrad σ= 0.68 mrad

Cherenkov angle resolution (ii)

Resolution distribution of all 2010 runsVery good stability in time

1.63 mrad

0.68 mrad

Resolution in time

Using isolated rings

Cherenkov angle vs momentum in RICH1

PID algorithm

Global event likelihood algorithm. Likelihood function includes

expected contributions from signal plus background for every pixel.

Signal photons come from the track that generated the ring, background can be noise or Cherenkov light from other tracks.

The whole event is considered as a whole.

Performs better than methods that treat every track separately, especially at high occupancies with overlapping rings.

Pure particle samples

†Nucl. Inst. & Meth. A 555 (2005) 356-369

σ=3.0 MeVσ=1.5 MeV

σ=1.0 MeV

PID performance

Improvement expected at the next reprocessing

RICH physics potential

Physics analysis (i)

Measurement of direct CP violation in charmless charged two-body B decays at LHCb (LHCb-CONF-2011-011)

Without PID dominated by:

with kinematic cuts onlyhhB

Physics Analysis (ii)

Measurement of the relative yields of the decay modes B0→D−π+ ,B0 → D−K+ , B0s → D−

s π + , and determination of fs/fd for 7 TeV pp collisions (LHCb-CONF-2011-013)

DBd DKBd

No combinatorial background

Philips Digital Photon Counting(PDPC)Dr. York HämischSenior DirectorPhilips Corporate Technologies

SiPM’s: from analog to digital, from laboratory to application

YH ©Philips Digital Photon Counting, February 2011

Philips Digital Photon Counting

Digital Silicon Photomultipliers (dSiPM) -The next solid state (digital) revolution?

Transistor Television

X-Ray imaging

Digital Camera

Digital Photon Counting

PDPC: short history

2004 Research project: “Novel technologies for future PET systems”

2005 Dr.Thomas Frach invented the digital SiPM

2006 Research project: “Integrated digital light sensor”; first test chip with promising results (inkubator)

2006 Disentanglement of Philips Semiconductors – now NXP

2007 Start of the PDPC venture

2008 Proof of concept

2009 Technology launch at IEEE NSS-MIC sensor V1.0

2010 PDPC separate unit of Philips Corporate Technologies

2011 Introduction of PDPC-TEK (Technology Evaluation Kit) and sensor version 2.0

Initial Motivation: A better detector for Positron- Emission-Tomography (PET) with TOF and DOI

Graphics courtesy of Spanoudaki & Levin, Stanford,in: Phys. Med. Biol. (56) 2011

TOF – time-of-flight

DOI – depth of interaction

From single APD to multiple SPAD’s:Single Geiger-mode APD

Geiger-mode APD Array (SPAD’s):“Silicon Photomultiplier”

B. Dolgoshein, V. Saveliev, V. GolovineFirst idea: Russia, early 80‘s

• fully analog• poor timing• high bias voltage, but

below breakdown

• single photon resolution• binary, but still analog• better timing• low bias voltage, above breakdown

(S)APD in Geiger-ModeE

Meta-stable

Breakdown

Quenching

SiPM-SPAD’s: sensitivity vs. dynamic range

Photographs courtesy of Spanoudaki & Levin, StanfordSensors, 10, 2010

Digital Photon Counting: the concept

Intrinsically, the SiPM is a digital device:

A single cell (SPAD) breaks down or not.

It works like a switch:

no breakdown: „0“ – no photonbreakdown: „1“ – single photon

Therefore, while the APD is a linear amplifier for the input optical signal with limited gain, the SPAD is a trigger device so the gain concept is meaningless.(source: Wikipedia)

Digital Photon Counting: realization

analog SiPM

www.hamamatsu.com

Summing all cell outputs leads to an analog output signal and limited performance

TDC andphoton counter

Digital output of• Number of photons• Time-stamp

Digital Cells

digital SiPM (dSiPM)

Integrated readout electronics is the key element to superior detector performance

Analog vs. Digital SiPM

Digital SiPM: Principle

Digital SiPM: architecture and pixel diagram

Single pixel

Die (2 x 2pixel)

(smart) tile (8x8 pixel)

Digital SiPM array (tile 2.0)advanced integration

FPGA/Flash:

• tile firmware• data collection/concentration• Skew correction• Saturation correction• configuration• temperature measurement • dark count maps

200 MHz ref. clock

Power (1.2V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3.3V, 30V)

SPI interface

Serial Dataoutput(x2)

Digital SiPM: Typical acquisition sequence (example)

PDPC dSiPM: intrinsic timing resolution

PDPC array

Coincidencedetection

PDPC array

Clock,Config,Data

Clock,Config,

PCFPGA board FPGA board

electronic trigger

psec-laser

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1000

Timestamp difference (ps)

(44 ± 1) ps FWHM

-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 1200

Timestamp difference (ps)

Timing jitter: 44 ps FWHM 59 ps FWHM

PDPC: scintillator coincidence setup

Recently achieved 120 ps FWHM using LSO:Ca

(Schaart et.al., TU Delft,submitted to IEEE-MIC)

PDPC dSiPM: Dark count mapWorst cells are switched off

• Dark counts per second at 20°C and 3.3V excess voltage

• ~ 95% good diodes (dark count rate close to average)

• Typical dark count rate at 20°C and 3.3V excess voltage: ~150Hz / diode

• Dark count rate drops to ~1-2Hz per diode at -40°C

PDPC dSiPM: slow scan imaging mode

PDPC dSiPM: crosstalk reduction by trenches

Comparison of light detectors – which one is going to win?

Table courtesy of Spanoudaki & Levin, Stanfordin: Sensors, 10, 2010

PDPCdSiPM

meaninglessfirst photon

25-75< 350.33No

mm²-m²Currently: ~25

A digital light sensor might beuseful beyond PET

ClinicalPET

imaging

Pre-clinical

PET&SPECT

PET/MR

ClinicalSPECTimaging

SpectralCT

Focus Nuclear Imaging

Adjacent opportunities

Low dose CT

Other Medical Imaging Analytical Instrumentation

High Energy Physics

Night Vision / Surveillance / Security

DNA Sequencing

Microscopy

Microarrays

Antineutrino Detection

Particle Accelerators

Automotive Night Vision

Facility/Homeland

Security

Cherenkov Detectors

Medical Imaging

Intra-operativeprobes

Key parameters of light detectors

timingdyn. range

priceKey parameters:

1. Wavelength2. Sensitivity3. Spatial resolution4. Speed5. Timing6. Dynamic range7. Size8. Price

What does the ideal spider web for HEP look like?

Key parameters:

1. Wavelength2. Sensitivity3. Spatial resolution4. Speed5. Timing6. Dynamic range7. Size8. Price

timingdyn. range

www.philips.com/digitalphotoncounting

york.haemisch@philips.com

Thank you for your attention!

•Makoto Tabata•Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)•TIPP 2011 in Chicago

Recent Progress in Silica Aerogel Cherenkov Radiator

Makoto TabataJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

TIPP 2011 in Chicago

Recent Progress in Silica Aerogel Cherenkov

Radiator

Silica Aerogel

Silica aerogel is a 3D structural solid of SiO2 particles.

Scanning electron microscope image 10 mg/cc silica aerogel (magnification: x 100,000)

• porous (>99% air)low bulk densitythermal insulator

• transparentΟ(10) nm SiO2 particlesRayleigh scattering

• feel like styrofoam

30 mg/ccsilica aerogel

100 nm

1st method: Single-step method2nd method: Two-step method world standard3rd method: KEK method our original

1.Wet-gel synthesis (sol-gel step) We have various preparation recipes for chemicals.

2.Aging3.Hydrophobic treatment our original4.CO2 supercritical drying 1 month in total

Conventional Production Method

CO2 autoclave

extract liquid component of wet-

gel through supercritical drying

Wet-gel

Hydrophobic

Refractive index (density) can be controlled in the sol-gel step.

1.Wet-gel synthesis (1st density control)2.Aging3.Pin-drying (2nd density control)

4.Hydrophobic treatment5.CO2 supercritical drying

Pin-drying Production Method

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

length contraction

n0 = 1.06

shrink

original non-shrink aerogel

Semi-sealed container with some pin-holes

several weeks

Pin-drying (PD) method is 4th method to produce aerogelwith high refractive index. need additional time

for the pin-drying process

methanol solvent

Partial evaporation of solventpin-

Reproducibility in PD Method

20% 30% 40% 50%

wet-gel weight

Target n = 1.25 (20 tiles)Target n = 1.20 (10 tiles)

Target n = 1.12 (10 tiles)0.01

Target refractive index is well-controlledby monitoring wet-gel weight.

40 tiles were produced forn = 1.25, 1.20 and 1.12.

(Wet-gels were synthesizedfor n0 = 1.06 usingmethanol solvent.)

Refractive index fluctuations were evaluated at each

target index.

1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

refractive index

Conventional (Ethanol)

Conventional (Methanol)

Conventional (DMF)

PD (Methanol)

Expansion of High Index Range in 2005

Original (non-shrink) aerogeln = 1.06 (methanol)

Ultra-high refractive index (n > 1.10) aerogels with sufficienttransparency (Λ > 20 mm) were developed.

Entirely newrefractive index range

Methanol solvent

1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

refractive index

Conventional (Ethanol)Conventional (Methanol)Conventional (DMF)PD (Methanol)PD (DMF)

Improvement of Transparency in 2008

Original (non-shrink) aerogeln = 1.066 (DMF)

The transmission length was improved in n > 1.10.

It takes long pin-drying process because DMF is difficult to evaporate.

DMF solvent

1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

refractive index

Conventional (Ethanol)Conventional (Methanol)Conventional (DMF)PD (Methanol)PD (DMF)

The Most Transparent Sample in 2008

Original (non-shrink) aerogeln = 1.049 (DMF)

The highest transparency (Λ > 50 mm) was obtained in n ~ 1.06.

DMF solvent

1.003 < n < 1.26 available

• n = 1.05 + 1.06, 2 cm thick each (total 4 cm thick)

Np.e. = 10.6 (conventional) 13.6 (improved)60% ring acceptance

• 1.10 < n < 1.231 cm thick each Np.e. = 5-10 (new data)50% ring acceptance

Photoelectron Yield

1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25refractive index

MethanolDMFClear Cherenkov

rings were observed.

Standard method

PD method

TransparencyDMF > Methanol

Sufficient photoelectrons were detected.

1 cm thick

1. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Performance of the RICH detectors of LHCb Antonis Papanestis STFC - RAL for the...

Documents

Masterclass LHCb: misura della vita media della particella ...lhcb-public.web.cern.ch/lhcb-public/en/LHCb-outreach/masterclasses/... · massa della particella da cui sono decadute

Antonis plessas slide_show_presentation_ for_author_rights_in_the_digital_age_seminar

Assoc Prof Antonis Kattamis

Who are you antonis nikoletakis

Reсent LHCb results on сent LHCb results on eсent LHCb

Antonis Kokossis - NTUA

İsws-Antonis bardis

Bing Chu, Stephen Duncan, Antonis Papachristodoulou ...eprints.lse.ac.uk/50497/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary... · Bing Chu, Stephen Duncan, Antonis Papachristodoulou, Cameron

RICH 2007 highlights Antonis Papanestis RAL. Study of a Silica Aerogel for a Cherenkov Radiator Ichiro Adachi KEK representing for the Belle Aerogel RICH

LHCb Trigger

BIENVENIDO A MÉXICO ANTONIS MANDRITIS

Antonis Antoniadis

Antonis Chazapis

Antonis Stylianou Architecture portfolio

Antonis Kokosis - NTUA

LHCb Muon Systemlhcb-muon.web.cern.ch/lhcb-muon/Alessia LHCb Muon System.pdf · LHCb Muon System Alessia Satta on behalf of LHCb Muon System: CAGLIARI, CERN, LNF, FERRARA, FIRENZE,

1 Performance of the LHCb VELO Outline LHCb Detector and its performance in Run I LHCb Detector and its performance in Run I LHCb VELO LHCb VELO VELO performance

Datenanalyse LHCb

Antonis theodorakis

The LHCb Muon System Burkhard Schmidt / CERN on behalf of the LHCb collaboration LHCb Muon Group: