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Perception and communication
A Little Revision: Self-sabotage or self-fulfillment
■ “You are what you think”; thoughts are the seeds of actions.
■ The true sabotage lies within communication with oneself, in thoughts and in words
■ Intra personal communication is the communication is the communication you have with yourself about yourself and others.
(Perkins, page 2-3)
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Perception of ourselves
■ The question “Who am I?” is complex.
■ How others treat us affect how we view ourselves.
■ Who we perceive ourselves to be is determined by our experiences and communication with others.
■ Communication with oneself is the basis of all other communication experiences.
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Perception and ourselves
■ Our self concept or self identity is our perceived self, which consists of an organised collection of beliefs and attitudes about the self.
■ This include the roles and values we have selected for ourselves, and how we believe others see us.
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Self-concept and communication
■ The perception we believe others have on us affect our communication.
■ Our view of ourselves influences how we communicate with others.
■ Communication and self concept are inseparable and both involve process.
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Perception
Sensation and perception■ How do our brain register “what is out there”?
■ What other senses do we use to register the amazing world?
■ How do we see, smell, hear, feel and taste?
■ Are there other “extra-sensory” preceptors?
■ How are we aware of our bodies?
■ How are we aware of other people?
■ Are we aware of everything around us?
Sensation■ Psychologists define sensation as the registration of
properties of an object or event that occurs when a type of receptor ( as the retina and the skin) is stimulated (Kosslynn and Rosenberg, 2006)
■ Sensation arise when enough physical energy strikes the sense organ, so that the receptor cells send neural impulses to the brain.
■ In other words, sensation is the process that yields our immediate experience of the stimuli in our environment (Gerow, 1997)
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Other senses
■ Vestibular sense: tells us about balance, about where we are in relation to gravity and about acceleration/ deceleration.
■ Kinesthetic sense: tells us the about the movement or position of our muscles and joints.
■ Pain: a special sense
■ Subliminal perception
■ Extra-sensory perception
Sensation and Perception
■ If all of us receive the same stimuli from our senses, are our perception the same too?
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Perception
■ Perception occurs when you organized and interpreted the sensory input as signaling a particular object or event .
■ Perception relies on two phases of processing:(1) Organization into coherent unit
(2) Identifying what and where
Perception
■ Perception is the process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it. (Verderber and Verderber, 2005)
■ The process of selecting, organizing and interpreting sensory information ( Huffman, 2007)
■ The brain select the information it receives from our sense organs, organizes the information selected, interprets and evaluates it . (Verderber and Verderber, 2005)
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Perception
■ Perception involves selecting, organizing and interpreting information in order to give personal meaning to the communication we receive ( Seiler and Beall, 2008; page 30)
■ What we perceive about ourselves, objects and others give meanings to our experiences.
■ It is these meanings, based on our perceptions that we communicate to others.
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Perception
■ Perception may sounds simple but it is actually a very complex process.
■ If not understood, will lead to miscommunications.
■ The process of perception starts with awareness and then followed by perception formation.
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Perception: Awareness
■ Being aware of what is going on, and taking in
the sights, sounds, smells etc., can only occur
when we are paying attention to them
■ Do you think that if we are in the same room, we
are aware of the same things?
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Perception: Perception Formation
■ The way our mind filters and sorts information has a deep effect on how we perceive others, how we talk to them and how they respond to us.
■ Each of us organise and interprets the world differently.
■ Psychologists use the term cognitive complexity to explain how our minds process and store information.
■ Children has simple processing information system whereas adults have complex processing systems.
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The Nature of Perception
■ Lack of information on how perception works
leads to miscommunications; including
misjudgments of other people’s behaviours and
ideas.
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The Nature of Perception
■ Does our brains absorb information like the camera?
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The Nature of Perception: Selection
■ There is too much information- so the brain selects.
■ We are exposed to millions of bits of information, at one time, but the mind can process only a small fraction.
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How do we select?
■ On the conscious and subconscious level, the brain selects information based on needs, interests and expectations.
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Needs, Interests and Expectations
■ We are likely to pay attention to information that meets our needs – of all types.
■ We pay attention to things or people which/ who are of our interest.
■ We are likely to see what we are expected to see and to miss information which violates our expectations.
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How do we select?
■ We choose to experience or not experience certain things is called selective exposure.
■ Focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring or paying less attention to other stimuli is called selective attention.
■ Selecting to remember certain stimuli but no others is called selective retention.
■ Selection is the sorting of stimuli from another.
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The nature of perception: Organization
■ Imagine when you walk into a room filled with
people.
■ Organization is categorizing of stimuli from the
environment in order to make sense of it.
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The role of experience
How do we organize information?
■ Closure: filling in missing information so as to form a complete picture
■ Proximity : Grouping of two or more stimuli that are close to one another, based on assumption that because the objects or people appear together, they are basically the same.
■ Similarity ( or pattern) : the grouping of stimuli that resemble one another in size, shape, colour or other traits
■ Simplicity
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The Nature of Perception : Interpretation
■ Interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to the stimuli.
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How do we interpret?
■ Past experience
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How do we interpret?
■ New information
■ Based on other people’s opinions
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Improving perception
■ Recognise the uniqueness of each person frame of reference and therefore always question the accuracy of our perception.
■ Be an active perceiver: Seek more information
■ Realize that perception change over time
■ Distinguish facts from inferences.
■ Aware of the role of perceptions play in communication.
■ Keep an open mind
■ Perception checking
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Conclusion
■ Perception is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information in order to give meaning( or make sense of the situation).
■ Perception is being influenced by many factors such as experience, culture, gender, context, etc
■ To improve communication we must remember that perception is seldom the same for everyone; our perception is one of the many possibilities.
■ Make efforts to improve our perception.
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References:
■ Seiler, W. J and Beall, M. L ( 2008). Communication. Making Connections ( 7th ed). Boston: Pearson
■ Perkins,P. S ( 2008). The Art and Science of Communication. Tools for Effective Communication in the Work Place. New Jersey: Wiley.
■ Hybels, S., and Weaver II, R. L ( 2004). Communcating Effectively ( 7th ed). Boston: Mc Graw Hill
■ Verderber, R. F. and Verderber, K.S (2005) Communicate( 11th ed). CA: Thomson/Wadsworth
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References
■ Aamodt, M.G (2007). Industrial /organizational psychology. An applied approach. Belmont, CA: Thomson
■ Kosslynn & Rosenberg ( 2006). Psychology in Context (3rd ed). Boston, MA: Pearson International edition.
■ Gerow, G. R ( 1997). Psychology. An Introduction (5th ed). New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers Inc.
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