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Advanced SQL Topics
Edward Wu
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Lesson ObjectivesLearn how to create and use indexes
Create, Alter, and Drop Views
Outer / Self Join
Nested Queries
Useful Function (Decode, Case, Rownum)
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Database IndexesSimilar to an index in a book
Table with list of sorted data values and corresponding physical location
Used to speed searches
Primary key indexed automatically
Unlimited number allowed, but more indexes means more processing time for action queries (insert, update, delete)
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Creating an IndexCreate index after table data is loadedCREATE INDEX index_name ON tablename (index_fieldname);Convention for naming index: tablename_fieldname.
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Composite IndexContains multiple (up to 16) sorted columnsUsed for queries with multiple search conditionsCREATE INDEX index_name ON tablename(index_fieldname1, index_fieldname2, …);
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Viewing Index InformationUse data dictionary view USER_INDEXES
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Dropping an IndexIf an index is no longer needed or does not improve performance, delete it
DROP INDEX index_name;
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Use an Index WhenTable contains a large number of records (a rule of thumb is that a large table contains over 100,000 records)The field contains a wide range of valuesThe field contains a large number of NULL valuesApplication queries frequently use the field in a search condition or join conditionMost queries retrieve less than 2% to 4% of the table rows
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Do Not Use an Index WhenThe table does not contain a large number of recordsApplications do not use the proposed index field in a query search conditionMost queries retrieve more than 2% to 4% of the table recordsApplications frequently insert or modify table data
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Logical table based on a queryDoes not physically exist in the databasePresents data in a different format from underlying tablesUses:SecuritySimplifying complex queries
Database Views
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Creating a view:
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SQL_command;
Views can be queried just like tables:
SELECT *
FROM view_name;
Database Views
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Simple Views Based on SQL query that retrieves data from only one table (limit data for different user)View can support all table DML operations: INSERTUPDATEDELETE
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Complex Views Based on query that retrieves data from multiple tables
Can only be used to support SELECT operationsNo DML operations supported
For reporting purposes. (Sales Report)
Can create index on view.
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Join QueriesRetrieve data from multiple tables by joining tables using foreign key references
Join query types:OuterSelf Inequality
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Inner Join with Group by Find the total inventory amount on hand for each item
Different price
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Outer JoinsLimitation of inner joins: some records may be omitted if corresponding records don’t exist in one of the tables
Example: retrieve records for all students, along with their corresponding ENROLLMENT information
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Outer Joins
Student 105 (Michael Connoly) does not have any ENROLLMENT records
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Outer JoinsNo records retrieved for Michael:
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Outer Joins To include records in first (inner)
table, even when they do not have matching records in second (outer) table, place outer join marker (+) beside outer table name in join clause
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Outer JoinsOuter join marker
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A B
A B
BA
A.id = B.id
(+)A.id = B.id
A.id = B.id(+)
Note: Orange is the area that is returned
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Self JoinsUsed to join a table to itself when the table has a hierarchical relationship
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Self JoinsTo create a self-join, you need to create a table alias, which gives an alternate name to the table so you can create a join conditionSyntax to create table alias in FROM clause:
FROM table1 alias1, table2 alias2
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Self JoinsP_ID PROJECT_NAME CLIENT_ID MGR_ID PARENT_P_ID
1 Hardware Support Intranet 2 105
2 Hardware Support Interface 2 103 1
3 Hardware Support Database 2 102 1
4 Teller Support System 4 105
5 Internet Advertising 6 105
6 Network Design 6 104 5
7 Exploration Database 5 102
PARENT_PROJECT
P_ID PROJECT_NAME CLIENT_ID MGR_ID PARENT_P_ID
1 Hardware Support Intranet 2 105
2 Hardware Support Interface 2 103 1
3 Hardware Support Database 2 102 1
4 Teller Support System 4 105
5 Internet Advertising 6 105
6 Network Design 6 104 5
7 Exploration Database 5 102
PROJECT
P_ID PROJECT_NAME CLIENT_ID MGR_ID PARENT_P_ID
1 Hardware Support Intranet 2 105
2 Hardware Support Interface 2 103 1
3 Hardware Support Database 2 102 1
4 Teller Support System 4 105
5 Internet Advertising 6 105
6 Network Design 6 104 5
7 Exploration Database 5 102
SUB_PROJECT
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Self Join Example
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Inequality JoinsJoin created by placing making join condition satisfy an inequality condition
Only makes sense when primary/foreign key values are not surrogate keys
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Inequality Joins
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Nested QueriesCreated when a subquery is nested within a main queryMain query: first query listed in SELECT
commandSubquery: retrieves one or more values
that specify the main query’s search condition
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Nested Query WhereSubquery Returns a Single Value
Syntax:SELECT column1, column2, …
FROM table1, table2, …
WHERE join conditions
AND search_column1 =(SELECT column1
FROM table1, table2, …
WHERE search and
join conditions)
Subquerythat returnsone value
Note: subquery is just another sql command contained within a parenthesis
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Example Nested Query WhereSubquery Returns a Single Value
Find the class that Amanda goes to.
Find all the student that goes to Amanda class
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Nested Query WhereSubquery Returns Multiple Values
Syntax:SELECT column1, column2, …
FROM table1, table2, …
WHERE join conditions
AND search_column1 IN (SELECT column1
FROM table1, table2, …
WHERE search and
join conditions)
Subquerythat returnsmultiple values
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Example Nested Query WhereSubquery Returns Multiple Values
Find all the course that Amanda enrolled in. which returned
c_sec_id: 1010, 1011
Find all the students that enrolled in c_sec_id in (1010, 1011)
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Example of nested queries (cont…)
Find the c_sec_id that use bldg_code=‘CR’ which is 1000, 1002, 1007, 1010
select c_sec_id from student s, enrollment e, course_section c where s.s_id = e.s_id and s_last = 'Mobley‘ and s_first = 'Amanda‘ and c_sec_id in (1000, 1002, 1007, 1010);
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Remember previous example of Inner Join with Group by
Find the total inventory amount on hand for each item
Different price
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Creating Table Alias from select statement
Add an extra column for the percentage of inventory on hand
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Performs set operations on outputs of two unrelated queries
Both queries must have:same number of display fieldscorresponding display fields must have
same data type
Using Set Operators in Queries
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UNION: combines results, suppresses duplicate rows
UNION ALL: combines results, displays duplicates
INTERSECT: finds matching rows
MINUS: returns the difference between returned record sets
Query Set Operators
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Decode FunctionFacilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of a CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE statement
SyntaxDecode(column/expression, search1, result1
[, search2, result2, …, ]
[, default ] );
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The Decode Function
The DECODE function decodes an expression in a way similar to the IF-THEN-ELSE logic used in various languages. The DECODE function decodes expression after comparing it to each search value. If the expression is the same as search, result is returned.
Note: If the default value is omitted, a null value is returned where a search value does not match any of the result value.
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Using the DECODE Function
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Row Num
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