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8/20/2019 1. Balance Masa Granja Camarón
1/8
~ ) Pergam on
PII: S0025-326X(96)00133--6
Marine Pol lu t ion Bul let in , Vol . 34 , No. 5, pp . 290-297 , 1997
((3 1997 Elsev ie r Science L td
Al l r i gh t s re se rv ed . P r i n t ed i n Grea t Br i t a i n
0025-326X / 97 $ 17 . 00 + 0 . 00
F l u x e s an d M a s s B a l a n c e s o f N u t r ie n t s
i n a S e m i - I n t e n s i v e S h r i m p F a r m i n
N o r t h - W e s t e r n M e x i c o
F . P A E Z - O S U N A * , S. R . G U E R R E R O - G A L V / ~ N * , A . C . R U I Z - F E R N A N D E Z * a n d R . E S P I N O Z A - A N G U L O t
*L a b o r a t o r i o d e Q u i m i c a M a r i n a , I n s t i t u t o d e C i e n ci as d e l M a r y L i m n o l o g i a , U n i v e r si d a d N a c i o n a l A u t 6 n o r n a d e
M d x i c o , A p d o . P o s t a l 8 1 1 , M a z a t l d n 8 2 0 0 0 , S i n a lo a , M d x i c o
t S o c i e d a d C o o p e r a t i v a d e P r o d u c c i 6 n P e s q u e r a C l e m e n t i n a S . C . L . , P t o . S a l i n a C r u z N o . 1 3 , P a r q u e I n d . B o n f i l ,
M a z a t l d n , S i n a l o a , M O x i c o
Fluxes of suspended sol ids, chlorophyl l a and nutr ients
(phosphoru s, nitrate , ni tri te and amm onia) were est imated
in a semi- intensive shrimp farm in north-west Mexico for
two c onse c ut ive c yc l e s o f pr oduc t ion e nc ompass ing both
the dr y and we t se asons . A mass ba lanc e mode l was
developed for ni trogen and phosphorus and f luxes
estimated included shrimp feed, ferti l ization, shrimp
stocked, harvest , macrofauna associated, water exchange ,
f il ling an d drainage . O f the total ni trogen and phosphorus
input to the ponds, 35 .5 and 6.1 were recovered in
1822 kg ha -1 o f shr imp har vested . Vo la t i li za t ion o f
ammonia and adsor pt ion by se dime nts o f phosphor us
const i tuted 27 .4 and 63 .5 , respect ive ly; the est imated
environmental losses of ni trogen and phosphorus per t of
shrimp produced were 28 .6 kg and 4.6 kg, respect ively.
Assum ing that a l l the shr imp farms in S ina loa (M e xic o ) ,
operate according to the model , the farms could represent
a load correspon ding to the untreated sewag e generated
b y 5 6 2 0 0 - 1 9 2 7 5 0 a n d 4 3 5 0 0 - 1 4 9 1 7 0 p e op l e i n t e rm s o f
ni trogen and phospho rus discharged annual ly. © 199 7
Elsevier Science Ltd
Keywords: nutrient; fluxes; mass balance; shrimp farms.
T h e d ev e l o p men t o f l a rg e - s ca l e s h r i mp f a rmi n g i s
r e l a t i v e l y r e cen t an d h a s b een l a rg e l y s t i mu l a t ed b y
t h e s u b s t an t i a l an d i n c r ea s i n g d eman d f ro m J ap an es e ,
E u r o p e a n a n d N o r t h A m e r i c a n m a r k e t s ( C h u a , 1 99 2) .
O v e r o n e m i l l io n h ec t a r e s o f co a s t a l l o w l an d s h av e b een
co n v e r t ed i n t o s h r i mp f a rms w o r l d w i d e , ma i n l y i n
Ch i n a , I n d o n es i a , T h a i l an d , Ecu ad o r , I n d i a , V i e t n am,
B an g l ad e s h , Ph i l i p p i n e s , H o n d u ra s , Co l o mb i a an d
Mex i co (R o s en b e r ry , 1 9 9 2 ) . I n M ex i co , t h e s t at e o f
S i n a l o a p ro d u ced 8 61 0 t o f s h r i mp i n 1 9 9 4 i n 1 49
s h r im p f a r m s ( S E M A R N P , 1 9 9 5) , o f w h i c h ap p r o x i-
ma t e l y 7 0 % (56 7 0 h a p o n d a r ea ) w e re o p e ra t ed w i t h
s emi - i n t en s i v e man ag emen t .
T h e i n c re a s e a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f s h r i m p f a r m i n g h a s
g en e ra t ed co n s i d e r ab l e co n ce rn ab o u t t h e e f f e c t s o f
aq u acu l t u r e p o n d e f f l u en t s o n t h e n ea rb y aq u a t i c
eco s y s t ems an d s o me s t u d i e s ad d re s s i n g t h e p ro b l em
o f aq u acu l t u r e p o n d e f f l u en t s h av e b een ca r r i ed o u t
( Z i e m a n n et al., 1 9 9 2 ; H o p k i n s et al., 1993; Briggs and
Fu n g e -Sm i t h , 1 9 9 4 ) . H o w ev e r , t h e r e a r e f ew s p ec if ic
s t u d i e s o n t h e ch emi ca l f l u x e s an d ch a r ac t e r i s t i c s o f
ef f luen ts in te rms o f mass ba lances fo r semi- in tens ive
shr imp farm fac i l i t i es . Knowledge o f these va lues i s
e s s en t i a l f o r mak i n g p l an n i n g d ec i s i o n s r e l a t ed t o t h e
p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s t h a t m a y r e s u l t f r o m s h r i m p f a r m
o p e ra t i o n s . T h i s i n fo rma t i o n a l s o h a s b i o g eo ch emi ca l
i mp o r t an ce fo r t h e u n d e r s t an d i n g o f co a s t a l en v i ro n -
men t p ro ce s s e s i n f l u en ced b y o rg an i c an d n u t r i en t
inpu ts (Hal l et al., 1990).
I n a p r ev i o u s w o rk (Gu e r r e ro -Ga l v f i n , 1 9 9 3 ) ,
s ea s o n a l an d d i u rn a l ch an g es i n w a t e r q u a l i t y
p a r ame t e r s meas u red a t o n e s emi - i n t en s i v e s h r i mp
fa rm i n t h e n o r t h -w es t co a s t o f Mex i co , d u r i n g t w q
co n s ecu t i v e p ro d u c t i o n cy c l e s w e re r ep o r t ed . T h i s
p ap e r p r e s en t s t h e e s t i ma t ed f l u x e s o f s u s p en d ed
s o l i d s , o rg an i c ma t t e r , ch l o ro p h y l l a an d n u t r i en t s
l o s t t o t h e ad j acen t co a s t a l e co s y s t em. Ad d i t i o n a l l y , a
m a s s b a l a nc e m o d e l f o r p h o s p h o r u s a n d n i t ro g e n w a s
d ev e l o p ed fo r t h e d ry s ea s o n o n a p e r -h ec t a r e b a s i s
(1 8 2 2 k g s h r i mp h a rv e s t ed ) f o r o n e s emi - i n t en s i v e
s h r i mp f a rm.
M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s
S t u d y s i t e
T h e s h r i mp f a rm i s l o ca t ed o n t h e Pac i f i c co a s t o f
Mex i co (So u t h e rn Gu l f o f Ca l i f o rn i a ) ad j a cen t t o t h e
Es t e ro d e U r i a s l ag o o n s y s t em, w h i ch emp t i e s i n t o
Maza t l an H a rb o r . T h e Es t e ro d e U r i a s l ag o o n i s a
s a li n e v e r t ic a l l y mi x ed w a t e r b o d y ( s a li n i ty r an g e 2 5 .8 -
3 8.4) w i t h an av e r ag e mi x ed t i d a l am p l i t u d e o f 1 .5 m
290
8/20/2019 1. Balance Masa Granja Camarón
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Volume 34/Number 5/May 1997
and water velocities of 0-0.50 cm s - l (P~ez-Osuna e t
al ., 1990).
P o n d s y s t e m
In 1990-1991 the farm had seven earthen ponds with
a total pond area of 45 ha. The farm has one intake
structure and a reservoir channel supplying the ponds
with water by gravity flow. Filling and exchange water
are pumped from the Estero Confites, which is a small
channel that communicates with the main lagoon
system (Fig. 1). Ponds drain through an effluent ditch
which carries water back to the adjacent lagoon body,
some distance from the intake pumps. Minimal short-
circuiting of discharge and pumped intake water is
thought to occur. During the present work water in
ponds was exchanged continuously at rates of 3-
5 da y- l; however, during rainy seasons, the ex-
changes were higher (6-20 ) depending on the
amount of precipitation.
Two ponds (1 and 5 in Fig. 1) were chosen for the
present study. Pond 1 has a mean depth o f 0.8 m and an
area of 7.3 ha (58 400 m 3 in volume); pond 5, is 0.8 m
deep and 8.4 ha (67 200 m3). The pond management
team reported (pers. comm.) tha t the historic yields of
the ponds were different, with one pond producing
about 20 greater production than the other. Before
stocking, each pond was fertilized with 4.5 kg ha-1 of
triple superphosphate (46 P205) and 19.5 kg ha-1 of
urea (45 N) during the dry season, and 9 kg ha-1 of
triple superphosphate and 39.5 kg ha-~ of urea during
the rainy season. Postlarval (PL) P e n a e u s v a n n a m e i of
approximately 8 -1 0mm in length (0.8-1.1 mg in
weight) were stocked into production ponds at a density
of 14 m -2 and 20 m -2 for the dry and rainy season,
respectively. Feed was supplied daily to the ponds from
a small boat. A total o f 2.2 and 3.8 t h a- ~ of feed were
provided during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively.
The composition of feed was: dry matter 88.0 ; lipids
8.0 ; crude protein 35.0 . Production for ponds 1 and
5 during the dry season was 1856 and 1788 kg ha -1
crop - l , respectively; while during the rainy season it
was 2160 and 2089 kg ha -I crop - l, respectively. Feed
conversion ratios (dry wt feed added/wet wt of shrimp
produced) were 1.18-1.23 and 1.76-1.82 for the dry and
rainy seasons for ponds 1 and 5, respectively. The ponds
were filled and the grow-out cycle for the dry and rainy
season began on March 22 and August 18 (1991), and
the culture cycles lasted 95 and 165 days, respectively.
At harvest, ponds were drained and shrimps were
captured in a net bag placed over the outlet in the sluice-
j /
0
< ~ P a c i f i c O c e a n
• r m ' ~
1
2 3 krn
Fig. 1 Map of Estero de Urias lagoon system (Mazatlan Harbor,
Sinaloa, Mexico) showing location of study s ite. Numbers
indicate the shrimp ponds sampled.
291
8/20/2019 1. Balance Masa Granja Camarón
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g a t e. T h e en t i r e c r o p a n d s u b s am p l e s o f in d i v i d u a l
s h r i m p s w e r e w e i g h ed t o d e t e r m i n e h a r v e s t s i z e , m ean
w e i g h t s an d s u r v i v a l r a t e s . F u r t h e r d e t a i l s ab o u t t h e
s u r v iv a l , g r o w t h r a t e , an d h a r v e s t w e i g h t s a r e p r e s en t ed
in Guer rero -Galv~n (1993) .
S a m p l i n g a n d a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s
A w a t e r s am p l i n g r eg i m e w as d ev e l o p ed t o e s t i m a t e
the i n f luence o f f a rmin g a c t i v i t i es (i .e . f eed ing r a t es , t ime
o f cu lt u r e ), s e a s o n a l f l u c t u a t i o n s , an d t o ev a l u a t e
d i u r n a l f l u c t u a t i o n s o n t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y . A N i s k i n
h o r i zo n t a l s am p l e r w as u s ed t o co l l e c t w a t e r s am p l e s i n
t h e t w o p o n d s an d t h e i n le t w a t e r a t i n t e r v a ls o f 2 w eek s
( s am p l i n g t i m e w as b e t w een t h e 0 3 0 0 an d 0 5 0 0 h ) an d
t w i ce w eek l y ( b e t w een t h e 1 50 0 an d 1 60 0 h ) d u r i n g t h e
d r y an d r a i n y s ea s o n s , r e s p ec t i v e l y . D i u r n a l w a t e r
s am p l e s ( 2 4 h s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s ) w e r e co ll e c t ed ev e r y
2 h o n s p ec i f ic d ay s o n l y d u r i n g t h e d r y s ea s o n . O n
cu l t u r e d ay 3 6 / 3 7 an d 7 8 / 7 9 f r o m p o n d 1 , an d o n
cu l t u r e d ay 6 4 / 6 5 an d 9 2 / 9 3 , f r o m p o n d 5 an d t h e
Es t e r o C o n f i t e s a t t h e p u m p i n g s t a t i o n .
W a t e r s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n 2 0 c m b e l o w t h e w a t e r
s u r f ace c l o s e t o t h e s l u ice g a t e o f p o n d s 1 an d 5 (s t a t i o n s
l a an d 5 a ) an d a t t h e p u m p i n g s t a t i o n a t E s t e r o
C o n f i t e s ( s t a t i o n b ) . Each s am p l e w as d i v i d ed i n to c l e an
co n t a i n e r s a s f o l l o w s :
1. w a t e r f i lt e red t h r o u g h W h a t m an n G F / C f il te r s t o
d e t e r m i n e d i s s o l v ed n u t r i en ts ( p h o s p h a t e , P O 4 3 , ni -
t r a te , N O 3 an d n i tr i te , N O { ) an d s a l in i ty ;
2 . four a l i q uo t s o f 10 ml unf i l t e r ed wa ter t o ana lyse
am m o n i a w e r e p l a ced i n g l a s s -v i a ls w i t h 5 m l o f p h en o l -
e t h an o l ( 0 . 8 %) ;
3 . a 3 0 0 - m l B O D g l a s s b o t t l e f o r d i s s o l v ed o x y g en
m eas u r em en t s ;
4 . t w o p r e - a s h ed ( 5 0 0 °C ) an d w e i g h ed G F / C g l a s s f ib r e
f i l t e r s i n g l ass d i shes t o measure suspended so l i d s and
s u s p en d ed o r g an i c m a t t e r ; an d
5 . o n e f i l t e r G F / C i n a b l a ck v i a l w i t h m e t h an o l f o r
ch lo rophy l l a ana lys i s .
T h e eq u a t i o n u s ed t o d e t e r m i n e t h e ch l o r o p h y l l
p i g m e n t w a s th a t o f S C O R / U N E S C O a s q u o t e d in
S t r i ck l an d an d P a r s o n s ( 1 9 7 2 ) . Ex cep t i n g d i s s o l v ed
o x y g en w h i ch w as m eas u r ed i n t h e f i e l d , a l l s am p l e s
w er e ca r r i ed i m m ed i a t e l y i n co o l e r s t o t h e l ab o r a t o r y
f o r an a ly s i s. I n t h e 2 4 h s am p l i n g p e r i o d s , t h e s am p l e s
w er e m a i n t a i n ed o n i ce , an d t r an s p o r t ed t o t h e
l ab o r a t o r y , w h e r e t h ey w e r e s t o r ed r e f r i g e r a t ed ( 4 ° C )
u n t il an a l y s i s co n d u c t ed w i t h i n 3 d ay s o f col l e c ti o n .
T h e f o l l o w i n g an a l y s e s w e r e co n d u c t ed u s i n g p r o ce -
dures ou t l i ned in S t r i ck l and and Par sons (1972) :
d i s s o l v ed o x y g en ( W i n k l e r m e t h o d ) , n i t r i t e ( d i azo t i z a -
t i o n m e t h o d ) , n i t r a t e ( cad m i u m r ed u c t i o n f o l lo w ed b y
d i a z o t i z a t i o n ) , p h o s p h a t e ( p h o s p h o m o l y b d e n u m p r o c e -
d u r e ) , p H ( p o t en t i o m e t e r ) , an d s a l i n i t y ( co n d u c t i v i t y /
s a l i n o m e t e r) . T o t a l am m o n i a w as d e t e r m i n ed b y t h e
p h en a t e t e ch n i q u e ( S o l o r zan o , 1 9 6 9 ) an d ch l o r o p h y l l a
w as ex t r a c t ed i n m e t h an o l an d d e t e r m i n ed s p ec t r o -
p h o t o m e t r i ca l l y ( H o l m - H an s en an d R i em an n , 1 9 7 8 ) .
292
Marine P ollution Bulletin
T o t a l s u s p en d ed s o l i d s an d o r g an i c s o l i d s w e r e
e s t i m a t ed g r av i m e t r i c a l l y ( A P H A , 1 9 8 9 ) . T h e p r ec i s i o n
of the d i f f er en t de t erm inat ions , expresse d as coef f ic i en t
o f v a r ia t i o n , w as e s t i m a t ed t o b e : d i s s o l v ed o x y g en
2 .3% , n i t r i t e 3% a t 1 .2 gM , n i t r a t e +n i t r i t e 9°/'0 a t
6 . 0 g M , p h o s p h a t e 3 % a t 5 .5 g M , s a l i n it y 0 .5 %, an d
t o t a l a m m o n i a 9 % a t 2 0 g M .
N i t r o g e n a n d p h o sp h o r u s c o n t e n t i n s h r im p a n d s h r i m p
f e e d
W h o l e s h r i m p n i t r o g e n a n d p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t s
w e r e d e t e r m i n ed f o l l o w i n g t h e m e t h o d s d e s c r i b ed b y
Pf i ez-Osuna et a l . (1993) and Pf i ez-Osuna et a l . (1991),
r e s p ec t i v e l y . T h e n i t r o g en co n cen t r a t i o n i n s h r i m p f eed
w as a s s u m ed t o b e 5 . 6 % ( 3 5 % p r o t e i n ) a cco r d i n g t o t h e
m an u f ac t u r e r s p ec i f i c a ti o n s an d p h o s p h o r u s co n cen t r a -
t i o n w as d e t e r m i n ed b y t h e p r o ced u r e d e s c r i b ed b y
Pf i ez-Osuna et a l . ( 1 9 9 1 ) . F o r p h o s p h o r u s an a l y s i s , a
f i s h h o m o g en a t e M A - B - 3 / T M r e f e r en ce m a t e r i a l
( I A EA , 1 98 8) w as u s ed t o ch eck t h e a cc u r acy o f t h e
m e t h o d o l o g y .
R e s u l t s
D a t a a n a l y s i s
I n o r d e r t o av o i d ex t r em e l y a t y p i ca l v a l u e s t h a t
co u l d a f f ec t te s t r e s u lt s , w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a w e r e
screened fo r ou t l i e r s befo re t he s t a t i s t i ca l ana lys i s ,
u s i n g B o x an d W h i s k e r p l o t , an a l g o r i t h m i c p r o ced u r e
descr ibed by Tukey (1977) and O t t (1988) . Ex t r eme
values were def ined as t he da t a po in t s t ha t l i e 1 .5 t imes
ou t s i d e the i n t erquar t i l e r ange o f t he i r neares t quar t i l e
( I g n a t i ad e s
et al.,
1992). Tab le 1 p rese n t s t h e s t a t i s t i cs
s u m m a r y o f d a t a a f t e r t h e ex c l u s i o n o f o u t l ie r s ( l es s
t h an 5 % o f t h e t o t a l d a t a ) . I n t h e ca s e o f a ty p i ca l
v a l u e s , th e s e w e r e s u b s t i t u t ed b y t h e v a l u e o f t h e n ea r e s t
q u a r ti l e . S i n ce t h e m eas u r em en t s o f d i s s o l v ed o x y g en
w er e o f p o o r r ep r o d u c i b i l it y d u r i n g t h e r a i n y s ea s o n ,
d a t a f o r t h i s p e r i o d w e r e o m i t t ed . S ea s o n a l an d d i u r n a l
v a r i a t i o n s , an d t h e d i f f e r en ce s am o n g v a l u e s w e r e
d i s cu s s ed an d r ep o r t ed i n a p r ev i o u s w o r k ( G u e r r e r o -
Galvf in , 1993) .
E s t i m a t i o n o f t h e c h e m i c a l f l u x e s
Ei g h t w a t e r q u a l i t y p a r am e t e r s w e r e s t u d i ed b y
d e t e r m i n i n g t h e ch em i ca l fl u x o f e ach d i s ch a r g e o v e r
t h e p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g t h e d r y an d r a i n y s ea s o n s . T h e
f o l l o w i n g co n s i d e r a t i o n s an d a s s u m p t i o n s w e r e u s ed t o
ca l cu l a t e t he chemica l f l uxes :
• M e t h o d ( a ) i n v o l v ed li n ea rl y i n t e r p o l a ti n g b i w eek l y
o r s em i w eek l y w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a t o c r ea t e an e s t i m a t e
o f d a il y v a l u e s. D a i l y co n ce n t r a t i o n s w e r e m u l t i p li ed b y
d a i l y f l ow s t o d e t e r m i n a t e t h e t o t a l m as s o f e ach
p a r am e t e r i n d i s ch a r g e w a t e r . T h e m as s o f e ach
p a r a m e t e r w h i c h e n t e r e d p o n d s f r o m t h e a d j a c e n t
l ag o o n ( Es t e r o d e U r i a s ) t h r o u g h w a t e r ex ch an g e
( e s t i m a t ed f r o m i n l e t w a t e r s am p l i n g d a t a ) w as
s u b t r a c t ed f r o m t h e d a i l y d i s ch a r g e . F i n a l l y , d a i l y
8/20/2019 1. Balance Masa Granja Camarón
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V o l u m e 3 4 / N u m b e r 5 / M a y 1 9 9 7
T A B L E 1
W a t e r q u a l i t y o f i n l e t a n d o u t l e t w a t e r f o r t w o p o n d s i n a s e m i - in t e n s iv e s h r i m p f a r m i n n o r t h - w e s t c o a s t o f M e x i c o , 1 9 9 1 -1 9 9 2. O u t l e t w a t e r d a t a
f o r d r y s e a s o n a r e f ro m p o n d s a n d 5 ; f o r r a i n y s e a s o n o u t l e t w a t e r d a t a a r e o n l y f r o m p o n d 1 . M e a n v a l u e 4 - s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n ; s a m p l e s iz e a re i n
p a r e n t h e s e s .
D r y s e a s o n R a i n y s e a s o n
P a r a m e t e r I n l e t O u t l e t I n l e t O u t l e t
Sal init y 41.74-0.9 (26) 48.34-0.6 (26) 27.74-12.0 (38) 29.44-7.5 (33)
N itr ite (IxM) 0.44-0.1 (14) 0.74-0.3 (44) 1.24-2.2 (40) 0.34-0.3 (46)
N itr at e (~tM) 0.44-0.2 (14) 0.54-1.1 (44) 13.24-4.8 (40) 0.54-0.8 (46)
A m m on iu m (I~M) 17.54-7.0 (14) 11.54-7.0 (44) 12.44-9.9 (40) 16.74-15.1 (46)
Ph osp ha te (~tM) 1.44-0.3 (14) 1.7+ i.1 (44) 2.54-2.4 (40) 0.84-0.6 (46)
Tot al sus pen ded solids (mg I - l) i 74.04-22.0 (14) 94.04-27.0 (44) 48.04-18.0 (40) 67.04-23.0 (46)
Org anic susp end ed solid s (mg 1- ) 8 .74-3.9 (14) 17.84-7.2 (44) 4.14-1.6 (40) 13.84-6.8 (46)
Diss olved oxyg en ( t tM) 98.04-160.0 (14) 104.04-83.0 (44) - - - -
Ch loro ph yll a (mg 1-1) 1.65:1.0 (14) 10.04-8.0 (44) 3.64-4.1 (40) 27 .6+ i7 .4 (46)
T A B L E 2
S t a g e s o f t h e g r o w - o u t c y c le d u r i n g t h e d r y s e a s o n i n a s e m i - i n t e n si v e
s h r i m p f a r m i n n o r t h - w e s t M e x i c o .
S t a g e D u r a t i o n ( d a y s) R e m a r k s
I n i t i a l 0 - 36
I n t e r m e d i a t e 3 7 - 7 0
F i n a l 7 1 - 9 5 ( o r m o r e )
Pon d f i l led , f e r t i l i zed and
s t o c k e d . F e e d 0 - 2 0 k g h a - 1
d a y - 1 W a t e r e x c h a n g e r eg i m e , 4 %
F e e d 2 0 -3 0 k g h a - i d a y - i . W a t e r
e x c h a n g e r e g im e , 4 %
H a r v e s t . F e e d 2 5 - 3 5 k g h a - 1
d a y - i . W a t e r e x c h a n g e r e g im e , 6 %
d i s ch a r g e v a l u e s f o r e ach p a r am e t e r w e r e ad d ed f o r
e a c h s e a s o n a n d c o n v e r t e d t o k g h a - ~ c r o p - i .
s M e t h o d ( b ) i n v o l v ed u s e o f d i u r n a l w a t e r q u a l i ty d a t a
d u r i n g t h r ee s t ag e s o f t h e cu l t u r e p e r i o d ( T ab l e 2 ): i )
t he i n i t i a l s t age , was charac t er i zed by r e l a t i ve ly l ow
c o n c e n t r a t io n s f o r m o s t o f t h e m e a s u r e d w a t e r q u a l i ty
p a r am e t e r s . T h es e co n d i t i o n s w e r e a s s u m ed t o p r ev a i l
f r o m t h e f i r st t o t h e f i f th w e ek o f t h e g r o w - o u t cy c le ;
t h e r e f o re , t h e d i u r n a l d a t a o f d ay 3 6 w e r e u s ed t o
ca l cu l a t e t hese f l uxes i n t h i s per iod ; ( i i ) i n t he
i n t e r m ed i a t e s t ag e , an i n t e r m ed i a t e co n cen t r a t i o n
r ep r e s en t ed b y t h e d i u rn a l d a t a o f d ay 6 4 w as u s ed t o
ca l cu l a t e t h e co r r e s p o n d i n g f l u x e s f r o m t h e 6 t h t o t h e
10 th week ; ( i i i ) i n t he f i na l s t age , cond i t i ons f rom the
1 t h t o t h e 1 3t h w eek o f t h e cu l t u r e cy c l e w e r e a s s u m ed
t o p r ev a il , an d r ep r e s en t ed b y t h e d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n d a t a
o f d ay 9 2 . T h e d a t a o b t a i n ed f r o m d ay 9 3 an d d ay 1 61
f o r t h e d r y an d r a i n y s ea s o n , r e s p ec t i v e ly , w e r e a s s u m ed
t o b e t y p i ca l o f p o n d d r a i n ag e v a l u e s , an d a f t e r th e i r
i nc lus ion , t he f l uxes o f nu t r i en t s , so l i d s ( t o t a l and
o r g an i c ) , ch l o r o p h y l l a , an d d i s s o l v ed o x y g en w e r e
ca l cu l a t ed co n s i d e r i n g each p a r am e t e r i n t h e w a t e r u s ed
to f i l l po nd s i n i t i a ll y (Tab le 3 ) . Fur th er de t a i l s on t he
ca l cu l a t i o n s a r e av a i l ab l e f r o m t h e au t h o r s o n r eq u es t .
D i s c u s s i o n
Chemical f luxe s
T h e a m o u n t o f w a t e r u s e d t o p r o d u c e a c r o p i n
p o n d s , v a r i ed d ep en d i n g o n t h e cu l t u r e cy c l e d u r a t i o n ,
p r o d u c t i o n an d t h e w a t e r ex ch an g e r a t e ; i n t h e d r y
s ea s o n ( 3 - 5 % d a i l y w a t e r ex ch an g e r a t e ) 9 . 0 ( p o n d 1 )
an d 1 7 . 3 m 3 ( p o n d 5 ) o f w a t e r w e r e d i s ch a r g ed p e r k i l o -
g r am o f w h o l e s h ri m p , w h i l e f o r t h e r a i n y s ea s o n ( 6 -
2 0 % d a i l y w a t e r ex ch an g e r a t e ) 1 1 . 5 ( p o n d 1 ) an d
T A B L E 3
T o t a l e s t i m a t e d a m o u n t s p e r h e c t a r e o f m a t e r i a l i n c o r p o r a t e d , d i s c h a r g e d a n d n e t l o a d i n g v i a w a t e r o n a s e m i - i n t en s i v e s h r i m p f a r m ( p o n d 1 ) d u r i n g
dr y ( 1991) and r a iny ( 1991 /1992) s easons . Va lues wer e c a lc u la ted c ons ider ing punc tua l measur emen ts ( method ( a ) , s ee tex t ) .
D r y s e a s o n R a i n y s e a s o n
I n l e t O u t l e t N e t I n l e t O u t l e t N e t
T o ta l suspend ed so l ids ( kg) 2958 4549
Or gan ic suspe nded so l ids ( kg) 441 640
Chlo r ophy l l a ( g ) 142 409
Dis so lved oxygen ( kg) 193 98
P- PO4 ( g ) 2886 995
N- N O2 ( g ) 133 198
N- N O3 ( g ) 178 541
N- NH 4 ( g ) 12971 9996
1591 2796 3686 890
199 323 704 381
267 202 1234 1032
- -9 5 - - - - - -
- 1 8 9 1 3 52 7 1 56 9 - 1 9 5 8
6 5 5 95 3 2 0 - 2 7 5
363 6137 365 - 5772
- 2 9 7 5 1 2 0 58 1 2 7 0 9 6 51
293
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2 1 .6 m 3 ( p o n d 5 ) o f w a t e r w e r e d i s c h a r g e d p e r k i l o g r a m
o f w h o l e s h r i m p . T h e s e v a l u e s f a ll c o n s i d e r a b l y b e l o w
t h e e s t i m a t e d w o r l d - w i d e r a n g e o f 3 9 - 1 9 9 m 3
w a t e r k g - 1 s h r i m p ( H o p k i n s a n d V i l l a l6 n , 1 99 2) .
T h e c h e m i c a l f l u x e s e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e p a r a m e t e r s
c o n s i d e r e d w e r e d i f f e r e n t b e t w e e n t h e t w o s e a s o n s
( T a b l e 3 ) . T h e r a i n y s e a s o n v a l u e s ( i n l e t a n d o u t l e t )
w e r e g e n e r a ll y h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e f o r t h e d r y s e a s o n , d u e
t o a l o n g e r c u l t u r e c y c l e d u r i n g t h e r a i n y ( 1 65 d a y s )
t h a n t h e d r y ( 9 5 d a y s ) s e a s o n . A d d i t i o n a l l y , o t h e r
f a c t o r s s u c h a s r a i n f a l ls a n d i n t e n s i ty o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n ,
c o u l d a c c o u n t f o r o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n s e a s o n s .
I n t h i s c o m p a r i s o n i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e
s a m p l i n g s c h e d u l e w a s n o t t h e s a m e f o r b o t h c y c l e s .
D u r i n g t h e d r y s e a s o n , s a m p l e c o l l e c t i o n s w e r e m a d e a t
d a w n ( 0 3 0 0 - 0 5 0 0 h ) , w h e r e a s i n t h e r a i n y s e a s o n , t h e y
w e r e m a d e i n t h e a f t e r n o o n ( 1 5 0 0 - 1 6 0 0 h ) . I n t h i s t y p e
o f s h r i m p ( G u e r r e r o - G a l v ~ i n , 1 9 93 ) a n d f i s h p o n d ( e. g.
T u c k e r a n d B o y d , 1 98 5; K r o m
e t a l . ,
1 9 8 5 ; E r ez
e t a l . ,
1 9 9 0 ) , d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n s t r o n g l y a f f e c t s d i s s o l v e d
o x y g e n , a m m o n i a a n d c h l o r o p h y l l a . T h e n e t f l u x o f
n i t r i t e , n i t r a t e a n d t o t a l a m m o n i a w e r e i n c o n s i s t e n t . I n
t h e r a i n y s e a s o n n i t r i t e a n d n i t r a t e s e e m s t o d r o p i n t h e
p o n d s ( n e g a t iv e f l u xe s ) , w h e r e a s i n t h e d r y s e a s o n a
c o n t r a r y t e n d e n c y i s n o t e d ( T a b l e 3 ) . F o r a m m o n i a , t h e
r e v e r s e w a s o b s e r v e d ; p o s s i b l y d u e t o t h e s e a s o n a l
i n f lu e n c e o r s i m p l y d u e t o t h e e f fe c t o f th e d i f f e r e n t
s a m p l i n g s c h e d u l e .
C h e m i c a l f l u x e s i n t h e d r y s e a s o n c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g
d i u r n a l d a t a ( m e t h o d b , T a b l e 4 ) w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y
d i f f e re n t f r o m t h o s e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g b i w e e k l y d a t a
( m e t h o d a , T a b l e 3 ) . I n f a c t , in t h e c a s e o f p h o s p h o r u s
T A B L E 4
Total estimated amoun ts per hec tare of m aterial incorporated,
discharged and net loading via water on a semi-intensiveshrimp farm,
during d ry season (1991). Values we re calculated considering diurnal
variations and the s tages of the culture cycle (method (b), see text).
Inlet Outlet Net
Tota l suspe nded solid s (kg) 2303 3605 1302
Organic suspe nded solid s (kg) 261 730 469
Chlorop hyll a (g) 47 407 360
Dissolved oxyge n (kg) 78 163 85
P-P O4 (g) 1467 1987 520
N -NO 2 (g) 179 436 257
N -NO 3 (g) 176 322 146
N-NH 4 (g) 8519 52 74 -324 5
Marine Pollution Bulletin
a n d d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n , t h e s i g n o f t h e n e t f l u x d i f f e r e d
b e t w e e n m e t h o d s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f
d i u r n a l f l u c t u a t i o n s ( 2 4 h s a m p l i n g p e r i o d ) o f t h e s e
p a r a m e t e r s w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e e s t i m a -
t i o n o f c h e m i c a l f l u x es .
N e t f l u xe s c a lc u l a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y a r e m u c h l es s t h a n
t h o s e r e p o r t e d f o r i n t e n s i v e s h r i m p p o n d s i n S o u t h
C a r o l i n a , U S A ( H o p k i n s
e t a l . ,
1 9 9 3 ) a n d , i n a d d i t i o n ,
d u r i n g t h e d r y s e a s o n , s e m i - i n t e n s i v e s h r i m p p o n d s
a p p e a r t o c o n s u m e a m m o n i a ( n e g a t i v e n e t f l u x ) . F o r
t o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s , t h e s e m i - i n t e n s i v e p o n d s
o p e r a t e d w it h a m e a n w a t e r e x c h a n g e o f 3 - 5 % d a y - l ,
h a d a n e t fl u x b e t w e e n 8 90 a n d 1 59 0 k g h a - t c r o p - i .
F o r i n t e n s i v e p o n d s , o p e r a t e d w i t h a w a t e r e x c h a n g e o f
0 - 2 5 % , t h e n e t f l u x w a s o f 5 5 5 4 a n d 11 2 8 9 k g h a - 1
c r o p - l . T h e r e ac t iv e p h o s p h a t e v a l u es d e t e r m i n e d i n
t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a r e a l s o s e v e r a l t i m e s l e s s t h a n t h o s e
r e p o r t e d b y H o p k i n s
e t a l .
( 1 9 93 ) , ( 3 8 .6 k g h a - l f o r
p o n d s s t o c k e d 4 4 P L m - 2 a n d o p e r a t i n g w i t h a d a i l y
w a t e r e x c h a n g e o f 2 5 % ) . H o w e v e r , t h e fe e d r a te s w e r e
7 - 1 5 t h a - t c r o p - ~ , a s o p p os e d t o 2 . 2 - 3 . 8 t h a - I
c r o p - ~ i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .
M a s s b a l a n c e s
U s i n g t h e s t r a te g y p r o p o s e d b y T u c k e r a n d B o y d
( 1 9 8 5 ) a f ir s t m a s s b a l a n c e f o r t h e f a t e o f n u t r i e n t s i n
f e e d a d d e d t o s h r i m p p o n d s w a s d e v e l o p e d b a s e d o n
e s t i m a t e s o f fe e d c o n v e r s i o n , t h e a m o u n t o f fe e d
a d d e d , t h e d r y w e i gh t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f n i t ro g e n a n d
p h o s p h o r u s a n d t h e m o i s t u re c o n t e n t , o f fe e d a n d
s h r i m p . S i n c e s h r i m p c o m p o s i t i o n w a s 3 1 % d r y
m a t t e r , 8 . 9% n i t ro g e n a n d 0 . 3 % p h o s p h o r u s
( T a b l e 5 ), a b o u t 4 6 . 7 % a n d 7 . 4 % o f t h e n i t r o g e n
a n d p h o s p h o r u s r e s p e c t i v e l y , o r i g i n a l l y c o n t a i n e d i n
t h e f e e d , w a s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e p o n d w h e n s h r i m p
w e r e h a r v e s t e d . T h e r e m a i n i n g w a s l o s t t o t h e w a t e r
a s d e c o m p o s i t i o n o r e x c r e t o ry p r o d u c t s a n d e v e n t ua l l y
i n c o r p o r a t e d i n n a t u r a l c y c l e s .
A m a s s b a l a n c e m o d e l w a s d e v e l o p e d f o r n i t r o g e n
a n d p h o s p h o r u s u s i n g d i u r n a l d a t a c a l c u l a t e d w i t h
m e t h o d b , a n d m a s s b a l a n c e d a t a f r o m T a b l e 5 ( F i gs 2
a n d 3 ). I n p u t d a t a i n c l u d e d t h e a m o u n t o f f e e d
s u p p l i e d , n u m b e r o f s h r i m p s t o c k e d , f e r t il i z a ti o n ,
r e a c t i v e a n d o r g a n i c s u s p e n d e d p h o s p h a t e , i n o r g a n i c
n i t r o g e n s p e c ie s ( a m m o n i a + n i t ri t e + n i t r a te ) a n d
o r g a n i c s u s p e n d e d n i t r o g e n o f i nl e t w a t e r d u r i n g f il li ng
a n d i n ef f lu e n t d u r i n g w a t e r e x c h a n g e , a n d a t h a r v e s t
T A B L E 5
Balance for nitrogen and ph osphorus in a semi-intensiveshrimp culture pond, used to grow 1822 kg shrimp ha -J at a feed conversion atio of 1.2.
Shrimp: 31% dry matter, 8.9% N , 0.3% P; feed: 88% dry m atter, 5.6% N, 1.2% P. Nitrogen and p hospho rus contents are on a dry w t basis.
Removed in shrimp
A d d e d
in feed Lost to water
(kg) (kg) (% in feed) (kg)
N itrog en 107.7 50.3 46.7 57.4
Phosp horus 23. 1.7 7.4 21.4
2 9 4
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Volume 34/Number 5/May 1997
Inlet water
25.3 Kg N
(17.8 )
Ammonia Shrimp
Shdmp foo d volat i l izat ion ha rves t
Shrimp 107.7 kg N 38.8 kg N 50.3 kg N M ac ro fau na
stocked (76.0 ) (27.4 ) (35.5 ) associated
accum ulation ?) 52,1 kg N
(36.7 )
External food
Fig . 2 N i t ro g en mass b a l an ce pe r 1 ha o f po n d (1 82 2 k g sh r imp
harvested) in the semi-intensiveshrimp farm for the dry season
(water exchange, 3-5 ). Unquantified arrows represent
processes that may constitute possible sources of error in the
mass balance (see text). Percentages are of total nitrogen
input to pond.
Shrimp
stocked
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P r o ce s s e s o t h e r t h an t h o s e d e s c r i b ed i n t h e m as s
b a l an ce s ( F i g s 2 an d 3 ) m i g h t ad d o r r em o v e n i t r o g en
a n d p h o s p h o r u s f r o m t h e s h r i m p p o n d . P l a n k t o n a n d
d e t r i t a l m a t e r i a l a r e t r an s p o r t ed w i t h t h e w a t e r p u m p ed
f r o m t h e l a g o o n s y s t e m t o t h e p o n d s a n d m a y a c t a s
ex t erna l food fo r t he sh r imp . Det r i t a l aggregat es ,
m i c r oa l g ae , c o p e p o d s , a m p h i p o d s , p o l y c h a e t es a n d
m o l l u s c s , w h i ch g r o w an d co m e w i t h w a t e r ex ch an g es ,
h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r ed a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f th e d i e t o f
s h r i m p cu l t u r ed i n s em i - i n t en s i v e p o n d s ( C h o n g an d
S as ek u m ar , 1 9 8 1 ; G l ea s o n an d W e l l in g t o n , 1 9 8 8 ).
H o w ev e r , t h i s is p r o b ab l y a m i n o r s o u r ce o f n i t r o g en
a n d p h o s p h o r u s i n th e m a s s b a l a nc e s , b e c a u s e o f th e
r e l a ti v e l y s m a ll f l ux e s o f p h y t o p l a n k t o n i c b i o m as s ( a s
ch l o r o p h y l l a , s ee T ab l e s 3 an d 4 ) in co m p a r i s o n t o t h e
s u p p l y o f s h r im p f eed an d t h e p l an k t o n an d d e t r it a l
m a t e r i a l g en e r a t ed in s i tu i n t h e p o n d w a t e r . In s i tu
p r o d u c t i o n o f n a tu r a l f o o d w a s s t i m u l a t e d m a i n ly f r o m
t h e i n p u t o f n i t r o g en a n d p h o s p h o r u s , v i a fe r t il i za t i on ,
f eed an d i n l e t w a t e r . N - f i x a t i o n b y b l u e - g r een a l g ae w as
n o t t ak en i n t o a cco u n t b y t h e m o d e l , an d t h e s i g n i f i c -
an ce o f th i s co n t r i b u t i o n i s u n k n o w n .
R e m o v a l o f n i tr o g e n a n d p h o s p h o r u s f r o m t h e p o n d s
a l s o co u l d h av e o ccu r r ed t h r o u g h g r az i ng o f o t h e r s m a l l
o r g an i s m s t h a t en t e r ed t h e p o n d b y p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e
po nd f i lt e rs a t t he ga t es (300 l am) as l a rva l s t ages . Thes e
o r g a ni s m s m i g h t h a v e g r o w n a n d c o m p e t e d f o r s p a c e
an d f o o d w i t h t h e s h r i m p . D u r i n g 1 99 3/ 19 9 4 a t t h e
s am e s h r i m p f a r m u t i l i z ed f o r t h e p r e s en t s t u d y , t h e
ab u n d an c e an d d i v e r s i t y o f m a c r o f au n a ( fi sh e s an d
d ecap o d c r u s t a cean s ) w e r e d e t e r m i n ed d u r i n g t w o
s ea s o n s ( H en d r i ck x et al . , 1996) . B iomass t o t a l l ed
ab o u t 1 15 k g o f fr e s h w e i g h t ( 0 . 3 - 0 . 9 % o f s h r i m p
harves t ) . F i sh r ep rese n ted 90- -94% of t h i s t o t a l f r esh
w e i g h t. D o m i n an c e r e fl e c ted t h e i m p o r t an c e o f t w o fi sh
spec i es P o m a d a s y s m a c r a c a n t h u s a n d C y n o s c i o n x a n t h u -
lus. T h e b l u e c r a b Cal l inec tes arcua tus w as t h e o n l y
d e c a p o d c r u s t a c e a n h a r v e s te d . I n t h e p r e p a r a ti o n o f t h e
m as s b a l an ce , t h e f l u x e s o f n i t r o g en an d p h o s p h o r u s
a s s o c i a t ed w i t h m ac r o f au n a w e r e ca l cu l a t ed co n s i d e r i n g
t h e co r r e s p o n d i n g f r e s h w e i g h t (4 . 0 k g h a - b a s fi sh
b i o m a s s . A c o m p o s i t i o n o f 2 5 % d r y m a t te r , 8 %
n i t r o g en ( d r y w t ) , an d 1 . 5% p h o s p h o r u s ( d r y w t ) w as
a s s u m ed ( T u ck e r an d B o y d , 1 9 8 5 ) .
T h e ca l cu l a t ed n e t lo ad i n g o f s u s p en d ed o r g an i c
m a t t e r i s 4 6 9 k g h a - 1 o f p o n d w a t e r , ap p r o x i m a t e l y
2 1 . 3 % o f th e s h r i m p f eed s u p p li ed . T h e l a r g e s t s o u rce o f
n i t r o g en ( 7 6 . 0 %) an d p h o s p h o r u s ( 8 3 . 4 %) i s t h e r e s u l t
o f ap p l i ed f eed . S h r i m p h a r v e s t i n g a c co u n t ed f o r o n l y
3 5 .5 % a n d 6 . 1 % o f t h e t o ta l n i tr o g e n a n d p h o s p h o r u s
i n p u t i n t o t h e p o n d s . O u t l e t w a t e r r em o v ed s i g n i f i c an t
q u an t i t ie s o f n i t r o g en ( 3 6 . 7 %) an d p h o s p h o r u s ( 3 0 .3 %) .
D en i t r i f i c a t i o n , am m o n i a v o l a t i l i z a t i o n an d o r g an i c
n i t r o g en an d p h o s p h o r u s w e r e n o t d i r e c t l y ev a l u a t ed
i n t h i s s t u d y b u t , b ecau s e 2 7 . 4 % o f th e n i t ro g en w as
u n ac co u n t ed f o r i t w as a s s u m ed t o b e lo s t t h r o u g h t h e s e
p a t h w ay s . S i m i l a r ly , i t w as d ed u ced t h a t 6 3 . 5 % o f t h e
p h o s p h o r u s w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p o n d b o t t o m
296
Marine Pollution B ulletin
s ed i m en t s an d s u s p en d ed o r g an i c m a t t e r . T h e p r o ce s s e s
o f d en it r if i c a ti o n , am m o n i a v o l a t i li z a t io n , an d p h o s -
p h o r u s ad s o r p t i o n b y s ed i m en t s , s e r v e t o m o d e r a t e an d
r eg u l a t e t h e i r co n cen t r a t i o n s i n t h e w a t e r co l u m n
( T u ck e r an d B o y d , 1 9 8 5 ) . H o p k i n s et al . (1993) could
n o t a cc o u n t f o r 1 3 - 4 6 % o f n i t r o g en i n p u t i n in t en s iv e
s h r i m p p o n d s an d ex p l a i n ed t h i s l o s s t h r o u g h d en i -
t r if i c a ti o n an d a t m o s p h e r i c d i f fu s i o n o f u n - i o n ized
am m o n i a . B o y d (1 9 8 5) r ep o r t ed t h a t 5 7 % o f n i t ro g en
i n p u t s i n f r e s h w a t e r c a t f i s h p o n d s w e r e l o s t t h r o u g h
d en i t r i f i c a t i o n an d am m o n i a d i f f u s i o n an d t h a t 5 6 % o f
t h e p h o s p h o r u s w as l o s t t h r o u g h u p t ak e b y s ed i m en t s .
B r i gg s an d F u n g e - S m i t h ( 19 9 4) r ep o r t ed t h a t 3 1 % o f
n i t ro g en an d 8 4 % o f t h e p h o s p h o r u s w e r e r e t a i n ed in
t h e s ed i m en t s o f in t en s iv e m ar i n e s h r i m p p o n d s i n
T h a i l an d . C o m p ar ab l e p e r cen t ag e s r ev ea l t h a t r a t e s o f
d en i t r i f i c a t i o n an d am m o n i a d i f f u s i o n a r e co m p a r ab l e
be tween hyper sa l i ne ( average sa l i n i t y o f 47 .2 -48 .3 ) ,
m a r i n e s h r i m p an d f r e s h w a t e r p o n d s .
E n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d b i o g e o c h e m i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s
T h e en v i r o n m en t a l l o ad p e r h ec t a r e o f s h r i m p p o n d
d u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s ea s o n w as ca l cu l a t ed u s i n g t h e
d iu rna l d a t a (m etho d b ) : 257 g o f N-n i t r i te , 146 g o f N -
n i t ra t e , 5 20 g o f P - p h o s p h a t e , 4 6 9 k g o f s u s p en d ed
o r g an i c m a t t e r , 3 60 g o f ch l o r o p h y l l a an d 8 5 k g o f
d i s s o l v ed o x y g en . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e l o s s o f d i s s o l v ed
o x y g en an d i ts k n o w n e q u a t i o n f o r t h e o x i d a t i o n o f
o r g an i c m a t e r ia l ( S t u m m an d M o r g an , 1 9 81 ), i t c an b e
ca l cu l a t ed t h a t s i n ce 8 5 k g o f d is s o l v ed o x y g en w as l o s t,
68 .3 kg o f o rgan i c m ater i a l was ox id i zed . Th erefo re t he
n e t d i s ch a r g e o f s u s p en d ed o r g an i c m a t e r i a l w as
ad jus t ed t o 400 .7 kg .
T h e t o t a l e f f lu en t l o s s o f p h o s p h o r u s i n p o n d s
(def ined as t he phosphorus i npu t w i th f eed , f e r t i l i zer ,
i n l e t w a t e r an d s t o ck ed an i m a l s an d l o s s e s f r o m
r em o v a l o f s h r i m p a t h a r v e s t an d p o n d s ed i m en t
accu m u l a t i o n ) f o r e ach t o n n e o f p r o d u c t h a r v e s t ed i s
v a r i ab l e , d ep en d i n g o n t h e cu l t u r e s y s t em an d t h e
s p ec i es in v o l v ed . F o r e ach t o n n e o f ch an n e l c a t f is h
p r o d u ced i n q u a s i - s t a t i c p o n d s an am o u n t o f 1 . 5 k g o f
p h o s p h o r u s i s l o s t ( e s t i m a t ed f r o m B o y d , 1 9 8 5 an d
T u c k e r a n d B o y d , 1 9 8 5 ) . T o p r o d u c e o n e t o n n e o f
s h r i m p (P . vannamei ) i n s em i - i n t en s i v e p o n d s 4 . 6 k g o f
p h o s p h o r u s w as e s t i m a t ed t o b e l o s t t o t h e en v i r o n m en t
i n t h e p r e s en t s t u d y . I n cag e f a r m s , p h o s p h o r u s l o s s
es t imates r ange f rom 9 .4 kg (Ackefor s and Enel i , 1990)
t o 1 9 . 6 -2 2 . 4 k g ( H o l b y an d H a l l , 1 9 9 1) p e r t o n n e o f f i s h
p r o d u c e d .
The to t a l e f f l uen t l o ss o f n i t rogen in ponds (def ined as
the n i t rogen inpu t w i th f eed , f e r t i l i zer , i n l e t water and
s t o ck ed an i m a l s m i n u s n i t r o g en r em o v a l w i t h h a r v e s t ,
m ac r o f au n a a s s o c i a t ed an d p o n d v o l a t i l i z a t i o n ) f o r e ach
t o n n e o f s h r i m p p r o d u ced i n s em i - i n ten s i v e p o n d s w as
e s t i m a t ed t o b e i n t h e o r d e r o f 2 8 .6 k g . T h i s v a l u e is
i n t e rm ed i a t e b e t w een t h e 1 2 k g t - t d ed u ced f r o m
T u c k e r an d B o y d ( 19 85 ) f o r c a t fi s h an d 7 8 k g t - I
r ep o r t ed b y A ck e f o r s an d En e l l ( 1 9 90 ) f o r c ag e cu lt u r e .
8/20/2019 1. Balance Masa Granja Camarón
8/8
V o l u m e 3 4 / N u m b e r 5 / M a y 1 9 9 7
S i m i l a r l y , d i f f e r en ce s i n a ccu m u l a t ed p h o s p h o r u s i n
s ed i m en t s am o n g t h e t h r ee d i f f e r en t cu l t u r e s y s t em s
w er e 6 3 . 5 an d 5 6 % i n t h e s h r i m p an d ca t f i s h p o n d s
(Tucker and Boyd , 1985) , r espec t i ve ly . In cage cu l tu re ,
w h e r e m o r e s t u d i e s h av e b een co n d u c t ed ( e . g . A ck e f o r s
an d En e l l, 1 9 9 0 ; H o l b y an d H a l l , 1 9 9 1 an d c i te s h e re i n ),
t h e v a l u e s d e t e r m i n ed r an g ed f r o m 3 8 t o 6 6 % ( v a l u e s
a r e in p e r c e n ta g e o f to t a l p h o s p h o r u s i n p u t t o p o n d o r
cage) .
T h e m e a n d i s c h a rg e o f p h o s p h o r u s a n d s u s p e n d e d
s o l id s f r o m s ew ag e w o r k s , c a l cu l a t ed i n te r m s o f g r am s
p e r p e r s o n p e r d ay , c an b e u s ed t o ex p r e ss t h e m as s f lo w
o f aq u acu l t u r e f a r m e f fl u en ts in p o p u l a t i o n eq u i v a l en t s
(P i l l ay , 1992) . Us ing t he popu la t i on equ iva l en t s o f
n i t r o g en an d p h o s p h o r u s g i v en b y B e r g h e im an d
S e l m er - O l s en ( 1 9 7 8 ) an d a s s u m i n g t h a t a l l t h e s h r i m p
f a r m s i n S i n a l o a s t a t e ( M ex i co ) o p e r a t e a s d e s c r i b ed
h e re , t h e 8 10 2 h a o r 8 6 10 t o f p r o d u c t i o n ( S E M A R N P ,
1995) , fo r sh r imp f arms in S ina loa r ep resen t a l oad
co r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e u n t r ea t ed s ew ag e g en e r a t ed b y
56 200 to 192 750 and 43 500 to 149 170 peo p le i n t e rm s
o f n i t r o g en an d p h o s p h o r u s , r e s p ec t iv e l y , d i s ch a r g ed
p e r y ea r . T h i s h a s i m p o r t an t i m p l i ca t i o n s f o r s h r i m p
p o n d m an ag em en t w h i ch s h o u l d a i m t o r ed u ce e f f l u en t
i m p ac t o n ad j acen t w a t e r s , an d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f a t e
an d m ech an i s m s o f a s s i m i l a t io n o f th e s e n u t r ien t s .
T h e a u t h o r s t h a n k H . B o j 6 r q u e z L e y v a a n d A . N f i fi e z - Pa s t r n f o r h i s
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