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Emission AccountsEmission Accounts
Technical Workshop on the Preparation of Water Accounts in Latin America
Chile, 1-4 June, 2009Chile, 1-4 June, 2009
Jeremy Webb Jeremy Webb
United Nations Statistics DivisionUnited Nations Statistics Division
OutlineOutline
• What do emission accounts measure?What do emission accounts measure?
• ConceptsConcepts
• The standard tables of SEEAWThe standard tables of SEEAW
• Policy uses and indicators (e.g. Austria)Policy uses and indicators (e.g. Austria)
What do emission accounts measure?What do emission accounts measure?
Emission accounts describe, in physical units, flows of pollutants added to wastewater as a result of production and consumption, and flowing into water resources either directly or through the sewage network.
Why compile emission accounts?Why compile emission accounts?
Emission accounts provide information on: Emission accounts provide information on:
• Which activities are responsible for the Which activities are responsible for the emissionemission
• How much is being emittedHow much is being emitted
• Where this is being emittedWhere this is being emitted
They are useful for designing policies aimed They are useful for designing policies aimed at reducing pressure on the environment at reducing pressure on the environment
Why compile emission accounts?Why compile emission accounts?
Since they are linked to the economic Since they are linked to the economic accounts (via the hybrid tables), they allow accounts (via the hybrid tables), they allow for for
• the formulation of cost-effective policies the formulation of cost-effective policies aiming at reducing emissionsaiming at reducing emissions
• the evaluation of the economic impacts the evaluation of the economic impacts of policies aiming at reducing emissionsof policies aiming at reducing emissions
Basic concepts and definitionsBasic concepts and definitions
• Emissions to waterEmissions to water are defined as direct are defined as direct release release of a pollutant to water as well as the indirect of a pollutant to water as well as the indirect release by transfer to an off-site wastewater release by transfer to an off-site wastewater treatment plant.treatment plant.
• The SEEAW focuses only on the release of The SEEAW focuses only on the release of substances into water resources through the substances into water resources through the (direct and indirect) discharge of wastewater into (direct and indirect) discharge of wastewater into water resources. water resources.
• The direct discharge of heavy metals and The direct discharge of heavy metals and hazardous waste not through wastewater is not hazardous waste not through wastewater is not covered in the water emission accounts but in the covered in the water emission accounts but in the waste accounts.waste accounts.
Wastewater and pollutants pathwaysWastewater and pollutants pathways
Sewerage
Other industries
AgricultureHouseholds Rest of the world
Water resources and the seaWater resources and the sea
Basic concepts and definitionsBasic concepts and definitionsPoint source emissionsPoint source emissions are those emissions are those emissions for which the geographical location of the for which the geographical location of the discharge of the wastewater is clearly discharge of the wastewater is clearly identified identified e.g. emissions from wastewater treatment e.g. emissions from wastewater treatment plants, power plants, other industrial plants, power plants, other industrial establishmentsestablishmentsThey are generally easier to measure since They are generally easier to measure since the point of emission to the water resources is the point of emission to the water resources is clearly identifiedclearly identified
Basic concepts and definitionsBasic concepts and definitions
NNon-pointon-point (or diffuse) (or diffuse) sourcessources of pollution are of pollution are sources sources without a single point of origin or a without a single point of origin or a specific outlet into a receiving water body. specific outlet into a receiving water body.
Pollutants are generally carried off the land by Pollutants are generally carried off the land by storm-water run-off or may be the result of a storm-water run-off or may be the result of a collection of individual and small scale polluting collection of individual and small scale polluting activities which for practical reasons cannot be activities which for practical reasons cannot be treated as point sources of pollution. treated as point sources of pollution.
Commonly used categories for non-point sources Commonly used categories for non-point sources include include agricultureagriculture and and urban areasurban areas..
Scope of emission accountsScope of emission accounts Include:Include: Exclude:Exclude:
Point sources:Point sources:
Pollutants added to Pollutants added to wastewaterwastewater
Point sources:Point sources:
Discharges of heavy metal and Discharges of heavy metal and hazardous wastes not contained hazardous wastes not contained in wastewater (in wastewater (included in the included in the SEEA waste accounts)SEEA waste accounts)
Pollutants resulting from in-situ Pollutants resulting from in-situ use (e.g. navigation, fishing, etc.)use (e.g. navigation, fishing, etc.)
Non-point sources:Non-point sources:
Urban runoffUrban runoff
Irrigation water and rain-fed Irrigation water and rain-fed agricultureagriculture
Non-point sources:Non-point sources:
All non-point sources except for All non-point sources except for urban runoff, irrigation water and urban runoff, irrigation water and rain-fed agriculture (rain-fed agriculture (included in included in the quality accounts)the quality accounts)
Basic concepts and definitionsBasic concepts and definitions
Gross emissionsGross emissions are the pollutants added to the are the pollutants added to the water by an activity, assessed at the point water by an activity, assessed at the point where the wastewater leaves the activity's site where the wastewater leaves the activity's site (or the dwelling, in the case of households). (or the dwelling, in the case of households).
Net (or final) emissionsNet (or final) emissions correspond to the correspond to the pollutants discharged into water resources after pollutants discharged into water resources after treatment.treatment.
Net emissions= grossNet emissions= gross emissionsemissions if there is no if there is no treatment of wastewatertreatment of wastewater
Emission accountsEmission accounts
Industries, households and the “rest of the Industries, households and the “rest of the world” are identified by columnsworld” are identified by columns
They record They record the pollution added to water by the pollution added to water by an economic unit (and not the total an economic unit (and not the total pollution discharged with wastewater)pollution discharged with wastewater)
Emission accountsEmission accounts
Sewerage
Other industries
AgricultureHouseholds Rest of the world
Water resources and the seaWater resources and the sea
2525
55
1-35-33, 41-43 35 36 37
38,39, 45-99 Total
1. Gross emissions (=1.a+1.b)1.a. Direct emissions to water (=1.a.1+1.a.2=1.a.i+1.a.ii)
1.a.1 Without treatment1.a.2 After on-site treatment 1.a.i To water resources 1.a.ii To the sea
1.b. To Sewerage (ISIC 37)
tonnes
Pollutant
Industries (by ISIC categories)
Hou
seho
lds
Res
t of
the
wor
ld
Tot
al
3030
55
2525
3030
2020
185185
185185
9090
9090
9595
9595
Emission accounts by ISIC 37Emission accounts by ISIC 37
Now we can reallocate the emissions by ISIC Now we can reallocate the emissions by ISIC 37 to the activity responsible for the emission37 to the activity responsible for the emission
4. Emissions to water (=4.a+4.b)
4.a After treatment
To water resources
To the sea
4.b Without treatment
To water resources
To the sea
tonnes
Pollutant
ISIC 37
2020
2020
Emission AccountsEmission Accounts
1-35-33, 41-43 35 36 37
38,39, 45-99 Total
1. Gross emissions (=1.a+1.b)1.a. Direct emissions to water (=1.a.1+1.a.2=1.a.i+1.a.ii)
1.a.1 Without treatment1.a.2 After on-site treatment 1.a.i To water resources 1.a.ii To the sea
1.b. To Sewerage (ISIC 37)2. Reallocation of emission by ISIC 373. Net emissions (=1a+2)
tonnes
Pollutant
Industries (by ISIC categories)
Hou
seho
lds
Res
t of
the
wor
ld
Tot
al
30302525
Sewerage
Other industries
AgricultureHouseholds Rest of the world
Water resources and the seaWater resources and the sea
2525
55
3030
2020
55
185185
185185
9090
9090
9595
959511
26261919
109109
Urban runoffUrban runoff
Urban run-offUrban run-off:: that portion of precipitation that portion of precipitation on urban on urban areasareas that does not naturally percolate into the that does not naturally percolate into the ground or evaporate, but flows via overland flow, ground or evaporate, but flows via overland flow, underflow, or channels or is piped into a defined underflow, or channels or is piped into a defined surface water channel or a constructed infiltration surface water channel or a constructed infiltration facility.facility.
It is generally highly polluted and It is generally highly polluted and there is an there is an
increasing awareness in the potential danger of increasing awareness in the potential danger of discharging it into the environment without discharging it into the environment without treatment.treatment.
Urban runoffUrban runoff
Emissions to water in the urban runoff are Emissions to water in the urban runoff are allocated to the Sewerage industry, ISIC 37 allocated to the Sewerage industry, ISIC 37 since this is the economic unit responsible since this is the economic unit responsible for its collection and dischargefor its collection and discharge
Reallocation of emissionsReallocation of emissions
• Use average removal rates (e.g. per Use average removal rates (e.g. per category of WWTP) orcategory of WWTP) or
• Use information of known removal rates per Use information of known removal rates per WWTPWWTP
Supplementary information (1)Supplementary information (1)
Emission to water resource:Emission to water resource:• Surface water (and further disaggregation Surface water (and further disaggregation
into artificial reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc.)into artificial reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc.)• GroundwaterGroundwater
Sludge production:Sludge production:• Total sewage sludge produced (vol.)Total sewage sludge produced (vol.)• Load in total sewage sludgeLoad in total sewage sludge
Diffuse emissionsDiffuse emissions
• European Harmonised Procedures for European Harmonised Procedures for Quantification of Nutrient Losses from Quantification of Nutrient Losses from Diffuse Sources - Diffuse Sources - EUROHARPEUROHARP
• Web: Web: http://euroharp.org/index.htmhttp://euroharp.org/index.htm
Waste Water Emissions in AustriaWaste Water Emissions in AustriaCourtesy of Michael NagyCourtesy of Michael Nagy
Umweltbundesamt Austria (Federal Environment Agency)
Information needsInformation needs
• Policy relevant questions:Policy relevant questions:• Status, trends, forecasts on emissions and Status, trends, forecasts on emissions and
pollution controlpollution control• Fulfillment of Fulfillment of European reportingEuropean reporting exercises: exercises:
• EU-Urban Waste Water Treatment DirectiveEU-Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive• EU-Water Framework DirectiveEU-Water Framework Directive• EPER EPER PRTR PRTR• Eurostat / OECD Joint Questionnaire on Inland Eurostat / OECD Joint Questionnaire on Inland
WatersWaters
Policy demandsPolicy demands
• ““Classical” policy questionsClassical” policy questions::• What is the % of population connected to collecting What is the % of population connected to collecting
system and urban waste water treatment plants?system and urban waste water treatment plants?• Is pollution from urban areas and industry increasing or Is pollution from urban areas and industry increasing or
decreasing?decreasing?• New Policy questionsNew Policy questions
• Mostly related to economic considerations (more about Mostly related to economic considerations (more about these later)these later)
““Classical” indicatorsClassical” indicators
• Population connectedPopulation connected to collecting system and waste to collecting system and waste water treatment plantswater treatment plants
• Waste water quantitiesWaste water quantities (m³) discharged (urban / (m³) discharged (urban / industry)industry)
• Organic pollutantsOrganic pollutants (BOD / COD) discharged (urban / (BOD / COD) discharged (urban / industry)industry)
• NutrientsNutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) discharged (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) discharged (urban / industry)(urban / industry)
• Dangerous substancesDangerous substances
Characteristics of “classical” waste Characteristics of “classical” waste water indicatorswater indicators
• Focus on Focus on point sourcespoint sources discharging into discharging into surface waterssurface waters• Policy relevant questions were related to the facts that:Policy relevant questions were related to the facts that:
• pollution of surface waters stemmed mainly from pollution of surface waters stemmed mainly from point point sources sources
• big potential for improvementbig potential for improvement of treatment of treatment technologies and production processestechnologies and production processes
• Indicators have been the basis for regulations on Indicators have been the basis for regulations on limitation limitation of discharged pollutantsof discharged pollutants (production sector specific), (production sector specific), investmentsinvestments, , subsidiessubsidies and other measuresand other measures
• Indicators have been used for Indicators have been used for monitoringmonitoring of progress and of progress and assessment of achievement of policy goalsassessment of achievement of policy goals
Indicator: Indicator: connections to sewerageconnections to sewerage
47,9
57,9
71,075,7
81,586,0
30,0
50,0
73,5
80,9
86,0
k.A.
60,0
k.A.0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
1968 1971 1981 1991 1995 1998 2001
% o
f pop
ulat
ion
Connection to collecting system Connection to UWWTPs
Indicator: Indicator: Treatment efficiencies and dischargesTreatment efficiencies and discharges
294.863
551.486
44.270
7.02013.639
48.744
14.0031.164
-
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
600.000
BOD5 COD Nitrogen Phosphorus
Parameter
[t/a
]
Incoming Discharged
New policy questionsNew policy questions
• Which actions are the most cost-effective?• What are the costs to reduce 1 unit of a pollutant
discharged from agriculture/industry/urban areas....?
• What are the socio-economic costs of polluted waters?• Health of society• Economic activities dependent from clean water e.g.
fishing, water supply, tourism,...• Other (uncertain) effects
New waste water indicatorsNew waste water indicators• Better Better consideration of diffuse pollutionconsideration of diffuse pollution to consider to consider ALLALL sources sources
of pollutionof pollution
• Industry aggregatesIndustry aggregates link with economic indicators link with economic indicators
• GoalsGoals• identify cost-efficient measuresidentify cost-efficient measures• assess socio-economic effectsassess socio-economic effects• monitor effects of changed production-technologiesmonitor effects of changed production-technologies
COD emissions, direct dischargesCOD emissions, direct discharges
CSB
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
01 02 05 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 40 41 45 50 51 52 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 70 71 72 73 74 75 80 85 90 91 92 93 95 99 H
NACE - Abteilungen
[t/a
]
Herstellung und Verarbeitung von Papier und Pappe
Haushalte
Abwasser- und Abfallbeseitigung und sonstige Entsorgung
Herstellung von Chemikalien und chemischen Erzeugnissen
COD
Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products (21)
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (24)
Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities (90)
Households
Share of COD emissions
Private Households43%
Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products
32%
Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities
5%
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
5%
Rest15%
Nitrogen emissions, direct dischargesNitrogen emissions, direct discharges
Stickstoff
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
01 02 05 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 40 41 45 50 51 52 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 70 71 72 73 74 75 80 85 90 91 92 93 95 99 H
NACE - Abteilungen
[t/a
]
Haushalte
Landwirtschaft, J agd
Forstwirtschaft
Nitrogen (total)
Agriculture, hunting and related service activities (01)
Forestry (02)
Households
Share of Nitrogen emissionsShare of Nitrogen emissions
Agriculture, hunting60%Forestry
16%
Private Households15%
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
4%
Rest5%
Chrome emissions. direct dischargesChrome emissions. direct dischargesChrom
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
01 02 05 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 40 41 45 50 51 52 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 70 71 72 73 74 75 80 85 90 91 92 93 95 99 H
NACE - Abteilungen
[kg
/a]
Metallerzeugung und -bearbeitungGlas, Steine und Erden
Textilien und Textilwaren (ohne Bekleidung)
Leder
Chrome
Manufacture of basic metals (27)Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products (26)
Manufacture of textiles (17)
Leather (19)
Share of Chrome emissionsShare of Chrome emissions
Manufacture of basic metals34%
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
30%
Manufacture of textiles16%
Tanning and dressing of leather13%
Rest7%
Data collectionData collection
• A lot of data is already collected:A lot of data is already collected:• National AccountsNational Accounts• National reports on the status of the National reports on the status of the
environmentenvironment• European reporting obligations (WFD, European reporting obligations (WFD,
UWWTD, EPER, etc.)UWWTD, EPER, etc.)• Austrian Emissions Inventory: updated once a Austrian Emissions Inventory: updated once a
year with data from regional authorities (for year with data from regional authorities (for each individual “significant” discharger)each individual “significant” discharger)
To further develop emission accounts To further develop emission accounts in Austriain Austria
Demonstrate usefulness to policy makers Demonstrate usefulness to policy makers (e.g. for purposes of EU-WFD)(e.g. for purposes of EU-WFD)
Use already existing data collections as far Use already existing data collections as far as possible (usually legally binding)as possible (usually legally binding)
Modify data collections (and their legal basis) Modify data collections (and their legal basis) where this is necessary (coverage, sector-where this is necessary (coverage, sector-specific aggregation)specific aggregation)
Outlook for AustriaOutlook for Austria
• Emission accounts project :Emission accounts project :• Use of data of the Austrian Emission Inventory on Use of data of the Austrian Emission Inventory on
Surface Waters (developed according to EU-WFD, Surface Waters (developed according to EU-WFD, covers “significant” point sources and diffuse sources) covers “significant” point sources and diffuse sources) for NAMEA-Water Emissions (2004-2005 data)for NAMEA-Water Emissions (2004-2005 data)
• Develop methodology for consistent time-series based Develop methodology for consistent time-series based on WFD-dataon WFD-data
• Overall goal: Regular update on the basis of WFD-dataOverall goal: Regular update on the basis of WFD-data
ConclusionsConclusions• Emission accounts are addressing new policy-relevant Emission accounts are addressing new policy-relevant
questionsquestions• Existing data collection systems may contain useful Existing data collection systems may contain useful
information (e.g. Emissions Register)information (e.g. Emissions Register)• May need to set-up specific data collections May need to set-up specific data collections • Promotion of usefulness of (emission) accounts is very Promotion of usefulness of (emission) accounts is very
important. They will aide:important. They will aide:• Understanding of the costs and benefits of measuresUnderstanding of the costs and benefits of measures• discussion with different stakeholders (e.g. agriculture discussion with different stakeholders (e.g. agriculture
versus industry as polluters of waters)versus industry as polluters of waters)• monitoring of environmental efficiencymonitoring of environmental efficiency• definition of policy goalsdefinition of policy goals
Contact detailsContact detailsJeremy WebbStatistician (Environment Statistics)United Nations Statistics DivisionNew York 10017, USARoom DC2 1410Phone: +1 212 963 8564Fax: +1 212 963 0623Email: webbj@un.org
Michael VardonAdviser on Environmental-Economic
AccountingUnited Nations Statistics DivisionNew York 10017, USARoom DC2 1532Phone: +1 917 367 5391Fax: +1 212 963 1374Email: vardon@un.org
Michael NagyUnit for Data Management & ReportingUmweltbundesamt Austria (Federal Environment Agency)Spittelauer Laende 51090 ViennaPhone: +43 1 31304 3490Email: michael.nagy@umweltbundesamt.at
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