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1
IPv6 Addressing(and related matters…)
Paul Wilson
Director General
APNIC
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Overview
• What is an IP address?
• IPv4 vs IPv6
• How are IP addresses managed?
• IP Addresses today
• IP Addresses tomorrow
• Conclusions
3
What is an IP Address?
4
“On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog…”
by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20)
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www.google.com
www.redhat.com
www.ebay.com
www.dogs.biz
www.apnic.net
www.gnso.org
www.ebay.com
www.doggie.com
www.ietf.org
216.239.39.99
66.187.232.50
66.135.208.101
209.217.36.32
202.12.29.20
199.166.24.5
66.135.208.88
198.41.3.45
4.17.168.6
“On the Internet…”you are nothing but an IP Address!
202.12.29.142
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What is an IP address?
• Internet infrastructure address– Globally unique*
• A finite common resource– IPv4: 32-bit number
• e.g. 192.131.13.3• 4 billion addresses available
– IPv6: 128-bit number• e.g. 3ffe:1a00:ff00::• Potentially*, equal to (IPv4)4
• IP does not mean “Intellectual Property”
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My Computer www.cernet.cn202.12.29.142 202.112.0.46
www.cernet.cn ? 202.112.0.46
IP addresses are not domain names…
The Internet
DNS
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IPv4 vs IPv6
IPv4: 32 bits
• 232 addresses = 4,294,967,296 addresses
= 4 billion addresses
IPv6: 128 bits
• 2128 addresses? = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,770,000,000
= 340 billion billion billion billion addresses?
• No, due to IPv6 address structure…
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128 bits
How much IPv6?
Topological Interface
/0 /64 /128
Infrastructure Site
/0 /64/48
• 248 site addresses = 281,474,976,710,656
= 281 thousand billion site addresses
• 264 “subnet” addresses = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616
= 18 billion billion subnet addresses
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The NAT “Problem”
10.0.0.1 ..2 ..3 ..4
*AKA home router, ICS, firewall
NAT*
61.100.32.128
R
61.100.32.0/25
61.100.32.1 ..2 ..3 ..4
ISP 61.100.0.0/16
The Internet
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How are IP Addresses managed?
and how did we get here?
24 March 2003 RIR Meeting with the ICANN GAC Rio de Janeiro
1981 - 1992
1981: RFC 790
1987: RFC 1020
1992: RFC 1366
RFC 12611991
“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.”
RFC 790
24 March 2003 RIR Meeting with the ICANN GAC Rio de Janeiro
1993 - 1996
1993: RFC 1466
1996: RFC 2050
24 March 2003 RIR Meeting with the ICANN GAC Rio de Janeiro
1997 - 2001
1998: IAB asks RIRsto prepare for
IPv6 allocations
1999: ICANN
24 March 2003 RIR Meeting with the ICANN GAC Rio de Janeiro
2002 - 2004
“Emerging”RIR
2003: NRO
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User
Assignment
ISP
Allocation
RIR*Allocation
IANAIPv4
Address management today
IETF
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What are RIRs?
• Representative of ISPs globally– Industry self-regulatory structures– Non-profit, open membership bodies
• First established in early 1990’s– In response to call from IETF (RFC1366)– To satisfy emerging technical/admin needs– Voluntarily by consensus of community
• In the “Internet Tradition”– Consensus-based, open and transparent
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What do RIRs do?
• Internet resource management– Primarily, IP addresses – IPv4 and IPv6– Registration services (“whois”)
• Policy development and coordination– Open Policy Meetings and processes
• Training, outreach and liaison– Training courses, seminars, conferences…– Liaison: IETF, ICANN, ITU, APT, PITA, APEC…– Newsletters, reports, web sites…
• Projects– Various operational services and support
• RIR collaboration– Represented by the NRO
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RIR Policy Development
OPEN
TRANSPARENT‘BOTTOM UP’
Anyone can participate
All decisions & policies documented & freely available to anyone
Internet community proposes and approves policy
Need
DiscussEvaluate
Implement Consensus
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IP Addresses Today
Where are all the addresses?
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IPv4 Allocations – IANA total
assigned41
multicast16
rirs50
unused79
ripencc16
lacnic2
arin19
ietf20
apnic13
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IPv4 Allocations – IANA historical
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
rirs
assigned
ripencc
lacnic
arin
apnic
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IPv4 Allocations – RIRs
1999 2000 2001 20022003 2004
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
apnic
arin
lacnic
ripencc
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IPv4 Allocations – Global
US15.5
JP3.4
CN2.9
KR1.7
UK1.7
DE1.6
CA1.0
FR0.9
NL0.7
IT0.7
BR0.7
Other8.1
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IPv6 Allocations – RIRs
1999 2000 2001 20022003 2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
apnic
arin
lacnic
ripencc
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IPv6 Allocations – RIRs
1999 2000 2001 20022003 2004
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
apnic
arin
lacnic
ripencc
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IPv6 Allocations – Global
JP157
US120
DE91
KR67
NL48
UK44
IT31
FR31
EU25 FI
25 SE25
Other328
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IP Addresses Tomorrow
What is the future?
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IPv4 Address Space Lifetime
2020 2022
0
32
64
96
128
160
192
224
Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08 Jan-10 Jan-12 Jan-14 Jan-16 Jan-18 Jan-20 Jan-22 Jan-24 Jan-26 Jan-28
IANA
RIR
BGP
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IPv6 - Internet for everything!
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IPv6 Address space lifetime
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IPv6 – Summary
• The good news…– IPv6 is available– IPv6 addresses are very easy to get
• The bad news…– Complexity: significant cost and learning curve– Demand? Do users want it?– “Chicken and Egg” syndrome
• The reality: A long, hard, transition– “Changing engines mid-flight”– Long process – 10+ years to complete– Critical message: Start now!
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Finally…
(some ads)
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Next APNIC Open Policy Meeting
APNIC 18Nadi, Fiji, 31 Aug- 3 Sep 2004
• Participate in policy development• Attend workshops, tutorials & presentations• Exchange knowledge and information with peers• Stay abreast with developments in the Internet• View multicast online • Provide your input in matters important to you• Fellowships Available
http://www.apnic.net/meetings/18
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An Invitation…
APNIC CEOs’ MeetingNadi, Fiji, 30 Aug 2004
• First ever APNIC event for CEOs and Snr Executives• APNIC business and operating model• Global issues affecting IP addressing• Provide input into APNIC strategy and policy• Networking with peers
RSVP: pwilson@apnic.net
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Thank You
Paul Wilson
pwilson@apnic.net
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