1 Living layer Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Selectively permeable...

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Living layer

Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Selectively permeable

Cell membrane

Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane

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Nonliving layer

Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells

Cell wall

Cell WallCell Wall

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OrganellesOrganelles• Very small (microscopic)

• Perform various functions for a cell

• Found in the cytoplasm

• May or may not be membrane-bound

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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles

NucleolusNucleus

Nuclear envelope

Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)

Cell Membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Centrioles

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Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

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•CytoplasmCytoplasm -Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

-Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

•CytoskeletonCytoskeleton-Cellular framework made of microtubules and microfilaments

Cellular Structure Cellular Structure cytoplasm

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• Controls the normal activities of the cell

• Contains the DNA in chromosomes

• Bounded by a double layer nuclear envelope

(membrane) with pores

• Usually the largest organelle

NucleusNucleus

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NucleolusNucleolus• Inside nucleusInside nucleus

• Cell may have Cell may have 1 to 1 to 33 nucleoli nucleoli

• DisappearsDisappears when when cell dividescell divides

• Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes that make proteinsthat make proteins

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RibosomesRibosomes

• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA• “Protein factories” for cell• Connect amino acids to make

proteins• Process called protein synthesis

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Endoplasmic Reticulum - Endoplasmic Reticulum - ERER

Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

• Network of hollow membrane tubules• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell

membrane• Functions in Synthesis of cell products

& Transport

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Smooth & Rough Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic ReticulumSmooth ERSmooth ER lacks

ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell

Rough ERRough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT

OUT of the cell

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Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened

sacssacs

• Have a shipping side Have a shipping side & a receiving side& a receiving side

• Receive & Receive & modify modify proteinsproteins made by ER made by ER

• Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with modified with modified proteins pinch off proteins pinch off the endsthe ends

Transport

vesicle

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LysosomesLysosomes• Contain Contain digestive digestive

enzymesenzymes

• Break down Break down food, food, bacteria,bacteria, and and worn out worn out cell partscell parts for cells for cells

• Lyse & Lyse & release enzymesrelease enzymes to break down & to break down & recycle cell parts)recycle cell parts)

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VacuolesVacuoles• Fluid filled sacks for storage

• Small or absent in animal cells

• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole

• No vacuoles in bacterial cells

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MitochondriaMitochondria• “Powerhouse” of the cell

• Generate cellular energy (ATP)

• More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria

• Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria

• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)

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MitochondriaMitochondria

Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane

Folded inner membrane increases surface areafor more chemical Reactions

Has its own DNA

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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Found only in producers (organisms

containing chlorophyll)

• Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)

• Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars

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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Surrounded by double

membrane

• Contains its own DNA

• Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis

• Never in animal or bacterial cells

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Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella

• Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells

• Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells

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Cell Movement withCell Movement withCilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella