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1
National Workshop on ‘Auto Fuel Policy – Way forward’
November 20, 2006
New Delhi
Automotive Technologies for BS-III and BS-IV
R R Akarte
Former Chairman, SIAM Technical Committee on Emission &
Consultant Advisor, Tata Motors Ltd.
SIAM
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Contents:
• Emission Regulations and Auto Fuel Policy
• Technology progression
• BS III and BS IV technology requirements
• Challenges and issues, Next steps
SIAM
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IDLE EMISSION
FAS (DIESEL)
CMVR 91 (PETROL)
CMVR 92
(DIESEL)
CMVR 96 (DIESEL)
EVA & CC EMI (PETROL)
BS-I (ENTIRE COUNTRY)
BS-II
(NCR)
BS-III
(11 CITIES)
BS-III
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)??
BS-I
(NCR)
History Of Emission Regulations in India (Lead Introductions)BS-IV
(SELECT CITIES)
CNG Buses Delhi
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
Cabinet accepts Auto fuel policy09, 2003
Court Intervention Formation of Committee
Report by Committee
BS-IV Review
SIAM
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Auto Fuel Policy (A Recap)
• Expert Committee Constituted by Government of India, headed by Dr R A Mashelkar, (Director General, CSIR)
• Provides guideline road-map for new vehicles, with review to be done in year 2006
• Took an holistic view:• Automobile Technologies• Corresponding Fuel Quality• Impact on Environment• Social Cost• Security of Fuel supply• Emissions from in-use vehicles
• Guiding principles in respect of taxation of fuels: To the extent auto fuels meet the recommended emissions norms, the choice of fuel should not be distorted by way of taxes.
Maintenance of relative prices with appropriate consideration to energy content should be a desirable goal of taxation policy.
• Recommendation by committeeQuote:
As elsewhere in the world, the Government should decide only the vehicular emission standards and the corresponding fuel specifications without specifying vehicle technology and the type of fuel.
:Unquote
Report was approved by the Cabinet in October 2003
SIAM
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Reg
ula
ted
Po
llu
tan
ts (
g/k
m)
21.6
7.9
3.83 1.78 1.25 0.825
1991 1996 2000BS-II
2005BS-III
2010 ?BS-IV
2015 ?1999BS-I
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Re
gu
late
d P
ollu
tan
ts (
g/k
m)
16.3
11.68
3.692.7
2.651.18
1991 1996 2000BS-II
2005BS-III
2010 ?BS-IV
2015 ?1999BS-I
26 fold reduction (96.2%)
14 fold reduction (92.8%)
Diesel Passenger Car Petrol Passenger Car
Change in Tailpipe Emissions
25.50
8.10
4.00 3.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
1991 1996 2000 2005
Re
gu
late
d P
ollu
tan
ts (
g/k
m)
8 fold reduction (88%)
2 & 3 Wheelers
05
101520253035
Commercial Vehicles
29.0
13.96 12.257.86
3.98
2010 ?200520001991 1996BS-IVBS-IIIBS-I
2001
7 fold reduction (86.3%)R
egul
ated
Pol
luta
nts
(g/k
Wh
r)
Need to assess an impact on environment
SIAM
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The Law of Diminishing Returns• The closer we get to the goal of zero emissions of a pollutant, the more costly it becomes to
eliminate each unit.
• Continued progress, however, requires using methods that are more and more expensive, and remove smaller and smaller amounts of pollutants.
• At some point, the costs outweigh the benefits.
Source: ECO-SANITY, A Common Sense Guide to Environmentalism, Joseph L Bast et al
SIAM
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Turbo system
Natural aspiration
Turbocharger
(Optional waste-gate & Intercooler)
Turbocharger
With intercooler
Variable Geometry
Turbocharger
Injection Pressure
s
300 / 600 bar
(IDI / DI Engines)
800-1000 bar
Mech injection
With DPF / SCR
Technology Movement - Diesel
Cylinder head/ports
2 valve/cylinder, inclined injector location4valves/cylinder,
centralised injection
BS-III BS-IV
1000-1200 bar(Electronic injection control)
1600-1800 bar(CR, UI)
>2000 bar
After treatment System
Simple exhaust
With EGR &/or catalytic converter
SIAM
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Significance of Common Rail
• Injection pressures are going up from 1000 to 1800 bar and beyond
• Common rail system is sensitive to fuel quality parameters such as sediments, water content, particulate matter content, lubricity, any other market abuse
• System Servicing needs to be done by authorised and trained staff
SIAM
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Sr.
No.Parameters SCR EGR
1 Components
* Urea tank
* Delivery Module
* Dosing Module
* Injection Nozzle
* ECU
* EGR Valve
* EGR Cooler
* EGR Control
2NOx reducing
potentialYes Adequate
3Particulate after
treatmentNot required for Euro-IV Required (POC / DPF)
4 Fuel economy impact1- 3% benefit over EGR
(urea consumption included)--
5Infrastructure
requirements for ureaYes No
6 Development Time High Low
7 System Complexity High Moderate
SCR and EGR options for NOx control
SIAM
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Selective Catalytic Reduction
SCR catalyst
Pump
Air
T_in
Urea Tank
Urea-SCR ECU
Urea injection
Engine ECU
CAN link
NOx
T_out
Exhaustgas
CO, HC,
PM, NOx
DOC SCR
CO2, H2O,
PM, NO/NO2
CO2, H2O,
PM, N2
Urea injection
DOC2NO + O2 2NO2
4HC + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
2CO + O2 2CO2
C + O2 2CO2
SCR
4NH3 + 4NO + O2 4N2 + 6H2O
8NH3 + 6NO2 7N2 + 12H2O
Relies on UREA for emissions reduction - Infra structure required
SIAM
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Significance of SCR Technology for Heavy Duty Application
• Improved fuel economy
• Necessary for Heavy Duty trucks particularly viewed against infrastructure
development
• In Europe, most of OEMs are with SCR at Euro-IV, notably being Daimler
Chrysler, Iveco, Volvo, DAF etc.
• Inevitable for Heavy Duty Euro-V and beyond
SIAM
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Particulate Filters
• Particulate burning through a secondary injection
• Fuel availability of less than 50 ppm sulphur content must
• High ash content in oil is deterrent for satisfactory operation of DPF
• Generally used on light duty diesel and passenger cars
SIAM
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Fuel system
Carburetor with open
loop system
MPFI with EMS and close loop
MPFI with multi-valve 4 v/cyl, VVT
Exhaust system
EGR/3-way cat-
con
Mapped EGR/Advanced EGR tolerant
processes
Close coupled catalyst
Catalyst with early light-off technology
Technology movement - Gasoline
Direct injection
BS-IV
SIAM
Gasoline Engines – BS IV Compliance Challenges
Exhaust Emissions – After Treatment & EMS Technology
Objective: To minimise engine warm up and catalyst light-off duration to reduce cold emissions.
• Close coupled catalyst with faster light- off components comprising of optimized precious metal loading, wash coat and thin wall substrate.
• Thermally stable & durable catalyst substrate and wash coat technology.
• EMS control strategy to enable rapid catalyst light- off, optimized open loop – after start fuelling (trade off between CO/HC emissions, driveability and catalyst light-off duration).
• Faster response oxygen sensors to enable quicker closed loop AFR control.
SIAM
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Technology movement – CNG (3 & 4 Wheelers)
EngineTurbocharged, intercooled
Stochiometric combustion, Naturally
aspirated, 3 way catalyst,
mechanical/electronic distribution systems
BS-IV
Low weight gas cylinders
need to be developed
SIAM
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Fuel Properties BS-III BS-IV Remarks
Cetane Number – Diesel 51 51Higher Cetane number is desired (~53) to improve cranking time, cold startability, exhaust emissions and combustion noise
Max Sulphur content, ppm - Diesel
350 50
Reduction in sulphur must for PM reduction and for after-treatment system. Europe is promoting 10 ppm. Adulteration adversely impacts durability of emission control system.
Lubricity, max, microns 460 460Must for FIE durability. Adulteration adversly impacts this requirement.
What fuel parameters need to be addressed for BS-III and BS-IV norms?
SIAM
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Challenges & Issues, Next Steps
Technology development
Investment & Installation of manufacturing Plant and machinery
Supply chain management
Duality of norms
Clean fuel at outlets
Infrastructure of Urea
Inspection & Maintenance Programme
- Cost
SIAM
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Thank You
Society of Indian Automobile ManufacturersCore-4B, 5th Floor, India Habitat Centre
Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110 003
Tel.: 011- 24647810/11/12
Fax: 011- 24648222
E mail siam@siam.in
Website : www.siamindia.com
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