1 Propositional Logic Section 1.1. 2 Definition A proposition is a declarative sentence that is...

Propositional Logic

Section 1.1

DefinitionDefinition

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false but not both nor neither

Any proposition has a truth value {T, F}

Examples Examples Statement Prop Truth

Today is Friday yes F

1+1 = 2

I know that you hate this course

Is that correct?

Do not answer quickly

I’m a liar

X+ 2 = 0

Examples Examples Statement Prop Truth

Today is Friday Yes F

1+1 = 2 Yes T

I know that you hate this course Yes T

Is that correct? No

Do not answer quickly No

I’m a liar No

X+ 2 = 0 No

Proposition TypesProposition Types

A proposition could be either simple or compound.

Simple: without logical operators Compound: with logical operators

(connectives)

Logical Operators Logical Operators

Let p & q be propositions, then the following are compound propositions:

Negation of p: p = not p Conjunction: p q = p AND q Disjunction: p q = p OR q Exclusive OR: p q = p XOR q Implication: p q = if p then q Biconditional: p q = p iff q

NegationNegation

p = It is raining p = It is not raining

= it is not the case that it is raining

Truth table

ConjunctionConjunction p = it is Friday q = it is raining p q = it is Friday and it is raining Truth Table:

p q p qT T T

DisjunctionDisjunction p = 1> 0 q = monkeys can fly p v q = 1>0 or monkeys can fly Truth Table:

p q p v q

Conditional Statement: ImplicationConditional Statement: Implication

p = I think q = I exist p q = if I think then I exist Truth Table:

p q p q

If p, then qIf p, then q

p = hypothesis q = conclusion (consequence)

There are many ways to write a conditional statement

Other Rephrasing of ImplicationOther Rephrasing of Implication

If p, then q If p, q q if p p is sufficient for q

a sufficient condition for q is p a necessary condition for p is q in order to have p true, q has to be true also q when p

Other Rephrasing of ImplicationOther Rephrasing of Implication

p q p implies q p only if q

p is true only if q is also true q follows from p

Examples of ImplicationExamples of Implication

If you get 98% then I’ll give you A+ 98% is sufficient for A+ If you get A+ then it doesn’t mean you have

98% A+ is necessary for 98% 98% however is not necessary for A+ 98% only if A+ A+ follows from 98% 98% doesn’t follow from A+

Examples of ImplicationExamples of Implication

Notice that if p is true then q must be true, however if p is not true then q may or may not be true.

Examples of Implicationاألنبياء 68 - 59سورة

Examples of Implicationاألنبياء 68 - 59سورة �م�ين� الظ�ال �م�ن� ل �ه� �ن إ �ا �ن �ه�ت �آل ب ه�ذ�ا ف�ع�ل� م�ن �وا )59 (ق�ال

اه�يم� $ر� �ب إ �ه� ل �ق�ال� ي ه�م$ �ر� �ذ$ك ي *ى ف�ت �ا م�ع$ن س� �وا )60 (ق�ال

ه�د�ون� �ش$ ي �ه�م$ �ع�ل ل �اس� الن �ن� �ع$ي أ ع�ل�ى �ه� ب �وا $ت ف�أ �وا )61 (ق�ال

اه�يم� $ر� �ب إ �ا ي �ا �ن �ه�ت �آل ب ه�ذ�ا ف�ع�ل$ت� �نت� �أ أ �وا )62 (ق�ال

�نط�ق�ون� ي �وا �ان ك �ن إ �وه�م$ �ل أ ف�اس$ ه�ذ�ا ه�م$ �ير� �ب ك �ه� ف�ع�ل �ل$ ب )63 (ق�ال�

�م�ون� الظ�ال �م� �نت أ �م$ �ك �ن إ �وا ف�ق�ال ه�م$ �نف�س� أ �ى �ل إ ج�ع�وا )64 (ف�ر�

�نط�ق�ون� ي ء ه�ؤ�ال� م�ا �م$ت� ع�ل �ق�د$ ل ه�م$ ؤ�وس� ر� ع�ل�ى وا �ك�س� ن �م� )65 (ث

�م$ ك �ض�ر? ي و�ال� * $ئا ي ش� �م$ �نف�ع�ك ي ال� م�ا �ه� الل د�ون� م�ن �د�ون� �ع$ب �ف�ت أ )66 (ق�ال�

�ون� �ع$ق�ل ت �ف�ال� أ �ه� الل د�ون� م�ن �د�ون� �ع$ب ت �م�ا و�ل �م$ �ك ل Eف� )67 (أ

�ين� ل ف�اع� �م$ �نت ك �ن إ �م$ �ك �ه�ت آل وا و�انص�ر� ق�وه� Jح�ر �وا )68 (ق�ال

Examples of Implicationاألنبياء 68 - 59سورة

It is very clear that the prophet Ebrahim didn’t lie because he said that

If they speak, then the biggest one did it

BiConditional Statement BiConditional Statement p = 1 < 0 q = monkeys can fly p q = 1< 0 if and only if monkeys can fly Truth Table:

p q p q

BiConditional Statement BiConditional Statement p q = p if and only if q

= p if q and p only if q

= “q p” and “p q”

= “p q” “q p” p is necessary & sufficient for q p and q always have the same truth

TheoremTheorem

p and q are logically equivalent, i.e.,

p q if and only if p q is always true

p q p q p q

T T T T

T F F F

F T F F

F F T T

ExampleExample

p q p p v q p q

T T F T T

T F F F F

F T T T T

F F T T T

Logically equivalentp v q p q

Precedence of Logical OperatorsPrecedence of Logical Operators

The following operators are sorted according to their precedence

, , v , ,

This means for example

(((p(q)) v p v q ) q) ( (p(q)) v p)

1 Propositional Logic Section 1.1. 2 Definition A proposition is a declarative sentence that is...

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