1 Relations between PM and persistent toxic substances Alexey Ryaboshapko, Meteorological...

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Relations between PM and persistent toxic substances

Alexey Ryaboshapko,

Meteorological Synthesizing Center “East”

EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

What pollutants do we consider?

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

What pollutants do we consider?

Heavy Metals (HMs):

The first priority: Cd, Pb, Hg

The second priority: As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

What pollutants do we consider?

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs):

Dioxins / Furans - 210 compoundsPolychlorinated biphenyls - 209 compoundsPolyaromatic hydrocarbons - hundredsPesticides - hundreds

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Physical properties of HMs in the atmosphere

HM Typical particle size range, m

Particulate share, %

Life-time in the atmosphere

Pb 0.5 – 2 100 2 – 3 days

Cd 0.5 – 2 100 2 – 3 days

Hg 0.5 – 1 1 – 5 1 year

As 0.5 – 2 95 2 – 3 days

Cr 1 – 3 100 1 – 2 days

Cu 1 – 3 100 1 – 2 days

Ni 1 – 3 100 1 – 2 days

Zn 0.5 - 3 100 1 – 3 days

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Physical properties of POPs in the atmosphere

POP Typical particle size range, m

Particulate share, %

Life-time in the atmosphere

Dioxins 0.3 – 1 5 - 95 3 – 5 days

PAHs 0.5 – 2 90 – 100 7 – 15 days

PCBs 0.3 – 1 40 – 60 40 – 60 days

Lindane 0.3 - 1 0 – 1 2 – 3 months

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Comparison of main categories of sources for primary PM and HMs

EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

PPM10PPM10

Cd Pb

Power Plants

Residentialcombustion

Industry

Metallurgy

Transport

Other

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Comparison of main categories of anthropogenic sources for PM and POPs

EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Power Plants

Residentialcombustion

Industry

Metallurgy

Transport

Other

PPM10PPM10

PCDD/Fs BaP

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Airborne concentrations of primary PM10, Cd and mass fraction of Cd in PPM10

Sources: Primary PM10 concentration distribution: CCC & MSC-West (4 / 2004)

Pollutant concentration distributions: MSC-East report (2 / 2004)

PPM10, g/m3 Cd, ng/m3 Cd in PPM10, %

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Are airborne HMs and POPs harmful ?

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Yes !

Threshold concentration levels for residential areas are set in most European countries as air quality standards.

Are airborne HMs and POPs harmful ?

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Thresholds accepted for Heavy Metals

by the 1st Daughter Directive and

the 4th Daughter Directive of EU*, ng/m3:

Arsenic 6

Cadmium 5

Lead 500

Nickel 20

*) For the total content in PM10 averaged over one year

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Thresholds accepted for the sum of dioxins

and furans, fg TEQ/m3:

Russia - 500

Italy - 40

USA - 20

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Thresholds accepted for particulate matter, μg/m3

Particle size

Time period

USA1996

Nether-lands1996

Sweden1997

Russia1991

WHO1987

EU2005

EU2010

(proposed)

PM2.5 Annual 15

Daily 65

PM10 Annual 50 40 20 40 20

Daily 150 70 100 70 50 50

TSP Annual

Daily 150

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Approach to assessment of integral pollution by PM

Individual pollutants have different toxicity…

We need to find a quantitative criterion, which has property of additivity…

An approach based on idea of “threshold concentration level” is widely used

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Quantitative additive criterion:

A portion of an air volume, which could become unsuitable for humans because of presence of a given pollutant in air.

Let us call this portion “Hazard Quotient” (HQ):

HQ = C / T, where

C – airborne concentration of a given pollutant;

T - permissible threshold concentration

for a given pollutant.

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

An example:Cadmium within particulate matter could make 10% of an air volume unsuitable for human

1 cubic meter

Cd – 10%

clean air

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

An example:B[a]P within particulate matter could make 15% of an air volume unsuitable for human

1 cubic meter

B[a]P – 15%

clean air

Cd – 10%

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

An example:Particulate matter itself could make 20% of an air volume unsuitable for human

1 cubic meter

PM – 20%clean air

B[a]P – 15%

Cd – 10%

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Integral PM pollution

(HQi) = Hazard Index for PM (dimensionless)

HI = (HQi) = 0.45

1 cubic meter

PM – 20%clean air

B[a]P – 15%

Cd – 10%

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

Integral Pollution by Particulate Matter (Hazard Index)

Cij – mass concentration of the i-the pollutant within the j-th pollutant class;

φij – share of the concentration in particulate phase…

Tij - permissible threshold concentration…

COVj – coverage coefficient for the j-th pollutant class.

m

j j

n

i ji

jiji

COV

T

C

HI1

1 ,

,,

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Spatial distribution of hazard indexes over Europe (PM, Cd, Ni, Pb, B[a]P)

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Spatial distribution of hazard indexes over Europe (PM, Cd, Ni, Pb, B[a]P)

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Northeastern Germany

Pollutant Annual concentration

Threshold limit suggested by EU

Hazard quotient

Cadmium 0.15 ng/m3 5 ng/m3 0.03

Nickel 2 ng/m3 20 ng/m3 0.10

Lead 10 ng/m3 500 ng/m3 0.02

Benzo[a]pyrene 0.2 ng/m3 1 ng/m3 0.20

PM10 12 g/m3 40 g/m3 0.30

Hazard Index for PM : 0.65

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

“Black Triangle”

Pollutant Annual concentratio

n

Threshold limit suggested by EU

Hazard quotient

Cadmium 0.5 ng/m3 5 ng/m3 0.10

Nickel 6 ng/m3 20 ng/m3 0.30

Lead 20 ng/m3 500 ng/m3 0.04

Benzo[a]pyrene 1 ng/m3 1 ng/m3 1.00

PM10 20 g/m3 40 g/m3 0.50

Hazard Index for PM : 1.94

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Examples of usage of the approach to assess cumulative risk caused by different pollutants

Novikov G.V. and Dudarev A.Ya., 1978. Sanitary protection of the environment of a modern city. Leningrad, Medicina, 215 pp.

Berlyand M.E. (editor), 1994. Yearbook on the state of air pollution and emissions of pollutants into the atmospheres of cities and industrial centers of Russian Federation. Sankt-Peterburg, Main Geophysical Observatory, 407 pp.    

Hampshire Research Institute(www.hampshire.org/risk01.htm)

US EPA, 2003EPA/630/P-02/001F May 2003

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

EMEP/MSC-E

Possible output information:

Spatial distribution (50*50 km) of hazard index for PM averaged over one year.

Number of days during a year when the hazard index is higher than unity in all EMEP grid cells.

Product of hazard index for PM and population in all EMEP grid cells for population risk assessment.