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1
Sidevõrgud IRT 0020
loeng 7 23. okt. 2006
Avo Ots
telekommunikatsiooni õppetoolraadio- ja sidetehnika instituut
avots@lr.ttu.ee
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Market
End-Users
Content and Service Providers
Service operators/Telecommunications Networking Solutions
Physical Telecommunication Network
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Equipment in the access network
ISDN connectionexample: 30B+D(2.048 Mb/s)
Twisted pair - connections
Private Branch Exchange
Multiplexer
On-line subscriberwith several telephones
Businesssubscriber
Wirelessaccess(or radio accesspoint)
Distribution point
Cross connection point
ISDN 2B+D144 kb/s
Q.512 specifiesexchange interfaces
ADSLmodem
DSLAM
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Exchange interfaces and tasks, V5• Between access network and exchange
• 2048 kbit/s basic rate
• Specifies basic interfaces for – Analog access – ISDN-access
• Electrical interface G.703
• Channel control and signaling
• V5 supports interface rates 2048 kbit/s … 8448 kbit/s
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Analog local loop interface
per trunk signalingin local loop:- long setup time- hacking easy- voice grade circuits- interference & cross-talk sensitive- expensive
Analog-line
Digital-lines toISDN central office
Loop current used for signaling & message
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Basic telephone terminal
• A basic phone can be made by using just four units – The bell– The hook switch– The keypad– The speech circuit
• Modern keypads use dual-tone dialing
• The speech circuit adapts voice levels and isolates mic and speaker
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Hybrid-circuit• 4-wire connection is used between exchanges and 2-wire
connections from exchange to subscribers
Amplifier
Amplifier
Bridge Bridge
Two-wire
Exchange A Exhange B
Two-wire
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Traffic ClassesTraffic class Characteristics Example
application
Conversational Preserve time relation between information entities of the stream. Conversational pattern (stringent and low delay)
Speech
Video calls
Streaming Preserve time relation between information entities of the stream.
Real-time streaming video
Interactive Request-response pattern. Preserve payload content.
Web browsing
Background Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time. Preserve payload content.
File downloading
Demanding• Delay• Jitter
Demanding• Bit rate• Jitter
Tolerant• Delay and bit rate
can vary• Integrity
Easiest• Delay and bit rate
can vary• Integrity
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Kõnekvaliteedi kategooriad
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Architecture
Access Network
CS Domain
PS Domain
InternetInternet
PSTNPSTN
IMS
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Network performance
RNC3G
GGSN3G
SGSN
Applicationserver
Node B
UTRAN Core nw External nw
E2E service quality,
QoE
Performance statistics from
application serverNetwork statistics from different counters and interfaces
Customerfeedback
Network Performance Monitoring Optimisation
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Voogude ja koormuse teke– HDTV: SMPTE 260/274295/296M: 198 MB/s
• 1920 x 1080 (2640 x 1125), 10 Bit 4:2:2 YCbCr, 25FPS
– Cinema today: 2048 x 2048, 14 Bit RGB, 24 FPS: ~4 GB/s
– Cinema tomorrow: 4096 x 4096, 14 Bit RGB, 24 FPS: ~ 16 GB/s
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History
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CPU Consumption of H.264
• Use large amount of computation to achieve high quality, reliability and compression ratio – Intra/inter frame prediction: ~60%
– Integer transform: ~10%
– Error resilience: ~20%
– De-blocking filter: ~10%
• For current home PC users, realtime software decoding (HDTV quality) could be achieved, but not encoding (~10x of MPEG-2’s CPU consumption)
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Impending Topics on H.264• 1/8 sample accurate compensation• Scalable video coding• Wavelet coding (eg. DWT replace DCT)• Effective rate control algorithm• Motion-compensated temporal filtering• Spatial up-sampling prediction• Progressively-refined quantization• Power efficient encoder on mobile devices (DC,
Cell phone)
• Much more…
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Applications• HD DVD Video (DVDForum); Blu-ray
Disk (BDA) (High Profiles: mandatory)
• DVB in Europe, DMB in Korea, ISDB-T in Japan
• Direct broadcast satellite TV (multi-region)
• 3GPP (optional feature)
• IETF: RFC3984 for RTP
• ITU-T: H.32x (in production)
• VoD
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Block Diagram
System BUS
8MBSDRAM
SDRAM I/F
Dis
pla
y I/
F
In/Post-Loop Filter
4x4/8x8IDCT
+
Syntax Parser
Line-Pixel-LookaheadSlice Pixel
SRAM
EntropyDecoder
Intra, InterPrediction Display
Engine
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Measured Results
Core power dissipation MPEG-2 H.264/AVC
1.8V
Core
1080HD@100MHz 89.46mW 102.3mW
720HD@45MHz 41.76mW 48.24mW
D1@16.6MHz 15.60mW 18.54mW
CIF@4.6MHz 4.68mW 4.86mW
QCIF@1.15MHz 0.194mW 0.225mW
1.0V
Core
QCIF@1.15MHz 0.108mW 0.125mW
• Power Measurement
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Results• Power Measurement
Max. working freq. (MHz)
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 (V)
225W
125W
QCIF@15fps1.15MHz
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 (V)
112MHz
H.264 Core Power (W)
31MHz
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Lingidwww.teo.lthttp://www.vcodex.comhttp://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/index.htmlhttp://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/http://tree.celinuxforum.org/http://www.mythtv.org/http://www.m4if.org/http://www.sysmaster.com/products/set_top_box.
phphttp://www.cyberlink.com/multi/products/main_43_ENU.html
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