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Today…
I. Stigma & the Individual Stigma Power Stigma Management
Discreditable - information control Discredited - tension management
II. Society & the “Other” Douglas
Concept of Dirt 5 Ways Cultures deal with “dirt”
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What is Stigma
In discrimination: Badge of shame, a mark of infamy or
disgrace Social stigma, a severe social disapproval of
personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms, including: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma
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What is the Purpose of Stigma?
Allows us to deal with: “Anticipated others with out special attention or thought.” (Who’s “IN”/Who’s “OUT”)
Helps Categorize & Manage Multiple Stimuli
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Questions??
Does Human Society always requires an “Other”?
How Is the “Other” Determined?
How Can “Othering” be Challenged?
How is being a DP Different from Other Minority Groups?
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Goffman: Stigma Management
Discreditable: information control ("to tell or not to tell, ….to lie or not to lie,
…. to whom, when and where." )
Discredited: tension management – (attempts to control awkward, difficult or
hostile interactions with "the normals.")
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Discreditable - Management of Information
Objective: minimize detection or disclosure (FDR) also think of as passing…
1. Conceal stigma symbols 2. Play down the defect 3. Distancing (social, physical, emotional)
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Discredited - Management of Tension
Covering 1. Use of devices to cover the stigma
Surgery (Only results in Record of Correcting) 2. Engage in activities from which normally be
disqualified Being President; One handed baseball player
Aggressiveness / Deviance 1. “The dramatically presented
preposterous explanation” 2. “The attack.”
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Other Responses to Stigma
Attempt to Directly Correct 1. Overcoming:
Celebrated in Modern Culture 2. Victimization:
Learned Helplessness 3. Avoidence: Isolation / Passing
Hypervigilance; “The Stare” 4. Re-assessment: Limitations of “normals”
Disability Pride; Deaf Culture
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Gill: Differences from Other Minority Groups
1. Public perceptions of Disabled People- a confusing mix of conflicting emotions
Fear, Pity, Charity, Disgust2. Stigma can be superficially linked to
impairments3. Lack of “Safe Havens“ 4. Socialized as “normal”
Gill, “Divided Understandings,” Handbook of Disability Studies, Albretch, et al 2000
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Examples
What is stigmatized now that was not 60 years ago?
What was stigmatized 60 years ago that is not now?
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Stigma
Can be a very rapid process: Japanese Americans
Destigmatizing: Usually a gradual process taking years /
decades Our Culture Reinforces Stigma through
it’s Obsession with Rank Orderings
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Douglas 1966
Concept of Dirt / “Matter out of Place.” How Societies Groups or Deals with
Ambiguous Margins. Dirt is an Anomaly - A Discordant
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Douglas (cont.)
Argues that ambiguity proves difficult: Culture involves classification Dirt is disorder which then creates
breakdown of classification and boundaries are ambiguous or confused.
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Douglas: 5 Ways Cultures deal with “Dirt”
1. Reduce ambiguity (Fuzziness of Otherness) by creating dichotomies.
2. Elimination.
3. Avoidance
4. Label as dangerous.
5. Incorporating into ritual.
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1. Reduce Ambiguity
• Create dichotomies:• Disabled / Non-Disabled • Gay / Straight• Child / Adult• Male / Female
• That which defies classification is especially troublesome to society:
• Transvestites, Mulattos, Part Timers, Intersex, Passers, Multiple Impairments
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3. Avoidance OR Strengthen dirty status:
Prisons Asylums Ugly Laws Not-In-My-Neighborhood Special
Education
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