10/6/2015 1 Intro. to Animals Ch 32-34 10/6/2015 2 Characteristics of animals multicellular,...

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Intro. to Animals

Ch 32-34

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Characteristics of animals

• multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes• No cell wall• Dominant generation is diploid• Most are motile for some of their life• Also… have embryonic development that forms

layers of tissues

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Embryonic development

• 1) Zygote forms and starts cleavage= mitosis of the cell• 2) blastula is formed (a hollow ball)

– inside cells are called the blastocoel

• 3) Gastrulation occurs in which the tissues start to differentiate – gastrula is formed

• Then further development occurs (stem cells)

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1) tissue complexity - parazoans – no “true tissues”, when tissues formed = eumetazoa

2) body symmetry

• radial = have a top/bottom, no sides/back

• bilateral= 2 sides, cut in “identical halves”, top = dorsal, bottom = ventral, front = anterior, back = posterior

• cephalization = concentration of senses toward the anterior

Characteristics and Phylogeny

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3) body cavity = fluid lined space, separates digestive system from the rest of the body

• acoelomates – no cavity, solid body

• pseudocoelomate = not completely lined cavity

• coelomates = true coelom = tissue lined cavity from mesoderm

4) cleavage - early cell divisions of the zygote

• protostome – spiral, determinate, first infold forms the mouth

• deuterostome – radial, indeterminate, first infold makes anus

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5 Points of Agreement, p.662

• 1) All animals share a common ancestor

• 2) Sponges are basal animals

• 3) Eumetazoa is an animal clade with true tissues

• 4) Most animals showcase bilateral symmetry

• 5) Chordates and other phyla are deuterostomes

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Grandmax ?

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Invertebrates(ch 33)

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(beetles; 350,000 species)

The titan beetle of the Amazon

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Inverts are diverse and account for 95% of all animals

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Invertebrates

Parazoa – closest to protist, non-eumetazoa•1/1) Phylum “Porifera”-

marine, filter feeders, uses

pores (spongocoel) and

large opening (osculum),

lack true tissues,

unorganized cells,

immobile, hermaphrodites,

ex. sponge

Radiata – true tissues, radial symmetry

1/2) Phylum Cnidaria - marine, sac with 1 opening for digestion• 2 body forms

1) Medusa = umbrella-like body, dangling tentacles with stinging threads = nematocysts video

2) Polyp = sessile, cylinder shaped, rising tentacle

2/2) Phylum Ctenophora – marine, cilia to move, ex. comb jelly

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Lophotrochozoans, non-deuterostomes with either a crown of ciliated tentacles (lopho) or a distinct larval stage (trocho)

1/6) Phylum Platyhelminthes – Acoelomates – bilateral symmetry, no coelom, most marine, parasites parasite videos, some have digestive "system", have nerve cords, 1 gut opening,

ex. Flatworms (planarians), tapeworms, flukes

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2/6) Phylum Rotifera – Psuedocoelomates – fake coelom, bilateral, have jaws with cilia, complete digestive track = alimentary canal, first with 2 gut openings, ex. Rotifers

Other (less prominent) Lophotrochozoan phyla include:Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Acanthocephala, Cyliophora

and Nemertea (proboscis worms); see pgs.667-668

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3/6) Phylum Mollusca – Protostomes, Coelomates, bilateral Most secrete a hard calcium carbonate shell b/c of soft body• 3 parts: • muscular foot (movement)• visceral mass (organs) • mantle (shell) • ex. snails, bivalves, slugs, octopus, squid,p677-678

How many parts can you label?

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MantleHinge area

Digestivegland

FootMantlecavity Gonad Gill

Incurrentsiphon

Waterflow

Excurrentsiphon

Adductor muscle(one or two)

Coelom

Figure 33.20

cephalopods

Octopus

Chamberednautilus

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4/6) Phylum Annelida – protostomes, coelomates, segmented worms, some parasitic or decomposers, brain like ganglia at the front, pumping vessels for blood flow, hermaphrodites, ex. leeches, earthworms

• Why is coelom and segmentation important?

• cushion and specialization;

hydrostatic skeleton

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The last two lophophores• 5/6 Ectoprocta: The Bryozoa, also known as

Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals

• 6/6 brachiopods

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Ecdysozoans, secrete exoskeletons

1/2) Phylum Nematoda - roundworms, unsegmented, pseudocoelomates, live in soil, decomposers, periodically shed cuticle, sexual repro., ex. C. elegans

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2/2) Phylum Arthropoda - segmented, jointed appendages, exoskeleton of chitin, developed N.S, different life cycles (metamorphosis- eggs, larvae, pupa, adult), open circulatory system, heart, more complex gas exchange, most in numbers, ex. insects, spiders, crustaceans

Figure 33.32b

Dust mite

Cephalothorax

ThoraxHead

Antennae(sensoryreception)

Abdomen

Swimming appen-dages (one pair perabdominal segment

Walking legsMouthparts

(feeding)Pincer

(defense)

Figure 33.30

Figure 33.37

(a) Larva (caterpillar)(b) Pupa

(c) Later-stage pupa (d) Emerging

(e) Adult

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Deuterostomes, “second mouth”1/2) Phylum Chordata (non-invert, next chapter)2/2) Phylum Echinodermata - radial, water vascular system,

tube feet that aid in movement, feeding and gas exchange, marine, complete digestive track, ex. sea star, sea urchin

Figure 33.42

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Invertebrate quick check…

1. Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?2. Which group is the sponges?3. Which are the flatworms?

a. …segmented worms?b. …roundworms?

4. Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?

5. Which two groups have radial symmetry?6. What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral

symmetry?7. Which group has no symmetry?

Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata

PhylumChordata (ch 34)

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2) Phylum Chordata – bilateral, coelomates with segmented bodies; includes 2 invertebrate groups → lancelets, tunicates (closest invertebrate to human) and then the vertebrates

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Common features

1) Notochord - dorsal flexible fluid filled rod, support, usually replaced by bone during development

2) Dorsal hollow nerve cord - basis for nervous system, brain/spine

3) Pharyngeal gill slits – can become gills for O2 exchange or filter feeding

4) Muscular tail – postanal, muscles/bones for movement- also have neural crest (specialization cells), cephalization,

vert. column and closed circulatory system

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Phylogeny – p699

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Vertebrates

• More complex nervous system

• More elaborate skeleton (have bones that enclose the spinal cord)

• Have the 4 common features at some point in development, may disappear

• More efficient at– Capturing food– Avoiding being eaten

• ** p.704

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1) Class Myxini - jawless fishlike animals, no appendages, in water, p.703, ex. Hagfish

2) Class Petromyzontida – p.704, ex. lampreys

3) Class Chondrichthyes – jaws , cartilaginous fish, fins, gills, lay eggs (oviparous), or hatch in uterus (ovoviparous), (humans are viviparous – nourish in womb), p.706, ex. sharks, skates, rays

4) Class Osteichthyes - bony fish, most lay eggs, gills, swim bladder (air sac= buoyancy), ex. tuna, bass, trout, p.708 basic structure, ray-finned vs. lobe-finned

Figure 34.9

Slime glands

Hagfishes

Figure 34.10

Lampreys

Figure 34.11

Dental elements(within head)

Conodonts were the first vertebrates with mineralized skeletal elements

Figure 34.13

Gill slits Cranium

Skeletal rodsMouth

Figure 34.15

(a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)

(b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)

(c) Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei)

Dorsal fins

Pectoralfins Pelvic fins

Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives)

Figure 34.17

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

Redlionfish(Pteroisvolitans)

Commonsea horse(Hippocampusramulosus)

Fine-spotted moray eel(Gymnothorax dovii)

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5) Class Amphibia – “both ways of life” appendages to walk on land (tetrapods), aquatic larval stage then terrestrial adult, lay eggs (amniotic sac) or live birth, respire via lungs or skin, p.712, ex. frog, salamander

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6) Class Reptilia- terrestrial, scaly skin, lungs, lay amniotic eggs (protection) or live birth, exotherms (cold blooded), no feathers, p.715, ex. snake, lizard, turtle

7) Class Aves - feathers on smaller forewings, fly, lungs, endotherms (warm blooded), internal fertilization by lay eggs, air sacs, good vision, p.718, ex. birds

Amniotes

8) Class Mammalia - have hair, endotherms, 4 chambered efficient heart, mammary glands, diaphragm, most give birth to young, differentiated teeth, p.720, major orders– Monotremes – lay eggs, ex. Platypus– Marsupials – pouched birth, ex. Some moles, kangaroo– Placentals (eutherians) – live birth, ex. Humans, dogs

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Figure 34.38

• Monotremes are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

Monotremes

Marsupials

• Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

• The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus

• A marsupial is born very early in its development• It completes its embryonic development while

nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium

Figure 34.39

(a) A young brushtail possum

(b) Long-nosed bandicoot

Figure 34.40

Convergent evolution of marsupials and eutherians (placental mammals).

Plantigale

Marsupialmammals

Eutherianmammals

Marsupial mole

Sugar glider

Wombat

Tasmanian devil

Kangaroo

Deer mouse

Flyingsquirrel

Woodchuck

Wolverine

Patagonian cavy

Monotremata

Orders and Examples Main Characteristics Orders and Examples Main Characteristics

Platypuses,echidnas

Echidna

ProboscideaElephants

African elephant

SireniaManatees,dugongs

Manatee

Lay eggs; no nipples;young suck milk fromfur of mother

Long, muscular trunk;thick, loose skin; upperincisors elongatedas tusks

Aquatic; finlike fore-limbs and no hindlimbs; herbivorous

XenarthraSloths,anteaters,armadillos

Tamandua

LagomorphaRabbits, hares,picas

Jackrabbit

Reduced teeth or noteeth; herbivorous(sloths) or carnivorous(anteaters, armadillos)

Chisel-like incisors;hind legs longer thanforelegs and adaptedfor running and jumping;herbivorous

Sharp, pointed canineteeth and molars forshearing; carnivorous

Hooves with an evennumber of toes on eachfoot; herbivorous

Aquatic; streamlined body; paddle-like fore-limbs and no hind limbs; thick layer of insulating blubber;carnivorous

CarnivoraDogs, wolves,bears, cats,weasels, otters,seals, walruses Coyote

CetartiodactylaArtiodactylsSheep, pigs,cattle, deer,giraffes

CetaceansWhales,dolphins,porpoises

MarsupialiaKangaroos,opossums,koalas

Completes embryonicdevelopment in pouchon mother’s body

TubulidentataAardvarks

Aardvark

Teeth consisting ofmany thin tubescemented together;eats ants and termites

HyracoideaHyraxes

Rock hyrax

Short legs; stumpytail; herbivorous;complex, multi-chambered stomach

RodentiaSquirrels,beavers, rats,porcupines,mice Red squirrel

Chisel-like, continuouslygrowing incisors worndown by gnawing;herbivorous

PrimatesLemurs, monkeys,chimpanzees,gorillas, humans Golden lion

tamarin

Opposable thumbs;forward-facing eyes;well-developed cerebralcortex; omnivorous

PerissodactylaHorses, zebras,tapirs,rhinoceroses

Indian rhinoceros

Hooves with an oddnumber of toes oneach foot; herbivorous

ChiropteraBats

Frog-eating bat

Eulipotyphla“Coreinsectivores”:some moles,some shrews

Star-nosedmole

Eat mainly insectsand other smallinvertebrates

Adapted for flight;broad skinfold thatextends from elongatedfingers to body andlegs; carnivorous orherbivorousBighorn sheep

Pacific white-sided porpoise

Figure 34.41b

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You share 1-4% of your genes with Neanderthals, if you are not of direct African descent.

Explain.

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Evolution of Humans • we are primates (order) and hominids

Figure 34.43

ANCESTRALPRIMATE

Time (millions of years ago)

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Lemurs, lorises,and bush babies

Tarsiers

New World monkeys

Old World monkeys

Gibbons

Orangutans

Gorillas

Chimpanzeesand bonobos

Humans

Concept 34.8: Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

• The species Homo sapiens is about 200,000 years old, which is very young, considering that life has existed on Earth for at least 3.5 billion years

Derived Characters of Humans

• A number of characters distinguish humans from other apes

– Upright posture and bipedal locomotion

– Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools

– Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles

– Shorter digestive tract

• The human and chimpanzee genomes are 99% identical

• How can we be this close, yet so different?

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Clade DescriptionC

Cephalochordata(lancelets)

Urochordata(tunicates)

Myxini(hagfishes andrelatives)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes)

Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Actinistia(coelacanths)Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians)

Reptilia(tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians, birds)

Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)

Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates

Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates

Jawless marine organisms; have head that includesa skull and brain, eyes, and other sensory organs

Jawless vertebrates; typically feed by attaching to alive fish and ingesting its blood

Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeletonAquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays

Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sistergroup of tetrapods

Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)

One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land

Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Figure 34.UN10

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1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?

Animal Intro Review Quiz

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2. What makes animals animals?

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2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.

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2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our

evolutionary lineage?

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evolutionary lineage?5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the

protostomes?

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protostomes?6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?

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protostomes?6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not

considered eumetazoans?

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considered eumetazoans?8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did

not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________.

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not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________.

9. To what are ganglia precursors?

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not evolve from them.? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________.

9. To what are ganglia precursors?10.Name any three defining traits of clades within the phylum

Chordata.

10/6/2015 1 Intro. to Animals Ch 32-34 10/6/2015 2 Characteristics of animals multicellular,...

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