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15-1 “North & Central African Societies”
Decisions…Decisions…
• What are the rules in your household?• What happens if you break them?• How do you know what the rules are• Who is in charge?
Setting the Stage
• Peoples of Africa organized to by way of political, economic, and/or social needs
• Climate & topography influences how communities develop
A Satellite View
Africa:
The“Tropical”Continent
Tropic of Cancer 20° N
Tropic of Capricorn20° S
Equator 0°
Vegetation Zones
The
Complete
Topography
Of
AFRICA
Nile River
Congo River
Zambezi River
Niger River
Orange River
Limpopo River
Mediterranean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Red Sea
L. Victoria
L. Albert-->
L. Chad-->
L. Tanganyika->
<--Gu
lf of A
den
Drajensburg Mts.
Ruw
enzori Mts.
Δ Mt. Kenya
Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro
Sahara Desert
Sahel
Kalahari
Desert
Nam
ib D
esert
Libyan Desert
Gre
at R
ift
Val
ley
Atlas Mts.
Tropic of Cancer 20° N
Tropic of Capricorn20° S
Equator 0°
South of the Sahara, African peoples form hunting-gathering societies and stateless societies. In North Africa groups of Muslim reformers form two successive Muslim states, the Almoravid and Almohad empires.
Key Idea
HOME
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
North and central Africa developed hunting-gathering societies, stateless societies, and Muslim states.
Modern African nations often must find ways to include these various peoples and traditions in one society.
Overview • lineage
• stateless societies
• patrilineal
• matrilineal
• Maghrib
• Almoravids
• Almohads
TERMS & NAMES
HOME
Hunter-Gatherers
• Oldest form of organization (Began in Africa)
• Small Groups (10-100)• Semi-nomadic: Move
for food
• Women = Gatherers; Men = Hunters
• Some trade: honey, wild game, forest products for crops
Social Structure
• Leader: Respected older male
• Leader doesn’t act like a chief = families make own decisions
• Arguments/Disputes settled through discussions
• No written formal laws
Stateless Societies
• Many societies organized by lineage
• Common ancestors
• Lineages included past, present, & future members = strong loyalties/bonds
• Authority balanced among families
• Ex: Igbo of Nigeria• Settle disputes through
meetings of different lineages
Family Descent• Lineage through passing of
possessions & property• Two Traces:
• Patrilineal: Father to Son• Matrilineal (Mother): Young
men inherit from mother’s family
• Age-Set System:• Consists of people born
during a certain period• Pass through life stages;
ceremonies mark passage
• Stages differ b/w men & women
• System used to teach discipline, leadership, & community service
Muslim States
• Post-632: Muslims seize Northwest section of continent
• Conversion: Forcefully & Peacefully
• 670: Muslims control Egypt & enter the Maghrib
• Mediterranean North Africa
• African leaders adopt Islamic government & law
Islamic Law
• Law = religious obligation
• Personal life not separate from religion
• Regulates almost all of life
• Flexible to various ethnicities & cultures
• Berbers – Convert to Islam, maintain traditions & loyalties
Almoravids
• 11th Century – Empire of Berbers from the western Sahara
• Began w/ a hajj to Mecca• Brotherhood founded by
Ibn Yasin & his teachings• 1050s: Begin a campaign of
conquest• Conquer Morocco (establish
Marrakesh)• Capture parts of Spain &
overrun Ghana
Almohads
• Mid-1100s: Seize power from Almoravids
• Beginnings: Religious movement from Morocco
• Follow teachings of Ibn Tumart• Strict obedience of the Qur'an
• Conquer much of southern Spain
• Empire: First time Maghrib under one rule
• Breaks up into several Muslim dynasties
Copy this graphic into your notes to help organize your thoughts. List characteristics of stateless societies.
Section 1 AssessmentHOME
Stateless Societies
Lineages share power
No centralized authority
Elders negotiate conflict
Age-set system
2. In what ways are hunting-gathering societies and stateless societies similar? THINK ABOUT
Section 1 Assessment
• family structures • social structures • methods of handling conflict
ANSWERANSWER
• Both are based on extended family systems.
• Neither has a chief or centralized authority.
• Both try to talk out conflicts.
Possible Responses:
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