16043_attitude and Values (1)

Unit Number. 06

Unit NameATTITUDES AND VALUES

ATTITUDE – Definition • What is an attitude?• Allport (1935) defined an Attitude as a mental or

neural state of readiness, organized through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence on the individual’s response to all objects and situations to which it is related.

• A simpler definition of attitude is a mindset or a tendency to act in a particular way due to both an individual’s experience and temperament.

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Attitude

A state of mind or feeling with regard to some matter

Three components of ATTITUDE

• An attitude includes three components: an affect (a feeling), cognition (a thought or belief), and behavior (an action).

• Attitudes help us define how we see situations, as well as define how we behave toward the situation or object

• Attitudes also provide us with internal cognitions or beliefs and thoughts about people and objects

• Attitudes cause us to behave in a particular way toward an object or person

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Characteristics of Attitude

• Difficult to measure– Indicated by behavior, reactions to individual

situations, social values

• May create inflexibility and stereotypes– Based on inconsistencies, incorrect

assumptions or other false data

• Demonstrated by behavior

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Characteristics of Attitude• Formed largely from the continuous

process of socialization

• Positive or negative• Once formed not easily changed

– New conditions, new experience, and new information

– Attitudes may be affected by age, position, and education

Attitude Formation

• attitudes are defined as enduring systems of beliefs that can be examined on three different levels:

• – cognitive (how we think or reason through an attitude)

• – emotional (how we feel regarding an attitude)

• – behavioral (how we act on an attitude)

Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 8

Origins of Attitudes• research has indicated there are several ways

in which we acquire attitudes• one of our earliest agents of attitude

formation are our parents, later followed by our peers and the media

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4 major sources of attitude formation are:

• classical conditioning: associating behaviors and attitudes as "good" or "bad" (i.e. it's good to tell the truth, it's bad to steal)

• operant conditioning: being rewarded or punished for behavior and attitudes (i.e. being praised for telling the truth or being punished for stealing something)

• cognitive appraisals: weighing logical arguments in determining your attitude

• observational learning: learning attitudes through peer behavior and the media

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FORMATION OF ATTITUDE

• PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: The psychology of a person is the combination of his perceptions, ideas, beliefs , values, information etc.

• FAMILY FACTOR : Parents and other elders in the family influence most in the formation of one’ attitude

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FORMATION OF ATTITUDE

• SOCIAL FACTORS: Societies differ in terms of language , values , beliefs ,culture ,customs ,norms etc. and all these influence a person’s attitude.

• ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS : In an organisational work culture , nature of job , fellow workers , qualities of supervisor , pay package , and position etc all effects the formation of attitude

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FORMATION OF ATTITUDE

• POLITICAL FACTORS : Political ideologies in the state/country , behaviour of political leaders , political atmosphere of the state/country influence a lot in the formation of one’s attitude.

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TYPES OF ATTITUDE

• POSITIVE ATTITUDE• NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

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POSITIVE ATTITUDE• Optimism, as defined by Dictionary.com,

means "a tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation".

• Take now the following definition of positive attitude: "a person's disposition towards life in a manner that shows optimism" (as opposed to a pessimistic point of view) is the POSITIVE ATTITUDE.

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NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

• Definition: bad attitude , Synonyms: chip on one's shoulder, cynicism, defeatism, dim view, discouragement, expectation of the worst, gloomy outlook, hopelessness, lack of confidence, low spirits, negative thinking, negativism, pessimism. All these words put together or any of them is negative attitude.

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IMPROTANCE OF ATTITUDE• It Helps in better decision making• It helps in developing a team spirit in an

organisation.• The person will treat a problem as a challenge • It will help in achieving the goals cheerfully• The stress level of the person/team member will

be less even after the day of hard work• It will give a new direction to one’s life leading to

success after successName of Discipline eg. Mechanical

Engineering 17

VALUES AND ETHICS

VALUESare

“Global beliefs that guide actions and judgements across a variety of situations” as

defined by a socio-psychologist Molten Rokeach

VALUES• “Values represent basic convictions that a

specific mode of conduct (or end – state of existence) is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct ( or end- state of existence).”

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TYPES OF VALUES

Terminal Values (ends)

• Comfortable life• Sense of accomplishment• Family Security• Self respect• Wisdom

Instrumental Values(means)

• Ambition• Courage• Honesty• Helpfulness• Independence

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VALUES AND ETHICSETHICS:

The question of:(a) what is right and acceptable

and above board versus

what is wrong and unacceptable and under-the-table

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ETHICS (CONT):Collection of:

Right attitudes,Right values,Correct behaviour;Respect for others

(These are considered as irreducible moral expectations)

DEFINITIONS

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ETHICS (CONT):Principles that govern a person or group’s

behaviour,Rules of behaviour.They regulate what an employee would do in

different situations at workWOULD DO ethics are intrinsic, part of the

character of a person,Can be taught but cannot be achieved without the

inner desire to accomplish them

DEFINITIONS

ETHICS - DEFINITION

• “Ethics is a set of moral rules and regulations formulated from the time immemorial by the society for its members to lead an honest and happy life.”

• “Ethics indicates the way of life one has to lead , where honesty , discipline , and understanding of moral values & ideals , character and relationship with others are the influencing factors.”

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Factors effecting ethical behaviour

• INDIVIDUAL FACTORS• SOCIAL FACTORS• OPPORTUNITY FACTORS

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TYPES OF ETHICS 1 PERSONAL ETHICS

• It may be defined as “ the rules by which an individual lives his / her personal life is known as personal ethics.”

2 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

• It may be defined as “ the moral way the professionals should behave in his domain of profession, be it engineering , medical , legal , or business, is known as professional ethics.”

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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

• Professional ethics are the standards or codes of conduct set by the people in a specific profession. A code of ethics is a part of expectations of those involved in a particular profession by all concerned. For example , a patient expect ethical behaviour from the doctor.

• Professional ethics is commonly known as ethical business practices

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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

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ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS

GENERAL:Being prepared to go the extra mile to get things

done,Creating the environment for teamwork to

flourish,Cultivating values and actions perceived as

appropriate at work place,Having the capacity to encourage best

performance from colleagues. Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical

Engineering 29

ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS

SPECIFIC:HONESTY:

Assignments should be done with utmost honesty: no cheating, lying, stealing

It is psychologically proven that if you do these things your conscience will bother you.

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ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS SPECIFIC:DEPENDABILITY:

Dependable people are also reliable and responsible

They produce results when needed and expected

They are not given to excusesThey are good examples to those

around themName of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 31

ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS

SPECIFIC:EFFICIENCY (COMPETENCE):

Maximization of personal and organizations resources (time, paper, money),

Enhances personal growth and the betterment of the organization,

The hallmark of good workers

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ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS

SPECIFIC:POSITIVE WORK HABITS:

Cultivate habits that impress colleagues, subordinate and superiors Dress appropriatelyCome early to work,Put in a full day’s work

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SPECIFIC:INITIATIVE:

Do not always wait to be told what to do,

Be a Nehemiah in any problem situation

If you cannot be the solution, do not be the problem.Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical

Engineering 34

HUMILITY:

Humility and modesty are virtuesFools are arrogantThe wise is humbleJesus is our example

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SPECIFIC:TEAM WORK/TEAM SPIRIT:

Two are better than one: good reward for their labour (Eccl. 4: 1)

Can two work together except they be agreed? (Amos 3: 3)

Always remember that you are a part of the team, no matter the role you play in it,

Do what is not only good for you, but also beneficial to the team as a whole Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical

Engineering 36

God’s word about ethics• Work is a virtuous duty mandated by God• FAITHFULNESS: Moreover, it is required in

stewards that a man be found faithfulDILIGENCE:Wholehearted application of mind and power Not with eye service as men pleasers… but as

to the LordConsequently, idleness is viewed as a

sanctionable vice Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical

Engineering 37

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HONESTY: Do you lie, cheat or steal on your work? (Exo. 20: 15; BIU, 2007: xii (4))PRODUCTIVITY: Have you done enough to justify your pay? (BIU, 2007: (7); Thess. 3: 10(b))TRUSTWORTHINESS: How dependable are you? (Titus 2: 9,10)

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FINALLY, brethren, whatsoever things are TRUE, whatsoever things are HONEST, whatsoever things are JUST, whatsoever things are LOVELY, whatsoever things are of GOOD REPORT, if there be any VIRTUE, and if there be any PRAISE, think on these things (Phil 4: 8)

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PERSONAL ETHICS CAN BE TAUGHT, BUT OFTEN THY CANNOT BE ACHIEVED IF THE PERSON HAS NO INNER DESIRE TO ACCOMPLISH THEM,

PEOPLE WHO HAVE QUESTIONABLE WORK ETHICS SOMETIMES FIND THAT THEY HAVE BOTHERED CONSCIENCES,

LET US RESOLVE TO HAVE THE INNER DESIRE TO ACCOMPLISH GOOD WORK ETHICS SO THAT WE DO NOT HAVE BOTHERED CONSCIENCES.

• Lecture content

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Relevant references• Website links• Books (Detailed information: Chapter No. and

other relevant specification)• Any others

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Conclusion/Application/future scope

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