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Design of UAV Systems. UAV. UAV. No =. Yes =. c 2002 LM Corporation. Introduction to UAVs. Objectives. Lesson objective - Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed? What are the challenges? Design Technology Lesson expectations - Gain Familiarity - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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2-1
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Lesson objective -• Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)• Where are they headed?• What are the challenges?
• Design• Technology
Lesson expectations -
• Gain Familiarity• Appreciate breadth of UAV design options
Objectives
Notation - by our definition of UAVs as reusable
UAVYes = UAVNo =
2-1a
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
• The first reported heavier-than-air, powered flight was of a UAV, over the Potomac River, by Dr. Sam Langley (1896)
• The first radio-controlled UAV flights were converted Navy trainers, flown over Long Island (1917)
• The first mass production of UAVs was the Kettering Bug, costing $400 and capable of carrying a 300 lb bomb (1918)
• The British Queen Bee UAV was landed by dragging a weighted antenna line on the ground, which then pulled back the stick and the throttle (1935)
• 4 UAVs with 2000 lb bombs attacked the Japanese merchantman, Yamazuki Maru, scoring two direct hits (1944)
• Marilyn Monroe was “discovered” while working in the Radioplane OQ-3 UAV factory (1945)
Amazing UAV facts
Source: McDaid and Oliver, “Smart Weapons”, Barnes & Noble 1997
Pre-World War II• Manned aircraft
- Reciprocating engines- Biplanes to monoplanes- Fabric to semi-monocoque
• Unmanned- First unmanned vehicle- First UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Historical comparison - US
2002 and on- UAVs mature- Manned/unmanned
synergy,co-existence
World War II• Manned aircraft
- Recips mature- Structures mature- First jets
• Unmanned- First combat use- First drones
1950s• Manned aircraft
- Turbojets mature- Advanced metalics- Supersonics mature
• Unmanned- First real systems- UAVs stagnate
1960s• Manned aircraft
- Turbofans mature- First composites- First fly by wire- Complex analog systems
• Unmanned- UAVs go to war
• Other - Unmanned space
1970s• Manned aircraft
- Full fly by wire- Early digital systems
• Unmanned- First combat UAV- First research UAV- First tactical UAV
1980s• Manned aircraft
- Commercial FBW- Composites mature- Full digital systems
• Unmanned- Cruise missiles - Tactical UAV (again)
1990s - Manned aircraft- Co-cured composites- Pilots as managers- Netted systems
1990s - Unmanned- DARO Family of Vehicles- Tactical UAVs (again)- USAF / DARPA UCAV
• Other - Reusable launchers
2-3
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Pre War
Kettering Bug (1918)Aerial Torpedo
Radioplane 0Q-2A
(1935) Culver PQ-14B (1940)
Target droneshttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
UAV
UAV
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
World War II
U.S. Buzz Bomb
V-1 Buzz Bomb
USAAF BQ-7 (B-17F)
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
UAV
UAVUAV
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1950s
Matador- 600 NMi Range
Mace - 1217 Nmi Range
Snark - 5497 NMi Range
Strategic
Surface-to-Surface Missiles
USSR had similar typesof systems
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1950s (cont’d)
Submarine and Surface Launched Missiles
Regulus 1 Regulus 2
USSR also had similar types
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/theater/regulus1.htm
UAV
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D21 Tagboard onM12 Mother Ship
Lightning Bug AQM-34
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1960s
Reconnaissance UAVs
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
UAVUAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1960s - other
http://www.fas.org
Launch and space systems
http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/imint/4cor1
UAV
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1970s
Combat UAVs - Have Lemon AQM-34
EO Maverick EO Hobo
EO Maverick Attacking SAM Sitehttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
UAV UAV
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1970s
Reconnaissance(Recce) UAVs
Boeing YQM-94A B-Gull
Teledyne Ryan YQM-96A R-Tern
Endurance 28 hrs 11 min Un-refueled
Compass Cope - High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE)
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1970s
Cruise Missiles
Boeing AGM-86 General Dynamics BGM-109
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1970s
Flight Research UAVs
HiMAT YF-16 RPRV
Self-RepairingFlight Control Sys.
XBQM-106http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/index.html
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1970s
Tactical UAV - Lockheed Aquila
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1980s
Cruise Missiles
GD RGM-109C
GD BGM-109G
GD UGM-109C
General Dynamics AGM-129
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1980s
HALE UAV
Boeing Condor
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1980s
Tactical and Medium Endurance UAVs
US Army HunterPioneer - USN/USMC
GNAT-750 MR - UAV
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1990s
DARO UAVs
Outrider (TUAV) Predator (Tier II)
Dark Star (Tier III-)Global Hawk (Tier II+)
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/outrider.htm
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Global Hawk & Predator
Size Comparison
http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm
1990s - Tactical UAV
General AtomicsProwler
TRW/S-TECSentry
Alliant TechsystemsOutrider
US Army Selects AAI Shadow 200
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UAV
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1990s - VTUAV
Cancelled
NG Fire Scout selected
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htmhttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm
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UAV
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1990s - Manned synergy Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation 2-21
http://www.army.mil/armyimages.htmUAV
UAV
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
1990s - Reusable launchers Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
UAV
UAVhttp://www.fas.org
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Next subject
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Lesson objective -• Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)• Where are they headed?• What are the challenges?
• Design• Technology
Lesson expectations -
• Gain Familiarity• Appreciate breadth of UAV design options
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Today - DARPA/Army
Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR)
2-24
• Armed unmanned complement to manned systems- Future Combat System - RHA-66 Comanche
• Perform the most dangerous missions- Strike and support
• $500M over four (4) phases- First phase 12 months, four (4) contractors- Many competitors
Lockheed MartinRaytheon SikorskyPlus...
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Today - DARPA/USAF UCAV
2-25
X-45A
X-45B
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
AIR VEHICLE• XX,XXX lb Gross Weight• X,XXX lb Empty Weight• High subsonic speed• Med-high altitude • XXX-XXXX nmi radius• XXXX-XXXX lb payload
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm
Today - DARPA/Navy UCAV
http://www.strange-mecha.com/aircraft/x/USN-X.htm
http://www.northrop grumman.com
Requirements
increasing?
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Today - other DARPA
A-160 Hummingbird
• Hingeless, low disk-loading & RPM rigid rotor• VTOL range > 2,000nm • Endurance > 24-48 hours
http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html
http://www.vectorsite.net/avuav7.htmlhttp://www.auvsi.org/members
2-27
http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html
Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Today - Global Hawk
• ACTD successfully completed• Low rate initial production approved
- 17 air vehicles plus four mission and launch control elements
• Full-rate production starts FY-06 - 2 UAVs per year through FY 09, 4 thereafter
• Assessing new payloads - signals intelligence - Requires payload weight/volume increase
• Will remain unarmed
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Today - Predator
• USAF orders 2 Predator B prototypes for evaluation - Honeywell TPE-331-10T, flat-rated to 750shp- 4,500kg take-off gross weight - Max speed / altitude - 210 Kt / 50Kft- 20m wingspan- Triplex systems- 1,360kg fuel- 340kg internal payload - 1360kg external payload- 6 store stations/14 Hellfires
Predator B
http://www.auvsi.org/members/us.cfm
• Predator A armed with Hellfire missiles
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PAIS/HTML/FS-073-DFRC.html
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Affordably expendable UAV
Today - USMC
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Dragon Eye approach
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Today - US Navy Roadmap
Today
MRE Transitioning to UCAV-N?
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Today - US Navy VTUAV?
Parametric Performance Comparison
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Power/Disc Area (shp/sqft)
Manned rotary wingUmmanned rotary wingManned TiltrotorsUnmanned Tiltrotors
VTUAV requirement
(Source data : Janes - All the Worlds Aircraft; UAVs and Targets)
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Tomorrow
Another generation of UAVs & UCAVS
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
UAV
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Final subject
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Lesson objective -• Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)• Where are they headed?• What are the challenges?
• Design• Technology
Lesson expectations -
• Gain Familiarity• Appreciate breadth of UAV design options
Design and technology challengesDesign of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Payloads- Auto target recognition- On board data processing- Data compression- Cost
Support system - Reliability and Safety- Logistics footprint- Off base support- Aerial refueling- Cost
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System Level - Concepts of Operation- Communications
availability/reliability- Multi-UAV operations- UAVs in manned airspace
Air Vehicle- Reliability and Safety- Very long endurance- Survivability- Cost
Mission control- Reliability and Safety- Operators per vehicle- Multi-vehicle control- Cost
Example - Manned airspaceDesign of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
All countries have rules for how aircraft must operate in their airspace.
• Most follow guidelines developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
• Rules apply to two types of airspace - Enroute airspace - the airways - Terminal airspace - around airports
Airspace rules are based on manned aircraft experience
• The established system is complex and slow to change
Pilots, not ground controllers, have primary responsibility for safe operation/separation of aircraft
• UAVs have ground (?) controllers not pilots
UAVs will have to fit into a pilot based system
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Example - Logistics footprintDesign of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation 2-38
Example - Base operationsDesign of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Main Base
Forward Base
Emergency Base
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QuestionDesign of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
What do these challenges have to do with us (Aerospace Engineers)?
• UAVs are air vehicles, they fly like airplanes and operate in an airplane environment
- They are designed like air vehicles
- They have to meet flight critical air vehicle requirements
- Aerospace engineers understand the environment, the requirements and the design challenges
• We know how to integrate complex, multi-disciplinary systems
We provide leadership in development of air vehicle systems- UAVs are simply our next air vehicle system challenge
2-40
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Design of UAV Systems
Introduction to UAVsc 2002 LM Corporation
Intermission
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