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7/29/2019 2 - Anatomical Terms
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FORS3036EL
ForensicAnatomyof
theHumanSkeleton
IntroducConand
GeneralAnatomicalTerminology
WhyForensicAnatomyof
theSkeleton?
Forensic
Forensic inalegalcontext.
PartofaninvesCgaCon. Detailedanalysisnecessary.
Fragmentaryremains.
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OtherStudiesoftheSkeleton
HistoricalQuesCons
IdenCfyingeminentdead.
Examiningthecontextoffoundremains.
Remainsnotofrecentforensicinterest(>50
years).
EvoluCon
omparaCveanatomy ladisCcs Environmental PopulaConrelaConships StructuralvariaCon
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Archaeology
StudiesofpastpopulaCons.
Diseases,dietandpopulaConrelaCons:
Palaeopathology PalaeonutriCon Biologicaldistance
linicalApplicaCons
MedicalSciences Diagnosisofdiseases TreatmentofpaCents UnderstandingdetailedanatomyforbenefitsoftreatmentandcommunicaConinthemedicalcommunity
ForensicInvesCgaCons
oronersQuesCons: Whodied? Whendiddeathoccur? Wherediddeathoccur? auseofdeath? Mannerofdeath?
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EncounteringSkeletalRemains
Humanorfaunal? Recent(i.e.,
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Anatomical
Planes DividesthebodyintovarioussecCons
FrameofreferencefordirecCons
oronal
Passesthroughbregma Dividesbodyintoanteriorandposterior
halves(notexact)
Rightanglestotheotherplanes
Sagial
Mid-sagial,median,ormidline
SymmetricallydividesthebodyintoL&R
halves
Parasagialplanesareparallel
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Transverse
Horizontaloraxial Perpendicularto:
Frontal Sagial
Atanylevel
AnatomicalDirecCons
BasedonstandardanatomicalposiCon
ProvidesameanstocommunicatetheposiConsofstructures,anomalies,andpathology
Anterior(Ventral)
Towardthefrontofthebody
Onestructureinfrontoftheother,itissaidtobeanteriortotheother
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Posterior(Dorsal)
Towardthebackofthebody
Onestructurebehindtheother,itissaidtobeposterior
Superior
Also,cranialorcephalic Towardtheheadendof
thebody
Doesnotapplytothelimbs
Axialskeletononly
Inferior(audal)
Towardthetailendofthebody(awayfromhead)
Doesnotapplytothelimbs
Axialskeletononly
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Medial
Towardmidline(sagialplane)
anpertaintoaxialandappendicularskeleton
e.g.,Ulnaismedialtotheradius
AlwaysinreferencetoanatomicalposiCon!
Lateral
Awayfromthemidline(sagialplane)
anpertaintoaxialandappendicularskeleton
e.g.,Radiusislateraltotheulna
Proximal
Towardstheaxial(oraachedend)ofthelimb
Appliestoappendicularskeleton
Thehumerusisproximaltotheradiusandulna.
AlwayswithreferencetoanatomicalposiCon!
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Distal
Awayfrom(farthestfrom)theaxial(oraachedend)ofthelimb
Appliestoappendicularskeleton
Theradiusandulnaaredistaltothehumerus.
AlwayswithreferencetoanatomicalposiCon!
Palmar
Referstothepalmsideofthehand
Usedonlyforthehands Sideofthehandthat
flexes
OppositetoDorsal
Dorsal(Hand)
Referstothebackofthehand
Usedonlyforthehandsandfeet
Theextensorsideofthehand
OppositetoPalmar
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Dorsal(Foot)
Referstotheuppersurfaceofthefoot
Usedonlyforthehandsandfeet
Theextensorsideofthefoot
OppositetoPlantar
Plantar(Foot)
Referstothesoleofthefoot
Usedonlyforthefeet Theflexorsideofthefoot OppositetoDorsal
SpecializedTerms
TermsforProjecConsand
IndentaConsofBone
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3Generalategories
BonyProjecCons Depressions,groovesandholesinbones Placeswherebonesconnect(arCculate)
BonyProjecCons
MostommonlyEncountered
Process
AraisedareaorprojecCon
e.g.,mastoidprocess
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Protuberance
AbonyprojecConthatprotrudesfromanarea
ofbone
e.g.,externaloccipitalprotuberance
Tubercle
Smallroundedbumpformuscleaachment
e.g.,adductortubercleoffemur
ondyle
Rounded,convexprojecConthatusually
fitsintoafossaonthe
opposingbone e.g.,occipitalcondyle
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Head
Aroundextensionoftheepiphysis,
separatedfromthe
shabyanarrowneck
e.g.,headofrib
Ramus
Acurvedbranchofbone,extendingfrom
thebodylikearams
horm
e.g.,ascendingramusofmandible
rest
Araisedridgeformuscleaachment
e.g.,intertrochantericcrest
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Line
Smallraisedridgeformuscleaachment
e.g.,intertrochantericline
Eminence
AprojecConthatislowerthanaprocess
e.g.,intercondylareminence
Epicondyle
Araisedbumpnearoronacondyle,for
muscleaachment
e.g.,medialepicondyle
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Tuberosity
Alargeroundedbump,usuallyformuscle
aachment
e.g.,radialtuberosity
Trochanter
Alarge,irregularbumpformuscleaachment
e.g,thegreatertrochanterofthefemur
Spine
Asharp,pointedprojecConformuscle
aachment
e.g.,anteriornasalspine
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Depressions,GroovesandHoles
Fossa
Ashallowdepressioninbone
OenarCculateswithanotherbonetoforma
joint
e.g.,mandibularfossa
Fovea
FromLaCn,meaningasmallpit
e.g.,foveacapiCsontheheadofthefemur
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Foramen
FromLaCn,meaninghole
Aroundedopeningformingapassageway
forbloodvesselsand
nerves
e.g.,foramenmagnum
Sinus
Anirregularshapedcavitywithinabone
thatisoenfilledwith
airandlinedwith
mucousCssue
e.g.,frontalsinus
SulcusorGroove
Elongatedfurrow e.g.,intertubercularsulcusorgroove
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Meatus
Atunnel-likeopeningforthepassageofblood
vesselsandnerves
e.g.,auditorymeatus
ArCcularSurfaces
ArCcularFacet
AsmallsmoothareaonaboneforconnecCon
toanotherbone
e.g.,facetonthebodyandtransverseprocess
ofavertebra(T10)
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Demifacet
Halfafacet Foundonthoracicvertebralbodies
(centra)
e.g.,Superiorandinferiordemifacetsona
thoracicvertebral
ArCcularProcess
SmallflatprojecCononthesurfaceofthearch
ofvertebrae
e.g.,inferiorarCcularprocess
ShapeategoriesofBones
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LongBones
ElongatedboneoftheextremiCes,consisCng
ofatubularsha
(diaphysis)andtwo
ends(epiphyses)usually
widerthanthesha
e.g.,radius
ShortBones
Abonewithdimensionsthatareapproximately
equal
e.g.,carpalbones
FlatBones
haracterizedbyitsthin,flaenedshape,
includessomecranial
bones e.g.,scapula
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IrregularBones
Bonesthathaveapeculiarorcomplex
formsuchasvertebrae
andvariouscranial
bones
e.g.,maxilla
AdultSkeletonInventory
AxialSkeleton Vetebralcolumn(26) Skull(22) Hyoid(1) Ribsandsternum(25)
AppendicularBones Upperlimb(64) Lowerlimb(62)
AuditoryOssicles(3)
Total=206
QuesCons?
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