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©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
CHAPTER 24COLD WAR AND
HOT WAR
1945–1953
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
“…the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce…”
American diplomat, George Kennan, calling for the containment of Soviet
expansion, 1946
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
Smith v. Allwright1945 United Nations created1946 Morgan v. Virginia
Mendez v. WestminsterPresident Truman stops railroad workers and coal miners strikesChurchill warns of Russian “iron curtain”Philippines independenceIndian Claims Commission
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE continued1947 Jackie Robinson joins the Brooklyn Dodgers
Britain unable to provide financial assistant to Greece and TurkeyPresident’s Committee on Civil RightsTruman’s federal employee loyalty programNational Security Act
1948 UN Human Rights CharterShelley v. KraemerAnticommunist, apartheid regime takes control in South AfricaBritain withdraws from PalestineHarry Truman wins Presidency
1949 Leaders of U.S. Communist party convicted of promoting overthrow of U.S. governmentNational Secuirty Act amendments
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE continued1950 Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma
U.S. forces arrive in KoreaAlger Hiss convicted of perjuryMcCarthy’s list of 250 Communists in the State DepartmentNational Security Councils-68
1952 McCarran-Walter Act1953 Rosenbergs executed for treason
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
COLD WAR AND HOT WAR Overview
The Uncertainties of VictoryThe Quest for SecurityA Cold War SocietyThe United States and Asia
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE UNCERTAINTIES OF VICTORY
Global DestructionVacuums of PowerPostwar ReconversionContesting Racial HierarchiesClass Conflict
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Global Destruction60 million lives lost in World War IIAmerica’s trading partners, Europe and
Asia, lost their purchasing powersU.S. versus Russia hampers postwar
reconstruction
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Vacuums of PowerFascism, militarism, white supremacy, colonialism:
Losers at the end of WWIISocialists, communists, and radicals fill the vacuum
Labor party in Britain Soviet Union Socialist and communist parties in France, Italy, Belgium, and Scandinavia Indonesia gains independence from Dutch India gains independence from Britain Ho Chi Minh begins fight for independent Vietnam
United Nations created by Allies in April, 1945
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Postwar ReconversionThe “boys come home”: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
of 1944Financial aid; low-cost mortgages; VA hospitals; college
and vocational trainingFactories: convert from war materials to consumer
productsWar-time rationing liftedHousing scarce: 1/3 still live in povertyWomen: returning men push women from jobs; federal
daycare facilities discontinued
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Contesting Racial Hierarchies
Returning from fighting racism, minority challenges Return to violence, lynchings, beatings, segregation Segregation upheld by U.S. Supreme Court in voting
primaries, interstate transportation, contracts for house sales, graduate schools
Popular culture crosses racial lines: Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Jackie Robinson,
Segregation overturned for Mexican Americans in California schools; Native Americans help pass anti-discrimination law in Alaska
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Class ConflictLabor unions suffer blows
Major railroad workers and miners strikes crushed
CIO’s attempt to organize a diverse group of southern workers fails
The Republican Party victorious in 1946 elections
Taft-Hartley Act
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE QUEST FOR SECURITY
Redefining National SecurityConflict with the Soviet UnionThe Policy of ContainmentColonialism and the Cold WarThe Impact of Nuclear Weapons
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Redefining National SecurityThe United States primary goal:
The creation and preservation of a free-trading capitalist world order
The Soviet Union and western Europeans consideration of communism
Secretary of State Acheson: “Hopeless and hungry people often resort to desperate measures.”
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Conflict with theSoviet Union
U.S.: capitalism and openessSoviet Union: communism and border protectionGermany: (U.S.) rebuilt to a trading partner, or (Soviet)
kept impoverished to protect the Soviet UnionPoland: Allies insist on free elections, Soviets
want control of PolandIran: Soviet encouraged uprisingTurkey and Greece: Soviets desire for control of the
Bosporus and Dardanelles
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Policy of ContainmentKennan: “Soviet hostility as a function of
traditional Russian insecurity overlaid with newer Marxist justifications”
Churchill: the Russian “iron curtain” across Europe Continued U.S. military presence around the worldThe Truman DoctrineThe rebuilding of Germany and Japan
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Colonialism and the Cold War
NATO: colonial powers of Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, and Portugal
Independence to avoid revolutionsPhilippinesVietnam (France holds onto)Palestine and the Jewish settlers of Israel
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Impact of Nuclear Weapons
Bikini Islanders, Utah, and Nevada experience high cancer rates where atomic bomb tests occurred
Navajo uranium minersWeapon plans leak radioactivity into
groundwaterRadioactive waste and where to put it?
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
A COLD WAR SOCIETYFamily LivesThe Growth of the South and the WestHarry Truman and the Limits of Liberal
ReformThe Cold War at HomeWho is a Loyal American?
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Family LivesSuburbia
Levittown1950: housing construction at 1.7 millionSegregation by moves to suburbia“The Perfect Family” with highly
defined gender roles, and the importance of child-rearing
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Growth of the South and the WestU.S. military bases in the South and on the
west coast; and the Alaska-Canada highwayThe Sunbelt in the South: the car and air-
conditioningCalifornia’s agricultural boom
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform
National health care program stopped by conservatives calling it communist policy
Truman courts the black vote in swing states with a platform of Civil Rights
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Cold War at HomeThe Rosenbergs“Henry Wallace and his Communists”Internal Security Act of 1950: requires
Communist party members to register with government and allows emergency incarceration
House Un-American Activities CommitteeMcCarthyism
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Who is a Loyal American?Family life becomes primary and religion growsBlack America:
NAACP distances themselves from any perceived socialism/communism
W.E.B. Du Bois and Paul RobesonNative Americas
Indian Claims Commission and Dillon MyerAsian Americans
McCarran-Walter Act of 1952
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA
The Chinese Civil WarThe Creation of the National Security StateAt War in Korea
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Chinese Civil WarChina: missionaries and America’s marketChinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong
October 1, 1949: China becomes the People’s Republic of China
Nationalists retreat to Taiwan
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Creation of the National Security State
Soviet Union and their first nuclear bombNational Security Council document 68
(NSC-68)Imperatives of military powerGlobal involvementIncreased defense spending
Central Intelligence AgencyNational Security Council
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
At War in KoreaJune 25, 1950: Communist North Korea
crosses the 38th parallel into South KoreaLate June 1950, U.S. forces arrive in
KoreaPolice action, not declared warRussia perceived as instigatorMcArthur
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