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On slates1. Describe a time you paid more money for a good or service you thought was better quality.2. Describe a time when you bought a good or service that was cheaper than other brands.3. Does competition make us perform better?
Competition experiment• 3 groups• 1 volunteer• Group of 4, can talk• Everyone else, can’t
talk
• Think about price & quality
I will buy one for up to $1Widget:
WPrice: $
Your name:
Pricing power• Some firms can choose their own price• Price makers
• Some firms must take the prices the market gives them
• Price takers
On your slate4. How much pricing power did you have during the simulation? Explain why.5. Why do consumers benefit from competition? Use three specific business examples in your answer6. Why do producers suffer from competition? 7. Why does pricing power depend on the number of firms in the market?
I Love Lucy clip
Bellringer1. How many players win
the game “Monopoly” if you play it until the
end?No we won’t be playing
it in this class.2. How many firms
supply lunch here at Flowing Wells?
3. How would things change if FW allowed multiple firms to sell
lunch?
4 Market Structures
• Monopoly• Monopolistic Competition• Perfect Competition• Oligopoly
Monopoly• A market for a
good/service with one dominate seller
• Firm has total “pricing power”
• Has extremely high entry costs, OR impossible
• Walmart?• Amazon?
Types of surplus• Consumer surplus: difference between budget
and actual price
• Producer surplus: difference between cost and price (really just profit)
Budget:$50
Actual:$40
Draw less supply on board
• What happens to CS?
Price Discrimination
Think/Pair/Share
Examples?Senior discountStudent discountEbay
• Santa Barbara, CA
• Argentina
Types of Monopoly• Geographic• Only firm in a
certain area• Fences• Small towns• Other example?• Draw PEST
change on board
Types of Monopoly
• Government • Granted by the
government• “public utilities”• Reasoning?
Types of Monopoly
• Technological• Due to
technology• (Patents)• (Copyrights)• Software,
biotechnology, artistic
• Reasoning?• examples
On your slateName the type of monopoly & why
4. Fernanda designs a new game app
5. Popcorn at Harkins movie theater
6. Interstate Highways like I-10 or I-19
7. The only mechanic Ajo, Arizona
8. School lunches at Pueblo
9. Snacks in certain Pueblo classrooms
10.Secret recipe for Gatorade
11. US military
12.Tucson Water Company
13.Expensive soda at a baseball game
Closure questions
4. Why do economists worry about monopolies? (hint: think about prices)
5. Why are technological monopolies allowed to exist? (think about creative businesses)
6. Do you think government monopolies are always positive for consumers? (consider our school lunches, or the AZ MVD)
For the other 3 Market Structures
• Monopoly• Monopolistic
Competition• Perfect
Competition• Oligopoly
• Split into two groups• 1 group makes/writes
lesson• 1 group writes
simulation, game or 5 min skit (everyone talks)
• 10/10 if everyone participates and its easy to understand
Perfect Competition Market• Features:• Many firms• Nearly identical products• No pricing power • Same Price!• Easy to start new firm• Easy to close down firm• Perfectly informed
consumers• Costs really important
Other Examples?
Monopolistic Competition Market• Features:• Many firms• Different or perceived
different products• Some pricing power
“price makers”• Different prices• Can be easy to start new
firm• Can be easy to close down
firm• Not fully informed
consumers
Other Examples?
Oligopoly Market• Features:• Few very large firms• Very similar products• Some pricing power
“price makers”• Difficult to enter market• Difficult to close down
company• Not fully informed
consumers
Other Examples?
Perfect vs. Monopolistic Competition
• How could you contrast the two markets?
Oligopoly & Monopoly
• How could you contrast the two markets?
Draw a 4 part diagram of the market structures
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic
CompetitionOligopoly Monopoly
What type of market?
• Mexican Food
What type of market?
What type of market?
• Blank DVD’s
What type of market?
What type of market?
What type of market?
What type of market?
• Movie theaters in Tucson
What type of market?
• Hair cut
What type of market?
• Broadcast TV
What type of market?
• Electric Power
What type of market?
• Hotels
What type of market?
• Notebook paper
Costs
• Put the following businesses in order by how expensive they would be to start up starting with the cheapest:
• NFL team• Landscaping• Restaurant• Television station• Company that writes phone apps• Lemonade stand• T-shirt (silkscreen) printer
• Costs!
THE COSTS OF PRODUCTION 42
Total Revenue, Total Cost, Profit• We assume that the firm’s goal is to maximize
profit.
Profit = Total revenue – Total cost
the amount a firm receives from the sale of its output
the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production
An unsuccessful business
• Costs that they can change tomorrow
• Costs that they can’t change
Let’s think more specifically about costs
• Fixed Costs = costs that do not change based on production and don’t change in SR
• Examples: capital goods, tools, buildings, menus
Nokia factory in Finland
Coke factory in Atlanta, Georgia
Special fixed costs
• “Entry costs” – costs to start up the business
Firms with lowEntry costs
Firms with very highEntry costs
Costs we can change in the short runVariable costs = costs
that change based on production
The more I produce, the more cost I will incur.
If I don’t produce at all, my variable costs will be 0
For example: labor, electricity, raw materials
Nike factory in China
Michael Jordan visiting Nike Factory in 1999 Why produce in China?
Marginal Costs
• Marginal costs = the cost of producing 1 additional unit
• For example:
• Why helpful?• Diminishing
marginal product!
Widgets
01234
FC
11111
VC
06
111622
MC
X
Total Costs• Total Costs = fixed + variable costsFor example:
Widgets
01234
FC
11111
VC
01235
TC
12346
MC
X1112
Revenue
02468
Assume Widgets price
$2/eachProfit
-10122
Short Quiz
1. Write 3 examples of FC for this firm2. Write 3 examples of VC for this firm3. How could this firm increase its TR?4. Give an example of diminishing marginal
returns for this firm
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