2.1 Equations Solving Equations with the Variable on Both Sides Objectives: to solve equations with...

2.1 EquationsSolving Equations with the

Variable on Both SidesObjectives:• to solve equations with the variable on both sides.

• to solve equations containing grouping symbols.

• Solve linear equations in one variable.

• Apply these skills to solve practical problems.

• Justify steps used in solving equations.

To solve these equations,•Use the addition or subtraction property to move all variables to one side of the equal sign.

Let’s see a few examples:

1) 6x - 3 = 2x + 13

-2x -2x

4x - 3 = 13

+3 +3

4x = 16

4 4

x = 4

Be sure to check your answer!

6(4) - 3 =? 2(4) + 13

24 - 3 =? 8 + 13

21 = 21

Let’s try another!

2) 3n + 1 = 7n - 5

-3n -3n

1 = 4n - 5

+5 +5

6 = 4n

4 4

Reduce! 3 = n

2

Check:

3(1.5) + 1 =? 7(1.5) - 5

4.5 + 1 =? 10.5 - 5

5.5 = 5.5

Here’s a tricky one!

3) 5 + 2(y + 4) = 5(y - 3) + 10

• Distribute first.

5 + 2y + 8 = 5y - 15 + 10• Next, combine like

terms.

2y + 13 = 5y - 5• Now solve. (Subtract

2y.)

13 = 3y - 5 (Add 5.)

18 = 3y (Divide by 3.)

6 = y

Check:

5 + 2(6 + 4) =? 5(6 - 3) + 10

5 + 2(10) =? 5(3) + 10

5 + 20 =? 15 + 10

25 = 25

Let’s try one with fractions!4)

3 - 2x = 4x - 6

3 = 6x - 6

9 = 6x so x = 3/2

3

8

1

4x

1

2x

3

4Steps:• Multiply each termby the least common denominator (8) to eliminate fractions.

• Solve for x.• Add 2x.• Add 6.• Divide by 6.

(8)3

8 (8)

1

4x (8)

1

2x (8)

3

4

Two special cases:

6(4 + y) - 3 = 4(y - 3) + 2y

24 + 6y - 3 = 4y - 12 + 2y

21 + 6y = 6y - 12

- 6y - 6y

21 = -12 Never true!

21 ≠ -12 NO SOLUTION!

3(a + 1) - 5 = 3a - 2

3a + 3 - 5 = 3a - 2

3a - 2 = 3a - 2

-3a -3a

-2 = -2 Always true!

We write IDENTITY.

2.1 Answers (4-64x 4) (4-24 graphing)(28-44 solve)

4. 08. 512. 10.216. .7320. .524. 5.828. Null Set32. -25/636. Null Set40. All Reals, x ≠ ±5/244. Null Set

52. -29/4

56. Choose any a and b such that

b = -5/3a

60. r=C/2

64. I = V/r

Understanding Algebra Word Problems

2.2 Applied Problems

Word Problem Types

• Distance Problems• Mixture Problems• Work Problems

Distance Problems

Distance = (rate)(time)

Types

• Traveling in the Same Direction– Overtaking– Separating

• Traveling in Opposite Directions– Traveling Toward Each Other– Traveling Away From Each Other

• Going and Returning

Overtaking Problem

• A fishing boat leaves Tampa Bay at 4:00 a.m. and travels at 12 knots. At 5:00 a.m. a second boat leaves the same dock for the same destination and travels at 14 knots. How long will it take the second boat to catch the first?

• Let t be travel time of first boat• Then t – 1 is the travel time of second boat• 14(t – 1) = 12t

Separating in Same Direction

• Key: Travel time same for both• Faster Vehicle = rft

• Slower Vehicle = rst

• Solution: rft - rst = Constant– Constant is desired distance between

Separating Problem

• At the auto race one car travels 190 mph while another travels 195 mph. How long will it take the faster car to gain two laps on the slower car if the speedway track is 2.5 miles long?

• Let t be the racing time• 195t – 190t = (2)(2.5)

Coming Together Problem

• A freight train leaves Centralia for Chicago at the same time a passenger train leaves Chicago for Centralia. The freight train moves at a speed of 45 mph, and the passenger train travels at a speed of 64 mph. If Chicago and Centralia are 218 miles apart, how long will it take the two trains to meet?

• Let t be time to meet• 45t + 64t = 218

Going and Returning Problem

• Brandon and Shanda walk to Grandma’s house at a rate of 4 mph. They ride their bicycles back home at a rate of 8 mph over the same route that they walked. It takes one hour longer to walk than to ride. How long did it take them to walk to Grandma’s?

• Let h be time to walk • Then h – 1 is time to ride• 4h = 8(h – 1)

Mixture Problems

Coin Problem

• A coin bank contains four more quarters than nickels, twice as many dimes as nickels, and five more than three times as many pennies as nickels. If the bank contains $22.25, how many of each coin are in it?

• Let n be number of nickels

• n + 4 = quarters• 2n = dimes• 3n + 5 = pennies

(3n + 5)(0.01) + n(0.05) + 2n(0.10) + (n + 4)(0.25) = 22.25

Interest Problem

• An investor has $500 more invested at 7% than he does at 5%. If his annual interest is $515, how much does he have invested at each rate?

• Let p be amount at 5%• Then p + 500 is amount at 7%• p(0.05)(1) + (p + 500)(0.07)(1) = 515

Solutions Problem

• How many gallons of cream that is 30% butterfat must be mixed with milk that is 3% butterfat to make 45 gallons that are 12% butterfat?

• Let c be gallons of cream• Then 45 – c is gallons of milk• 0.30c + 0.03(45 – c) = 0.12(45)

Work Problems

work done = (rate of work)(time spent)

Work Problem

• Ron, Mike, and Tim are going to paint a house together. Ron can paint one side of the house in 4 hours. To paint an equal area, Mike takes only 3 hours and Tim 2 hours. If the men work together, how long will it take them to paint one side of the house?

• Let t be time needed to paint the side.• (1/4)t + (1/3)t + (1/2)t = 1

2-2 Word Problems Solutions3. Gross Pay – deductions = Net (take home) pay ; X - .40x =

4926. 40($10) + x($15) = 595; 13 hrs. overtime9. x(2) + (600-x)(5) = 240012. x(1) + (15-x)10 = 15(2); 13.3 of 1% & 1.6 of 10%15. (a) 1.5t + 2t = 224; (b) 64(1.5) = 96 m; 64(2) = 128 miles18.1st – 1 + 4t miles; 2nd – 6t; r*t = d; 4(t+.25) + 6t = 2; 6 min or 1:2121.Time (to target) + Time (from target) = Time (total);

x/3300 + x/1100 = 1.524.1st story = (8*30) = 240; 2nd story = (30*3) + ½(30)(h-3);

15h + 45 = 240; 13ft.27. V = 2/3л*r3 + лr2h = 11250л30. 1/8 + 1/5 = 1/x; 40/13 hrs.33. GPA = total weighted honor pts. / total credit hours; 3.2 =

(4.8(2.75) + x(4.0)) / (48+x)

2.3 Quadratic Equations,

Solving a Quadratic Equation

• by factorization • by graphical method• by taking square roots• by quadratic formula • by using completing square

By factorization

01072 xx0)2)(5( xx

02__05 xorx2__5 xorx

roots (solutions)

By graphical method

01072 xx

x

y

O

roots

By taking square roots

4)32( 2 x

432 x

232 x

152 orx 5.05.2 orx

Solving a Quadratic Equation by the quadratic Formula

By quadratic formula

0,02 acbxaxIf

a

acbbx

2

42

)1(2

)10)(1(4)7()7( 2 x

01072 xx

a = b = c =1 10-7

25 xorx

02 cbxaxWhat are we going to do if we have non-zero values for a, b and c but can't factor the left hand side?

0362 xx This will not factor so we will complete the square and apply the square root method.

First get the constant term on the other side by subtracting 3 from both sides.362 xx

___ 3___ 62 xx

We are now going to add a number to the left side so it will factor into a perfect square. This means that it will factor into two identical factors. If we add a number to one side of the equation, we need to add it to the other to keep the equation true.

Let's add 9. Right now we'll see that it works and then we'll look at how to find it.

9 9 69 62 xx

69 62 xx Now factor the left hand side.

633 xx

two identical factors

63 2 xThis can be written as:

Now we'll get rid of the square by square rooting both sides.

63 2 xRemember you need both the positive and negative root!

63 x Subtract 3 from both sides to get x alone.

63 xThese are the answers in exact form. We can put them in a calculator to get two approximate answers.

55.063 x 45.563 x

Let's solve another one by completing the square.

02162 2 xx To complete the square we want the coefficient of the x2 term to be 1.

Divide everything by 20182 xx2 2 2 2

Since it doesn't factor get the constant on the other side ready to complete the square.

___1___82 xx

So what do we add to both sides?16

16 16

Factor the left hand side 15444 2 xxx

Square root both sides (remember ) 154 2 x

154 x 154 xAdd 4 to both sides to get x alone

2

2

8

the middle term's coefficient divided by 2 and squared

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGJrH49Z2ZA&feature=related

In general, a quadratic equation may have :

(1) two distinct (unequal) real roots

(2) one double (repeated) real root

(3) no real roots

Two distinct (unequal) real roots

x-intercepts

One double (repeated) real roots

x-intercept

No real roots

no x-intercept

Nature of Roots

△ = b2 - 4acSince the expression b2 - 4ac can be used to determine the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation in the form ax2 – bx + c = 0, it is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.

Two distinct (unequal) real roots

x-intercepts

△ = b2 - 4ac > 0

One double (repeated) real roots

x-intercept

△ = b2 - 4ac = 0

No real roots

no x-intercept

△ = b2 - 4ac < 0

Homework pp. 90-91 (25-35 all, 35 graphing, 47, 55)

26. a)

b) 9

c) ±10

d) ±9

28.

30.

32. -3, 2/5

4

169

54

32

5

55. a)

b)

sec1sec332

3264

32

102464

)16(2

)48)(16(46464

486416

48

2

2

and

tt

fts

sec432

6464

32

409664

)16(2

)0)(16(46464

06416

0

2

2

tt

fts

The Discoverers of Imaginary Numbers

Complex numbers were first conceived and defined by the Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano, who called them "fictitious", during his attempts to find solutions to cubic equations. However, Imaginary numbers were defined in 1572 by Rafael Bombelli. At the time, such numbers were regarded by some as fictitious or useless, much as zero and the negative numbers.

Imaginary Number Timeline

• http://www.google.com/search?q=history+of+imaginary+numbers&hl=en&safe=active&tbs=tl:1&tbo=u&ei=lXW6SrvsKpGeMITehOAP&sa=X&oi=timeline_result&ct=title&resnum=11

2.4 Complex Numbers

OBJECTIVES

• Use the imaginary unit i to write complex numbers

• Add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers

• Use quadratic formula to find complex solutions of quadratic equations

Consider the quadratic equation x2 + 1 = 0.

What is the discriminant ?

a = 1 , b = 0 , c = 1 therefore the discriminant is

02 – 4 (1)(1) = – 4

If the discriminant is negative, then the quadratic equation has no real solution. (p. 114)

Solving for x , gives x2 = – 1 12 x

1xWe make the following definition:

1i

Note that squaring both sides yields

Real NumbersImaginary Numbers

Real numbers and imaginary numbers are subsets of the set of complex numbers.

Complex Numbers

12 i

Definition of a Complex Number

If a and b are real numbers, the number a + bi is a complex number written in standard form.

If b = 0, the number a + bi = a is a real number.0b

0b

If , the number a + bi is called an imaginary number. A number of the form bi, where , is called a pure imaginary number.

Write the complex number in standard form

81 81 i 241 i 221 i

Equality of Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers a + bi and c + di, are equal to each other if and only if a = c and b = d

Find real numbers a and b such that the equation ( a + 6 ) + 2bi = 6 –5i .a + 6 = 6 2b = – 5a = 0 b = –5/2

dicbia

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers,p. 127

If a + bi and c +di are two complex numbers written in standard form, their sum and difference are defined as follows.

idbcadicbia )()()()(

idbcadicbia )()()()(

Sum:

Difference:

Perform the subtraction and write the answer in standard form.

( 3 + 2i ) – ( 6 + 13i )

(3 – 6) + (2 – 13)i

–3 – 11i

234188 i

234298 ii

)2323()48( ii

4

Properties for Complex Numbers p.126

• Associative Properties of Addition and Multiplication• Commutative Properties of Addition and Multiplication• Distributive Property of Multiplication

Multiplying complex numbers is similar to multiplying polynomials and combining like terms.

Perform the operation and write the result in standard form.( 6 – 2i )( 2 – 3i )

F O I L

12 – 18i – 4i + 6i2

12 – 22i + 6 ( -1 )

6 – 22i

Consider ( 3 + 2i )( 3 – 2i )

9 – 6i + 6i – 4i2

9 – 4( -1 )

9 + 4

13

This is a real number. The product of two complex numbers can be a real number.

Complex Conjugates and Division p. 129

Complex conjugates-a pair of complex numbers of the form a + bi and a – bi where a and b are real numbers.

( a + bi )( a – bi )

a 2 – abi + abi – b 2 i 2

a 2 – b 2( -1 )

a 2 + b 2

The product of a complex conjugate pair is a positive real number.

To find the quotient of two complex numbers multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.

dic

bia

dic

dic

dic

bia

22

2

dc

bdibciadiac

22 dc

iadbcbdac

Perform the operation and write the result in standard form. (Try p.131 #45-54)

i

i

21

76

i

i

i

i

21

21

21

76

22

2

21

147126

iii

41

5146

i

5

520 i

5

5

5

20 i i4

Principle Square Root of a Negative Number,

If a is a positive number, the principle square root of the negative number –a is defined as

.aiiaa

Use the Quadratic Formula to solve the quadratic equation.

9x2 – 6x + 37 = 0

a = 9 , b = - 6 , c = 37

What is the discriminant?

( - 6 ) 2 – 4 ( 9 )( 37 )

36 – 1332

-1296

Therefore, the equation has no real solution.

9x2 – 6x + 37 = 0

a = 9 , b = - 6 , c = 37

92

379466 2 x

18

1332366 x

18

12966 x i

18

1296

18

6

18

36

3

1 ix i2

3

1

2.4 Answers: (3-42 x 3)

6. -10+50i

12. 28-45i

18. -1

24.

30. 6+58i

36. x=10; y = 3

42.

i29

4

29

19

i 4

6. 2

12. -27, 0

18. 1

24. 9

30. 4

36. ±1, ±2

2.5 Answers (3-39 x 3)

2.5 Other Types of Equations

Radical Equations; Absolute Value Equations;

Thus 85 is NOT a solution.

The solution set is {5}.

The solution set is {7,-6}.

A constant function is a function of the form

f(x)=b

b

x

y

Identity function is a function of a form:

f(x)=x

(1,1)

(0,0)

y x 2The square function

Cube Function

(1,1)

(-1,-1)

Square Root Function

Rational Function

2.5 Answers (3-39 x 3)6. 2

12. -27, 0

18. 1

24. 9

30. 4

36. ±1, ±2

Solving Absolute Value Equations & Inequalities

2.6 Inequalities

<

<<

>

>

>

There are two kinds of notation for graphs of inequalities: open circle or filled in circle notation and interval notation brackets. You should be familiar with both.

6 4 0 8 2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 0 4 6 8 [

1x

Both of these number lines show the inequality above. They are just using two different notations. Because the inequality is "greater than or equal to" the solution can equal the endpoint. That is why the circle is filled in. With interval notation brackets, a square bracket means it can equal the endpoint.

circle filled in squared end bracket

Remember---these mean the same thing---just two different notations.

6 4 0 8 2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3

Let's look at the two different notations with a different inequality sign.

2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 0 4 6 8 )

1x

Since this says "less than" we make the arrow go the other way. Since it doesn't say "or equal to" the solution cannot equal the endpoint. That is why the circle is not filled in. With interval notation brackets, a rounded bracket means it cannot equal the endpoint.

circle not filled in rounded end bracket

Remember---these mean the same thing---just two different notations.

6 4 0 8 2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3

Compound Inequalities

Let's consider a "double inequality" (having two inequality signs).

2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 0 4 6 8 (

32 x

I think of these as the "inbetweeners". x is inbetween the two numbers. This is an "and" inequality which means both parts must be true. It says that x is greater than –2 and x is less than or equal to 3.

]

6 4 0 8 2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3

Compound Inequalities

Now let's look at another form of a "double inequality" (having two inequality signs).

2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 0 4 6 8 )

3or 2 xx

Instead of "and", these are "or" problems. One part or the other part must be true (but not necessarily both). Either x is less than –2 or x is greater than or equal to 3. In this case both parts cannot be true at the same time since a number can't be less than –2 and also greater than 3.

[

Just like graphically there are two different notations, when you write your answers you can use inequality notation or interval notation. Again you should be familiar with both.

0 4 6 8 2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 0 4 6 8 [

1x

Inequality notation for graphs shown above.

),1[

Interval notation for graphs shown above.

),1[

Let's have a look at the interval notation.

For interval notation you list the smallest x can be, a comma, and then the largest x can be so solutions are anything that falls between the smallest and largest.

This means x is unbounded

above

2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 0 4 6 8 [

unbounded

The bracket before the –1 is square because this is greater than "or equal to" (solution can equal the endpoint).

The bracket after the infinity sign is rounded because the interval goes on forever (unbounded) and since infinity is not a number, it doesn't equal the endpoint (there is no endpoint).

]4,2(Let's try another one.

2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 0 4 6 8

Rounded bracket means cannot equal -2

Squared bracket means can equal 4

The brackets used in the interval notation above are the same ones used when you graph this.

( ]

This means everything between –2 and 4 but not including -2

2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 0 4 6 8

)4,(Let's look at another one

This means x is unbounded

below

Notice how the bracket notation for graphing corresponds to the brackets in interval notation.

Remember that square is "or equal to" and round is up to but not equal. By the infinity sign it will always be

round because it can't equal infinity (that is not a number).

This means the largest x can be is 4

but can't equal 4

)

Now let's look at an "or" compound inequality

3or 2 xx

There are two intervals to list when you list in interval notation.

2 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 5 7 3 0 4 6 8 ) [

)2,( ),3[

When the solution consists of more than one interval, we join them with a union sign.

Properties of Inequalities

Essentially, all of the properties that you learned to solve linear equations apply to solving linear inequalities with the exception that if you multiply or divide by a negative you must reverse the inequality sign.

So to solve an inequality just do the same steps as with an equality to get the variable alone but if in the process you multiply or divide by a negative let it ring an alarm in your brain that says "Oh yeah, I have to turn the sign the other way to keep it true".

Example: 8462 xx- 4x - 4x

862 x + 6 +6

142 x -2 -2

Ring the alarm! We divided by a

negative!

7xWe turned the sign!

2.6 Inequalities Involving Absolute Value

Absolute Value (of x)

• Symbol |x|• The distance x is from 0 on the number line.• Always positive• Ex: |-3|=3

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Ex: x = 5

• What are the possible values of x?

x = 5 or x = -5

To solve an absolute value equation:

ax+b = c, where c>0

To solve, set up 2 new equations, then solve each equation.

ax+b = c or ax+b = -c

** make sure the absolute value is by itself before you split to solve.

Ex: Solve 6x-3 = 15

6x-3 = 15 or 6x-3 = -15

6x = 18 or 6x = -12

x = 3 or x = -2

* Plug in answers to check your solutions!

Ex: Solve 2x + 7 -3 = 8

Get the abs. value part by itself first!

2x+7 = 11

Now split into 2 parts.

2x+7 = 11 or 2x+7 = -11

2x = 4 or 2x = -18

x = 2 or x = -9

Check the solutions.

Solving Absolute Value Inequalities

1. ax+b < c, where c>0

Becomes an “and” problem

Changes to: –c<ax+b<c

2. ax+b > c, where c>0

Becomes an “or” problem

Changes to: ax+b>c or ax+b<-c

Ex: Solve & graph.

• Becomes an “and” problem

2194 x

219421 x30412 x

2

153 x

-3 7 8

Solve & graph.

• Get absolute value by itself first.

• Becomes an “or” problem

11323 x

823 x

823or 823 xx63or 103 xx

2or 3

10 xx

-2 3 4

Answers to 2.6pp. 117-118 (3-33 x3, 41)

6. (-3,

12. (-5, -3]

18. x > -3

24. (

30. (-2, ]

Inequalities with Quadratic Functions

2.7 More on Inequalities

Quadratic inequalities…means “for what values of x is this quadratic above the x axis”

ax2+bx+c>0

e.g. x2+ x - 20 >0

…means “for what values of x is this quadratic below the x axis”

ax2+bx+c<0

e.g. x2+ x - 20 < 0

Quadratic inequalities (2)e.g. x2+ x - 20 >0

Factorises to (x-4)(x+5) >0

Numbers that multiply together to give more than 0?A) both greater than zero B) both less than zero

So, (x-4)>0and (x+5)>0x > 4 and x > -5Only possible if x > 4(then it must be >-5)

So, (x-4)<0and (x+5)<0x < 4 and x < -5Only possible if x < -5(then it must be <4)

Either: x > 4 or x < -5

Quadratic inequalities (3)e.g. x2 + x - 20 <0

Factorises to (x-4)(x+5) < 0

Numbers that multiply together to give less than 0?A) first >0, second <0 B) first <0, second >0

So, (x-4)>0and (x+5)<0x > 4 and x < -5IMPOSSIBLE

So, (x-4)<0and (x+5)>0x < 4 and x > -5DO-ABLE

x < 4 and x > -5-5 < x < 4

Quadratic inequalities (4)- may be easier just looking at a graph

…means “for what values of x is this quadratic above the x axis”

e.g. (x-4)(x+5) >0

…means “for what values of x is this quadratic below the x axis”

e.g. (x-4)(x+5) < 0

Crosses at x=4and x=-5

When x>4and x<-5

When x<4and x>-5

Try this oneFor what values of x is x2 - 3x - 18 > 0

[ Factorises to (x+3)(x-6) >0 ]

Numbers that multiply together to give more than 0A) both greater than zero B) both less than zero

So, (x+3)>0and (x-6)>0x > -3 and x > 6Only possible if x > 6

So, (x+3)<0and (x-6)<0x < -3 and x < 6Only possible if x < -3

Either: x > 6 or x < -3

Quadratic with linear

y = x2 – 8x +16

y = 2x + 10

Solve: x2 – 8x + 16 > 2x +7

Estimate ?

x<1

x>9

Quadratic with linear (2)Solve: x2 – 8x + 16 > 2x +7

Algebraically:1. Rearrange first2. Solve like the others

x2 – 8x + 16 > 2x +7

x2 – 10x + 9 > 0

(x-9)(x-1) > 0

x2 – 10x + 16 > 7

(-2x)

(-7)

Like the ones we did

x>9 or x<1

Try this oneSolve: x2 + x + 4 > 4x +14

Algebraically:1. Rearrange first2. Solve like the others

x2 + x + 4 > 4x +14

x2 – 3x - 10 > 0

(x+2)(x-5) > 0

x2 – 3x + 4 > 14

(-4x)

(-14)

x<-2 or x>5

First: try a sketch

Answers to 2.7pp. 125-126 (3-30 x 3, 43, 44)

6. (-)

12.(- , -3])

18.(- , ), )

24. (-3, 3))

30. (-4, 0) )

44. 8

Answers to Ch. 2 Review Packet1. x = 9 17. (0, 14]

2. y = 2 18. (, )

3. 9 mi./hr. 19. x < 2 or x > 5

4. mi./hr.

5. h = 5.32 ft.

6. x = -14

7. width = 6 ft.

8. 21i – 20

9. 74

10.

11. 65 + 142i

12.

13. x = 2 ± 5i

14. x = ± 3, x = ± 3i

15. x = 6, x = -12

16. (