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SEKOLAH ARSITEKTUR, PERENCANAAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN KEBIJAKAN
3.2 Site Planning Techniques
Dr. Ir. Denny Zulkaidi, MUP
PL3119Site Planning Studio for Residential
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1. Site design techniques2. Examples of design techniques
3. Neighborhood center design
23.2 Site Planning TechniquesPL3119 / PL-ITB
SEGMENT
Students are able to:
• describe comprehensively the principles and basic techniques of residential site planning
• apply properly principles and basic techniques of residential site planning
OBJECTIVES
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Site Design Techniques
Considerations:
• jumlah persil
• luas untuk lahan komersial
• luas untuk lahan fasilitas sosial dan fasilitas umum
• prasarana dan kemudahan yang akan disediakan
• batasan-batasan/aturan zoning yang akan diterapkan
Type of road construction depends on:
• kebiasaan lokal
• iklim
• kondisi tanah (soil)
Form and size of parcels depends on:
• Penggunaan lahan
• topografi (kontur, pohon, dahan, aliran)
• harga jual/sewa yang diusulkan
• “readily saleable lots” lebih penting daripada jumlah maksimum persil.
• penyediaan taman dan fasilitas rekreasi akan menambah daya tarik tapak dan daya jual kaveling.
• perlu disediakan juga tapak untuk fasilitas belanja, sekolah, masjid/ gereja, dll (kadang-kadang danau, lapangan golf, rekreasi).
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Sites• Lindungi tapak dari guna lahan sebelahnya yang tidak sesuai/cocok (mis. buffer
zone)
• Lestarikan keadaan alam untuk menjaga tampilan dan fungsi (drainase alam + pohon).
• Lindungi lingkungan tapak dengan mencegah erosi, menyediakan sanitary sewers(saluran pembuangan yang layak).
• Sediakan taman dan fasilitas rekreasi lain (dapat jadi aset lingkungan).
• Kembangkan fitur khusus seperti: jalan masuk, bicycle path, dan prasarana bawahtanah untuk menaikkan daya jual.
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Technical Considerations for Design
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5PL3119 / PL-ITB 1.1 Introduction to Site Planning-1
Block:• Rencanakan blok komersil sesuai kebutuhan.
• Sediakan blok sekolah dan masjid, terutama sebagai penyangga antara komersil dan perumahan.
• Hindari blok-blok pendek (tidak ekonomis), dan blok yang terlalu panjang
Parcel:• Identifikasi adaptasi tapak bangunan terhadap garis persil untuk melayani persil tersebut.
• Hindari persil berbentuk panjang/dalam (boros).
• Lebar persil proporsional terhadap panjangnya (idealnya 2:3).
• Hindari persil dengan sudut tajam.
• Persil sudut lebih luas (plus min. 30%)
• Buat garis persil tegak lurus jalan.
• Persil menghadap pemandangan yang baik/indah.
• Lindungi persil perumahan dari lalu lintas jalan besar.
Technical Considerations for Design
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Street Network and Circulation:• Faktor-faktor pertimbangan untuk
perancangan sirkulasi:
a. Keselamatan→ pejalan dan kendaraan
b. Efiensi pelayanan→ untuk semua pemakai
c. Kenyamanan (livability) dan kemudahan(amenities)→ terutama yang dipengaruhioleh unsur transport dalam sistem sirkulasi
d. Ekonomi→ penggunaan lahan, konstruksi, pemeliharaan
• Akses kendaraan dan orang harus melayanisemua persil
• Perluasan jalan utama harus direncanakan di awal
• Sistem jalan lokal harus logis dan menyeluruh
• Minimumkan lalu lintas menerus (through traffic)
• Lalu lintas harus mengalir ke arah hirarkhijalan yang lebih tinggi (thoroughfares)
• Sistem jalan lokal dan pemanfaatan ruangjangan merusak efisiensi jalan utama
• Pola jalan harus meminimumkan lalu lintaspadat (susun secara hierarkis)
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Technical Considerations for Design
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• Jalan sesuai dengan kontur alamiah
• Jalan kecil masuk ke jalan besar dengan sudut yang tepat (sebaiknya tegak lurus atau> 60o)
• Hindari jalan buntu (court & cul-de-sac dengan ruang belok memadai kadang-kadangdiperlukan/ diinginkan)
• Sediakan parkir yang memadai
• Penamaan jalan, penomoran harus sederhana, konsisten, dan mudah dipahami
• Efisiensi dan keselamatan lalu lintas jangan bergantung pada peraturan lalu lintas, tapi pada rancangan jaringan jalan
• Tegaskan fungsi jaringan jalan lokal dari perencanaan dan konstruksinya
• Volume lalu lintas lokal harus diperhitungkan
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Technical Considerations for Design
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• Rancang untuk volume lalu lintas rendah yang seragam
• Hambat (discourage) kecepatan tinggi di dalam tapak
• Kurangi konflik pejalan dan kendaraan
• Minimumkan lahan untuk jaringan jalan untuk menekan biaya
• Batasi jumlah persimpangan
• Penahan jalan lingkungan→mungkinkan pembangunan persil dalam pola yang ekonomis, praktis dari pola, bentuk, dan ukuran kaveling
• Sesuaikan dengan topografi dari ekonomi dan pemindahan
• Sediakan angkutan umum
Technical Considerations for Design
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Restrictions:
1. Peraturan pada Master Plan kadang kala tidak memadai, sehingga perlu ditambaholeh pengembang.
2. Batasan/larangan bergantung pada zoning dan peraturan yang diterapkan.
3. Peraturan tambahan dapat berupapengendalian dan pembatasan/larangan.
Control can be applied by setting:
1. Penggunaan lahan (boleh, bersyarat, dilarang)
2. Ukuran persil
3. Ukuran dan rancangan struktur bangunan
4. Posisi stuktur bangunan dalam persil
5. Batasan kebisingan
6. Interval/range harga
7. KDB
8. Faktor-faktor arsitektural
9. Tingkat kemudahan (easements)
10. dan sebagainya yang berkaitan
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Technical Considerations for Design
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Batasan/larangan yang dapat diterapkan antara lain:
1. Harus punya cukup kekuatan hukum• dicatat dalam catatan persil (public land record)• sebagai persyaratan dalam KPR
2. Dapat dikelola oleh “home association” (contoh BSD), pemilik properti, atau asosiasipemeliharaan (maintenance association)
3. Contoh tambahan: • sistem air bersih dan pembuangan: individu vs komunal• penerapan standar• perlindungan tapak fasilitas umum (misal: batasi taman dengan jaringan jalan)
4. Catatan: occupancy restriction tidak bisa diterapkan (misalnya: dalam dalam 1 rumahhanya untuk keluarga inti, dilarang menampung keponakan/mertua, dll)
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Technical Considerations for Design
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1. Site design techniques
2. Examples of design techniques
3. Neighborhood center design
113.2 Site Planning TechniquesPL3119 / PL-ITB
SEGMENT
Students are able to:
• describe comprehensively the principles and basic techniques of residential site planning
• apply properly principles and basic techniques of residential site planning
OBJECTIVES
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12PL3119 / PL-ITB 3.2 Site Planning Techniques
Woodside Acres, Redwood City, California, 1944. Using Perry’s neighborhood unit concept, FHA rejected the gridiron pattern because of its cost, traffic hazards, and monotony. Shops are located on the edges along arterials, while the school and park are centrally placed within the district. Local residential streets are usually curving,and loops and cul-d-esacs are plentiful.
2
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Which plan reflects a unified community design?
A B
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14PL3119 / PL-ITB 3.2 Site Planning Techniques
Differentiated traffic systemsTraffic systems
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Street designs
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Street Dimension
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Safety in street designs
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Safety in pedestrian designs
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Typical design standards for turnarounds/cul-de-sac
Typical clear sights distance
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21PL3119 / PL-ITB 3.2 Site Planning Techniques
Types of streets
gridiron curvilinear court
cul de sac offset loop
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22PL3119 / PL-ITB 3.2 Site Planning Techniques
loop Six-lot arrangement loop with green
parking baymotor court
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straight street
curved street
loop within a grid arrangement
cul de sac cross intersectionT intersection
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Locating commercial centers
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Locating open spaces
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Cluster design
Grouping 1 Grouping 2 Grouping 3
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Grouping 2
Grouping 1 Grouping 2 Grouping 3
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1. Site design techniques
2. Examples of design techniques
3. Neighborhood center design
283.2 Site Planning TechniquesPL3119 / PL-ITB
SEGMENT
Students are able to:
• describe comprehensively the principles and basic techniques of residential site planning
• apply properly principles and basic techniques of residential site planning
OBJECTIVES
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Neighborhood Center DesignNeighborhood centers:
• the areas of more intensive urban uses within a neighborhood.
• provide the most localized availability of goods and services needed daily by area residents
• provide the social and operational focus of a neighborhood
• consist of residential uses and neighborhood-oriented, mixeduse development
• must be supported by sufficient size of walkable population to provide a consistent source of demand for the center’s retail goods and services (minimum 6 du/acre = 15 kk/ha)
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Goals that may be servedby a center:• Expand lifestyle choices for residents.
• Increase range of housing types
• Provide transportation options.
• Create new venues for localemployment.
• Provide better access to public services.
• Increase recreation opportunities.
• Improve environmental quality.
• Increase ethnic and economic diversity.
• Bring neighbors together.
• Make the neighborhood safer.
• Increase civic participation
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Planning considerations for a neighborhood center:• Creating greater residential density to increase fiscal and market capacity for enhanced public and private
services.
• Addressing housing for seniors, mixed-age, mixedincome, and special-needs populations where their needscan best be met.
• Providing retail convenience for both better variety and capacity to meet local consumer desires.
• Increasing localized consumer demand to create new opportunities to employ youth and attractindependent businesses.
• Promoting mixed-use development for lifestyle convenience and efficient service delivery of urban services.
• Attracting growth with public realm amenities, such as public art, street furniture, covered sidewalks, streettrees, and parks.
• Creating community by providing public gathering places such as libraries, schools, parks, squares, andsidewalk cafes.
• Providing alternative transportation options including transit, bike lanes, and pathways.
• Preserving the character of the residential neighborhood through compatible design and scale ofstructures.
• Creating a pedestrian-friendly environment.
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PLANNING GUIDELINES
NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER FEATURES
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FORM GUIDELIENES
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Alternatives ofDesign Center
Source: Gruen, V. Centers for the Urban Environment. NY:
Van Nostrand Reinhold, Co., 1973
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Source: Gruen, V. Centers for the Urban Environment. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Co., 1973
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Source: Gruen, V. Centers for the Urban Environment. NY:
Van Nostrand Reinhold, Co., 1973
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Source: Gruen, V. Centers for the Urban
Environment. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Co., 1973
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Plan for the mixed-use neighborhood center at Wiles Road.
http:// www.tcrpc.org
... neighborhood center. This, in connection with the re-
designing of the
http://jensites.com
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40PL3119 / PL-ITB 3.2 Site Planning Techniques
Eshbeelya Neighbo
rhood Center |
TROJB
http://www.hellomidt
own.com/neighborho
od/amenities/commu
nity-center-map
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41PL3119 / PL-ITB 3.2 Site Planning Techniques
The site plan indicates the arts center at the center of
the U-shaped ...
http://www.archpaper.com
Neighborhood center study
http://archinect.com
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Neighborhood Shopping Center For Sale in Napa Valley | 1805 Old Sonoma ...
http:// www.prlog.org
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Suburban Commercial Centers
Retrofit, Lee County, FL, Seth Harry
and ...
http:// www.sethharry.com
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The developer of Bridgeland is
going back to its original plan
for Lakeland Heights — a
section of the master-planned
community meant to emulate a
“traditional
http:// blog.chron.com
Neighborhood Commercial
Center
http:// udsonline.com
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Thank You
3.1 Site Planning Concepts 45PL3119 / PL-ITB
Continue to module 3.3:
Site Evaluation3.3
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References
• De Chiara, Joseph; John Callender. 1980. Time Saver Standards for Building Types. Singapore: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
• De Chiara, Joseph; Lee E. 1997. Koppelman. Standar Perencanaan Tapak. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
• Fishman, Robert. New Urbanism: Peter Caltrope vs Lars Lerup. Michigan Debates on Urbanism. Volume II. New York: The Regents of the University of Michigan.
• Hall, Kenneth; Gerald A. Porterfield. 1995. A Concise Guide to Community Planning. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
• _____________________________. 2001. Community by Design: New Urbanisme for Suburbs and Small Communities. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
• Southworth, Michael ; Eran B. Joseph. 1997. Street and the Shaping of Town and Cities. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
• Steiner, F.; Kent Butler. 2007. Planning and Urban Design Standards. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
PL3119 / PL-ITB 1.1 Introduction to Site Planning-2 46
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