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3200 Jaguar Run, Tracy, CA 95377
(209) 832-6600 Fax (209) 832-6601 jeddy@tusd.net
Dear English 1 Pre-AP Student: Welcome to Kimball High’s English Pre-Advanced Placement program. The rigorous Pre-AP classes that are offered at both the freshman and sophomore level are designed to prepare students for the Advanced Placement program. You will be reading several excellent works during the next few years, summarizing and analyzing non-fiction writings, learning how to write an analytical essay, and building your vocabulary. Summer Reading Assignment One: Read the epic poem, The Odyssey, Books I-VIII, by Homer. Students will take an objective test about the epic poem’s Book I-VIII at the beginning of the school year. Summer Reading Assignment Two: Read The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros. Summer Reading Assignment Two Poster Assignment: Students are to create a poster (standard poster size: 22”x 28”) that describes five different houses or locations on Mango Street. List the names of the people who live at or frequent each location, use direct quotations and cite page numbers from the novel to describe each location. Describe what major event happens at each location. Print your name and class period on the back of the poster. Due the first day of class. The summer reading assignments must be completed by the first day of school and will be included in your first quarter grade. The books are available for check out in the Kimball High School Library beginning after school on Friday, May 26. Kimball High School Library is open five days after school ends, from 7:45 a.m. to 3:45 p.m., Tuesday through Friday, May 30 through June 2, and from 7:45 a.m. to 1 p.m., Monday, June 5, for summer assignment materials check out. If you read the books early in the summer, it would be wise to review the material just before classes begin. Academic English Below are the terms and definitions for Academic English that we will be using during this upcoming year in a chart form that must be completed by the first day of classes. Students will be expected to know these terms and will be tested on them during the first month of school. The image/symbol is a visual representation of the academic term. If you have any questions, I, Jack Eddy, can be reached at jeddy@tusd.net throughout the summer. Academic Terms English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 1
Word Definition Synonym Sentence Image/Symbol
Plot A series of related events
in a story, each
connected to the next.
Sequence The order in which a
story’s events take place
Exposition or
Basic Situation
The opening of a story,
when the characters and
their conflicts are
introduced
Internal
Conflict
A struggle that takes
place within a character’s
mind and heart.
External
Conflict
A struggle that takes
place between two
characters; between a
character and a group; or
between a character and
an animal or a force in
nature.
Climax The most exciting part of
a story; the moment
when the outcome of the
conflict is determined.
The climax usually
comes near the end of a
short story.
Resolution Also called denouement.
The very end of the story,
when loose ends of the
plot are tied up.
Flashback An action that interrupts
the story to introduce an
event that took place in
the past
Flash-forward An action that jumps
ahead of the story to
narrate an event that
happens at a later time
Foreshadowing Hints in the story that
certain events are going
to happen later
Setting The time and place in
which the story happens
Atmosphere Mood or feelings brought
on by a story’s setting
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 2
Word Definition Synonyms Sentence Image/Symbol
Direct
Characterization
Writers tell us directly
what a character is like
(“good” or “evil” or
“lazy”)
Indirect
Characterization
You use clues in the
story to decide what kind
of person a character is.
Clues may be
descriptions of how the
character acts, speaks,
and thinks and how other
people respond to the
character
Protagonist The main character in a
story
Antagonist The character that the
main character
(protagonist) struggles
against
Subordinate
Characters
Minor characters in the
story
Flat Character A character who is not
fully developed in the
story. A flat character is
almost never the main
character.
Round
Character
A character who is fully
developed, just as a
person in actual life is.
Dynamic
Character
A character who changes
during the story. The
change might involve
recognition of some truth
about life.
Static Character A character who does not
change during the story
Motivations The reasons behind a
character’s actions and
feelings
Dialogue The conversations
characters have with
other characters
First-person
Narration
A story told by an “I”
narrator. An “I” narrator
is a character in the story
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 3
Word Definition Synonyms Sentence Image/Symbol
Narrator The teller of the story
Omniscient
Point of View
The narrator can tell us
everything about the
characters, including how
they think and feel. The
narrator is not a character
in the story. Narrator is
“all knowing”
Third-person-
limited
Narrator
A narrator that is not a
character in the story
Focuses on only one
character’s actions and
feelings. First-person
narrator
A character in the story
who refers to himself or
herself as I or me.
In a story told from the
first-person point of
view, the reader knows
only what this narrator
knows and chooses to
reveal.
Credible
Narrator
A narrator that is
trustworthy. The reader
can believe what the
character is telling us.
Unreliable
Narrator
A narrator that might not
always tell the truth
about characters or
events in the story.
Diction
The writer’s choice of
words
Tone The writer’s attitude
toward the subject of a
story, toward a character,
or toward the audience. A
story’s tone can be
described by words like
humorous, serious, sad,
sarcastic, sympathetic.
Voice The writer’s use of
language and overall
style, created by tone and
choice of words.
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 4
Word Definition Sentence Image/Symbol
Subject The topic of a work of
literature. The subject
can usually be stated in a
single word or phrase
such as love, war,
childhood, growing up,
aging.
Theme The general idea or
insight about human life
that a work of literature
reveals and can be stated
in one or more sentences.
Generalization A broad statement that
applies to many
individuals, experiences,
or observations and a
type of conclusion that is
drawn after considering
as many facts as possible.
Genre The different forms of
literature that include
short stories, novels,
plays, and poems.
Universal
Themes
Themes that can be found
in literature from
different times, countries,
and cultures and that
cross genres as well as
national boundaries,
languages, customs, and
historic periods.
External
Conflict
A character struggle
against an opposing force
such as another character,
society as a whole or a
force of nature.
Internal
Conflict
A struggle that takes
place within a character’s
own mind. It is a struggle
between opposing needs,
desires, or emotions.
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 5
Word Definition Synonyms Sentence Image/Symbol
Verbal Irony Occurs when someone
says something but
means the opposite.
Example: “Nice shot”
you say as your friend
totally misses the
garbage can.
Situational
Irony
Refers to an event that is
contrary to, or the
opposite of, what we
expected. Example: The
firehouse burns down.
Dramatic Irony Takes place when we
know what is going to
happen to a character but
the character does not
know. Example:
We know the killer is in
the closet, but the soon to
be dead teenager opens it
to hide.
Ambiguity A quality that allows
something to be
interpreted in several
different or conflicting
ways. It lets you decide
what happens.
Irony The difference between
what we expect or what
seems suitable and what
actually happens.
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 6
Word Definition Synonyms Sentence Image/Symbol
Symbol An object, person, an
animal, or an event that
stands for something
more than itself.
Public Symbol A symbol that has
become widely
recognized. Example:
bald eagle (symbol of the
US) or the olive branch
(a symbol of peace)
Invented
Symbol
A symbol invented by the
writer, which usually
stands for something
abstract, such as evil,
innocence, or love.
Allegory A story in which
characters and settings
stand for something
beyond themselves,
usually virtues and vices.
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 7
Word Definition Synonyms Sentence Image/Symbol
Imagery Language that appeals to
one or more of the five
senses: sight, hearing,
taste, touch, and smell.
Figurative
Language
A word or phrase that
creates an imaginative
comparison and not
meant to be taken
literally. There are three
main types: simile,
metaphor, personification
Simile Compares two unlike
things by using a word
such as like or as.
Metaphor Compares two unlike
things without using like
or as. It is a direct
comparison.
Personification Type of metaphor in
which an object, animal,
or idea is talked about as
if it were human.
Rhyme The repetition of the
sound of the stressed
vowel and the rest of the
word.
Rhythm A musical quality based
on the pattern of stressed
and unstressed syllables.
Free verse Poetry that does not
follow a regular pattern
of rhyme and meter.
It sounds like ordinary
conversation.
Onomatopoeia The use of words that
sound like what they
mean.
Alliteration The repetition of
consonant sounds
(usually in the beginning
of words) that appear
close together.
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 8
Word Definition Synonyms Sentence Image/Symbol
Sentence
Pattern
The length and
complexity of a writer’s
sentences, from short and
choppy to long and
elegant with multi-
syllable words.
Theme The general idea or
insight about human life
that a work of literature
reveals and can be stated
in one or more sentences.
Mood The feeling or
atmosphere of the story
created by the writer’s
diction and figures of
speech.
Diction
The writer’s choice of
words.
Tone The writer’s attitude
toward the subject of a
story, toward a character,
or toward the audience. A
story’s tone can be
described by words like
humorous, serious, sad,
sarcastic, sympathetic.
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 9
Word Definition Synonyms Sentence Image/Symbol
Historical
setting
The time and place of the
story.
Biographical
Dimension
The generational and
historical perspective of
the author.
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 10
Word Definition Sentence Image/Symbol
Epic A long narrative poem
that tells about the
adventures of a great
hero and embodies the
values of the people who
tell it.
Myths Traditional stories, rooted
in a particular culture,
that usually explain a
belief, a ritual, or a
mysterious natural
phenomenon. Most grew
out of religious rituals.
Tall Tale A humorous kind of folk
tale that uses a great deal
of exaggeration and is
not meant to be taken
very seriously.
Archetype Old patterns, characters,
or images that appear
over and over in works of
literature. They can be:
plots – quests for
something of value;
characters – innocent
hero; places – the
dragon’s lair; things – the
magical gold ring.
Homeric or
Heroic Simile
An extended simile with
elaborate descriptive
details that continues
over a number of lines.
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 11
Word Definition Synonyms Sentence Image/Symbol
Play A story acted out live,
using dialogue and
action.
Tragedy A play that presents
serious and important
actions and ends
unhappily for the main
character.
Tragic Hero An admirable figure who
has a personal failing that
leads to his or her
downfall.
Tragic Flaw A failing that leads a
character to make choices
that result in a tragedy.
Comedy A play that ends happily,
in which the main
character gets what he or
she wants.
Dialogue Conversations between
characters in a play.
Monologue A long speech made by
one character to one or
more other characters
onstage.
Soliloquy A speech made by a
character who is alone
onstage, speaking to
himself or herself or to
the audience.
Aside A short speech, delivered
to the audience or to
another character, that
others onstage are not
supposed to hear.
Stage Directions Descriptions of how
characters move onstage
and how they speak their
lines.
Props The portable items
(properties) that actors
carry or handle onstage.
English 1 Pre-AP: Academic Vocabulary Chapter 12
Word Definition Synonyms Sentence Image/Symbol
Source A person, book, or
document that provides
information on a topic.
Elaboration The addition of ideas to
support the ideas already
presented in a work.
Synthesis The merging of
information gathered
from more than one
source.
Argument A series of statements
designed to convince the
reader to accept a claim,
or opinion.
Evidence Support for an idea,
including facts, statistics,
examples, anecdotes
(brief stories about real
people), and quotations.
Credibility
The believability of an
argument or statement.
Consumer
Documents
Documents used in
selling and buying of
products. Many
consumer documents,
such as warranties,
protect the rights of the
purchaser and the seller.
Public
Documents
Documents that inform
the public. They are
created by governmental,
social, religious, or news-
gathering organizations.
Workplace
Documents
Documents used in
offices, factories, and
other work sites to
communicate
information.
Technical
Documents
Documents used to
explain or establish
procedures for using
technology, such as
mechanical, electronic, or
digital products or
systems.
Functional
Documents
Any documents prepared
for a specific function,
such as consumer, public,
workplace, and technical
documents.
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