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I. EDM INSTRUMENTII. INDUCTION-TYPE INSTRUMENT III. MAGNETIC FLUX MEASUREMENT
REFERENCE: Instrumentation Measurement and AnalysisBy BC Nakra and KK Chaudry
I. EDM INSTRUMENT - DIAGRAM
EDM and PMMC
The Electrodynamic or electro-dynamometer (EDM) instruments are very similar to PMMC instrument. But instead of using a permanent Horseshoe magnet, the EDM is using two fixed coils on either side of the moving coil
These coils generate magnetic fields proportional to either the current to be measured or to the voltage to be measured.
The field coils are generally air cored to avoid errors due to hysteresis effect and eddy currents.
The moving coil wherein the pointer is attached to is connected in series with the fixed coils.
EDM Voltmeter and Ammeter
GOVERNING PRINCIPLE AND EQUATION
The deflection torque developed in the moving coil suspended in the magnetic field of fixed coils is
TD = BINA
In EDM instrument the magnetic flux density B of the coil is directly proportional to the current I flowing through it. Thus
TD I2
EDM Scale
Because of the square law, the measuring scale of the instrument is non-linear
There is over crowding of scale markings at low current values and there is progressive spreading of scale divisions at higher current values.
ADVANTAGES
The instrument is of universal type. It can be used for ac and dc measurements
Due to the absence of an iron core, the instrument does not display hysteresis effect and eddy current losses are absent.
The instrument can be modified as a wattmeter. The instrument can measure a range of current
and voltages up to 10A and 600V respectively with an accuracy specification of 1%.
These instrument has the same calibration for dc measurements as well as ac measurements.
DISADVANTAGE
These instruments have a low torque/weight ratio as compared to D’Arsonval instrument.
Sensitivity is relatively low because of poor deflecting torque, especially at low measured ranges
The scale in non-uniform Power consumption is high The instrument can be affected by stray
magnetic field and has to covered with a laminated shield.
EDM POWER METER
The EDM movement for the measurements of voltages and current can be conveniently used to measure power for both dc inputs as well as ac inputs of any waveform of voltage and current.
For the EDM power meter, the fixed coil, known as current coil, is excited by the total line current flowing through the circuit, and the moving coil is not connected in series with this circuit.
The Moving coil, usually called the pressure coil, is exited independently by the small current proportional to the voltage by introducing a high multiplier resistance across the load circuit.
EDM POWER METER SCHEMATIC
EQUATIONS
cos2
)(
fmD
ifD
IVKT
VIKT
ADVANTAGES
The instrument indicates true power for both dc as well as ac inputs.
The scale of the instrument is linear. By careful design, an instrument with
a high degree of accuracy can be obtained and this in turn could be used as standard calibration purposes.
TYPICAL EDM POWER METERS
II. INDUCTION TYPE WATTMETER AND ENERGY METER
OPERATION
The deflecting torque is generated by the interaction of eddy currents generated in the aluminum disc supported on the jewelled bearings, and the two fluxes generated by the two magnets.
INDUCTION TYPE WATTMETER
The deflection torque produced on the aluminum disc is balanced by the controlling torque of a torsion spring. This way, the deflection of the pointer on the scale would indicate the wattage on the load.
INDUCTION TYPE ENERGY METER The deflection torque produced by the electrical load
causes the aluminum disc in this case, to rotate. The rate of rotation is proportional to the wattage of
the load. A permanent magnet can be used to control the
speed of the of the disc. The consumption of energy (Wh) is proportional to
the number of rotations of the aluminum disc, in a given time.
For counting the number of rotation, the spindle is provided with a worm-screw and a worm-wheel mechanism.
The worm wheel is connected to a train of gears which are connected to the suitable energy consumed register.
TYPICAL INDUCTION TYPE ENERGY METER
III. MAGNETIC FLUX MEASUREMENT
Tesla/Gauss Meter – is used to measure the intensity of magnetic field.
Magnetic flux measurements are commonly based on hall-effect
Hall-effect –the development of a voltage between the two edges of a current carrying conductor whose faces are perpendicular to a magnetic field.
Hall-Effect
Basic Hall
Analog output
OTHER APPLICATIONS
Linear output sensor
APPLICATION ON MECHANICAL SYSTEMS anti-skid
Transmission crankshaft/speed
Distributed mountedignition
Remote conveyor
Piston detection
Throttle angle
Automative
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