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50 YEARS OF CONSERVATION IN SWAZILAND
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010sBefore Formal Conservation
Establishment of Conservation ethicRoyal Support; Mlilwane embarks on Nature Conservation;
Jezebel Days and Intense Game Capture; Strategic International Recognition
From rich hunting grounds to decimation of wildlife populations Advent of Agriculture
Mlilwane operates as a 460 ha productive farm and McCreedy’s tin mine
Wildlife populations build to viable proportions Commercial poaching syndicates emerge; Nguni Cattle Recognised;
Swaziland’s Rhino War begins
International Eco Tourism increasesSwaziland’s Rhino War escalates: Game Act Amended 1991; Poaching brought under control;
Conservation politics become public domain
Twin Priorities – securing land for conservation & environmental education Establishment of Park System for Swaziland – Swaziland National Trust Commission (SNTC Act) & 2 Government Reserves
Establishment of Mbuluzi Game Reserve (Private); Establishment of National Environmental Education Pogramme (NEEP) at Mlilwane Pure Nguni cattle conservation initiative
Promotion of private game farms Updated Environmental Laws; Swaziland Tourism Authority;
Integrated Work with Royal Swaziland Police & Prosecutors on transgressions of the Game Act; Some species populations reach surplus numbers and are exported to South Africa
Forging links with International Conservation Agencies and Donors Regional Rhino poaching crisis out of control – Swaziland loses her first rhinos to poaching in 20 years
Strengthening of security and extension of rhino range; Consolidation and clarification of national conservation mandatesIntegral work with Royal Swaziland Police and Interpol on regional Rhino Poaching crisis – various joint operations
1990 Petros Ngomane (4th) Rupert Foundation Gold Medal for outstanding achievements in Nature Conservation1991 Petros Ngomane survives second assassination attempt – a failed petrol bomb at Hlane 1992-1993 Most devastating of all droughts – 200 000 cattle died, game displaced at waterhole by relentless
insurgence of cattle1993 November – Jubela Reilly joins Ranger force full time1995 HRH Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands presents Ted Reilly with the Golden Ark Award 1997 His Majesty King Mswati III becomes Patron of Big Game Parks Snow in Mbabane1998 HRH Prince Bernhard presents His Majesty King Mswati III with the Golden Ark Award Green Chert mining threatens Malolotja – His Majesty steps in to stop the mine proceeding Investiture of Ted Reilly to UNEP Roll Of Honour (Global 500)1999 HRH Prince Bernhard contributes land to Mkhaya for expanded range for elephant, rhino and other endangered
species Second Ranger death by poachers (Japhane Magagula)
1991 5 April - Opening of Bhubesi Camp by His Majesty King Mswati lll – SA High Commission’s contribution to Hlane 1994 SondzelaBackpackersopensonMlilwane–firstBackpackersinSwaziland1997 Opening of Sangweni at Mlilwane by His Majesty King Mswati lll1998 October-Reilly’sRockopenstothepublicasanupmarketlodge–HRHPrinceBernhardfirstguest Mlilwane allows self-guided walking trails; Tour Bus business grows through representation at international trade shows; Mkhaya Game Reserve launches Eco-Volunteer projects
2013 Nguni Cattle Breed Society recognised as the biggest in SA Aligned with SA, defending Kenya’s proposal to CITES against movement restrictions on rhino for
management reasons2014 12th July (celebrated 11th July) 50th Anniversary of Nature Conservation in Swaziland – attended by
His Majesty King Mswati lll
2012 Kirky’s Hide built at Mkhaya’s Stone Camp in memory of Howard Kirk Imvelo MTB Classic Community Project – Hlabazonke Community water system2014 Mlilwane development of day visitor facilities at the swimming pool & extension of Lontweni self-catering
huts 4-6; Upgrade of Sangweni entrance
2003 Petros Ngomane retires after 44 years as Chief Game Ranger2004 NGO attacks begin on BGP with malicious targeted survey Ranger death by poachers (Richard Lonjweleza Dlamini)2005 Collaboration with international Zoos Dream for Africa proposal threatens Swaziland conservation areas (wolf in sheeps clothing)2007 Planting of Petros’ Tree at Mlilwane2008 Swazi Kids community projects – supplying water to drought-stricken areas near Mkhaya 2000’s Perimeter fencing of Hlane Royal National Park Mkhaya purchases title deed land at commercial rates Hlane land swap – extreme north goes to sugar
2000 First Ngulube MTB Classic, with Rotary Club of Mbabane, Nedbank: Self-guided MTB on Mlilwane Bhubesi Camp increased to 6 units at Hlane2003 Chubeka Trails formed under Mlilwane2004 Imvelo MTB Classic replaces Ngulube MTB Classic - Hlabazonke community projects, Nedbank2005 Wisteria Camp opens at Hlane; Mlilwane extends Lotweni self-catering accommodation (Units 2 & 3)2009 August - Hlane’s restaurant opened by His Majesty King Mswati lll
1960s
THEME
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS &
IMPLEMENTATION
PROTECTED AREAS & CONSERVATION
INITIATIVES
SPECIES REINTRODUCTION
& POPULATION DYNAMICS
ICONIC EVENTS
TOURISM DEVELOPMENTS
3.5 Million years ago: Fig Tree Series of the Swaziland System (earliest evidence of life on earth)
100 000 years ago: Earliest known record of Homo Sapiens (Border Cave, Lubombo Mountains) (Beaumont/Dart)
42 000 years ago: Ngwenya Iron Ore Mine - Oldest Mining Activity of Man (Beaumont/Dart)
1550 Swazis settle in Swaziland, country inhabited by San people 1840’s Arrival of white settlers in Swaziland1866 First attempt at Transvaal/Swaziland Border1888 Survey of Swaziland/Portuguese border1890 1st Convention of Swaziland; King Bhunu shown to his people1893 2nd Convention of Swaziland1894 3rd Convention of Swaziland1895 3rd Convention of Swaziland approved, Union Jack lowered
1959 Petros Ngomane joins Mlilwane, the foundation of the ranger force1961 WWF International is launched by Prince Bernhard and Sir Peter Scott Proposal for Swaziland constitution released1964 ChiefRangerPetrosNgomane’sfirstlifethreateningassaultbyapoacher Swaziland becomes a Protected Kingdom (Land Question Conference, London), 125th Member of United Nations
& Member of Commonwealth 1966 His Majesty, King Sobhuza II becomes Chief Patron of Mlilwane “Jezebel”,anAngliaSurvivalproduction,filmedbyHowardKirk1967 King Sobhuza ll appoints Reilly as Game Ranger and custodian for Hlane and Royal Advisor on wildlife DrRupertidentifieswithMlilwane,purchaseofNyonyaneEstateswiththeblessingofKingSobhuzaII Nkontsho Robert Vilane joins Ranger force Liz Reynolds (became Reilly 1969) attends WWF meeting, meets HRH Prince Bernhard and Sir Peter Scott
Introductory letter to Dr Rupert carried home1968 Swaziland regains independence from Britain SANatureFoundation(nowWWF-SA)isfoundedbyDrRupert,Mlilwaneisadoptedasitsveryfirstproject1969 HousesofParliamentofficiallyopened
Mlilwane’sRestCampHutsbuilt,firstBeehivesbuilt;Allactivitiesguidedorvehicle-bound–horseriding,gamedrives & Walks; Ad hoc guests; Dams and Bird Hide built
1974 Establishment of Central Bank of Swaziland1975 Willem Van Riet conducts Mlilwane Park planning (SANF)1976 Emalangeni Currency introduced in Swaziland1978 Tinkhundla System formally established1979 Private approach made by Reilly to Fitzpatrick-Niven family, Blue Jay Ranch (“Ndzindza”) donated to SNTC to
expand Mlawula
1983 Film produced with Howard Kirk entitled “Custodians” and “Imvelo Yakitsi” (Our Heritage)1984 Cyclone Demoina – devastating spread of alien vegetation1985 12 July – Mlilwane’s 21st birthday. Mlilwane Story, recording the History of Nature Conservation in Swaziland1986 Coronation of His Majesty, King Mswati III TedReillyreceivesthefirsteverRupertFoundationGoldMedalforoutstandingachievementsin
Nature Conservation King Sobuza ll Medal awarded to Ted Reilly1987 HRH Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands presented Ted Reilly with Golden Ark Award1988 First ranger death by poachers (Benjamin Manyisa) Reilly resigns from SNTC Board after 17 years1989 Councellor of Royal Order of King Sobhuza ll – awarded to Ted Reilly by His Majesty King Mswati lll
Hippo Haunt Restaurant built (SNTC); All Activities still guided or vehicle-bound
Protection of Freshwater Fish
Act No 75 of 1937
Natural Resources Act
No.71/1951
Wildlife & Flora Act No 51 of 1953 (The Game Act)
Wild Birds Protection Act No 45 of 1914
Game Control Act No 37 of 1947
Private Forests Act No.3/1951
Flora Protection Act No 45
of 1952
1937 19531914 1947 1951 1952
Rinderpest (Cattle Plague)
outbreak – game decimated
Hunting Licences GBP1 per season – Immensely
rich & Diverse Wildlife
Wildebeest MassacreRoan antelope used in
soldier ration packs
Impala Express1000 carcasses
exported per week
1894 1906 1930s 1940s
Vermaak Concession
MLILWANE FARMAdvent of agriculture & McCreedy Tin Mine
1860 1930 – 1959
TedReillygazettedasSwaziland’sfirstGameRanger andasaForestOfficer
1965
British Government declines T.E.Reilly’s proposal for a National
Park System for Swaziland
Reilly Family agrees to convert Mlilwane farm to
a Game Sanctuary
Mlilwane proclaimed Swaziland’sfirstGame
Sanctuary and Forest Reserve
Proclamation of Hlane Royal
National Park
Mlilwane Game Sanctuary Trust established
for perpetuity
1959 1960 1966 1967 1969
Reintroductions BeginImpala; waterbuck; ostrich; kudu
Last roan antelope found in snare near Hlane (Tsambonkhulu Stream)
Warthog(locally extinct)
Giraffe(Transvaal,RSA)zebra, wildebeest, kudu
(Eastern Swaziland)
Hippopotamus“Somersault”
FirstgiraffecalfbornatMlilwane in 100 years
Blesbuck(Amsterdam, RSA)
Nyala(KZN, RSA)
White Rhino(Operation Rhino, KZN, RSA)
Eland (Northern Cape)
More White Rhino(Operation Rhino,
KZN, RSA)
1962 1964 1966 1968 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969
Work starts on composing the Swaziland National Trust Commission Act (SNTC Act)
– TE Reilly
SNTCActNo.9/1972ratifiedandfirstBoard appointed under the Deputy
Prime Minister’s portfolio
Major Ian Grimwood (under auspices of FAO) amends SNTC Act to accommodate
and safeguard Mlilwane and Hlane
1971 1972 1973
Mlilwane North purchased
and proclaimed
Malolotja Nature Reserve
established
Formation of National Environmental Education
Programme (NEEP) at Mlilwane
Mbuluzi Game Reserve set aside for nature conservation
(informal PA)
Malolotja Nature Reserve proclaimed
Mlilwane North proclaimed
First 1000 acres of Mkhaya purchased
Mlawula Nature Reserve proclaimed
Beginning of Environmental
Education programme
First Ngunis collected to save Swazi strain from extinction,
taken to Mlilwane
1st April, Mlilwane proclaimed as a Nature
Reserve under SNTC Act of 1972, as amended
Original National Protection Worthy
Areas Survey – T.E. & E.A. Reilly
1971 1975 1977 1979 1970 1974 1976 1978
Sable antelope to Mlilwane
SixbuffaloreleasedonMlilwane;four released on Malolotja
Wildebeest population crash (Hlane)
Winnie the Hippo arrives from Whipsnade Zoo, England (London Zoological Society, SAA)
1971 1976 1978 1979
Special Committee set up by His Majesty to monitor and produce counter measures for escalating
crime
Royal Warrants issued to BGP for game control and export/import; authorizing use of immobilants &
appointment of Rangers
Land purchased for Mlilwane at commercial rates – southern
boundary, Sondzela moves south
1987 1988 1999/2000
Mkhaya purchases additional land for Nguni project. Cattle move from
Mlilwane
Mkhaya proclaimed a Nature Reserve
SA Stud book recognises Nguni as a developing breed
MkhayaNgunisfirsteverregisteredNguni herd by direct SA Stud Book entry. Mkhaya motivate for Nguni
Breed Society
Nguni Breed Society formed Mkhaya Nguni only Stud Book registered
cattle for three yearsPhophonyane Nature Reserve opened to
public (informal PA)
Mkhaya applies to SA Stud book for recognition of Nguni breed
MlilwaneproclaimedaNatureReserve–first park proclaimed under SNTC Act.
Swaziland Irrigation Scheme (now IYSIS) dedicates land for conservation
(informal PA)
January – Ngwenya Glass Rhino Fund established by Prettejohn family
1981 1983 1989 1980 1982 1986
6 January – Return of the elephant;Tsessebe to Mkhaya
Second reintroduction of elephant to Hlane and Mkhaya;Black rhino to Mkhaya
Roan antelope to Mkhaya1988 -1992 – Rhino War
Swaziland lost nearly 80% of her rhinos during these four years
1986 1987 1988
Mantenga Nature Reserve proclaimed
29 April - Lubombo Conservancy launch – Dr Anton Rupert
Land purchase for Mlilwane – southern boundary, Sondzela
moves south
1994 1999 1999/2000
First rhino poached at Mkhaya during Rhino
War
Sable antelope to Mkhaya
Livingstone’s eland to Mkhaya
09 Feb – Lion return to Hlane, welcomed by His Majesty King Mswati llI
Second reintroduction of cheetah to Hlane
Red hartebeest to Mkhaya;First elephant calf born at
Mkhaya
Dehorning and confinementofHlane
rhinos to a high security area
December – last rhino poached
until 2011
His Majesty accepts culling policy for
population management
Final introduction of elephants to Hlane
and Mkhaya
Leopard reintroduced to Hlane;Six Black rhino to Mkhaya, sponsored by
Republic of China on Taiwan, British Government, Engen and others
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Game Amendment Act 1991 April – Big Bend Shoot out – the climax of the Rhino War – poaching subsequently brought under control
GameActtransferredtoKing’sOfficefrom Ministry of Tourism
Infamous ‘Brown Rhino Case’ resulting in amended Schedules to Game Amendment Act
New Game Amendment Act amended further;Non-Bailable Act & Section 8
Responsibility of Game Act, CITES and all International Conventions on wildlife delegated to Big Game Parks by Royal Warrant
1991 1992 1998
McIntyre arrested for rhino horn trafficking
Environmental Management
Act No.5/2002
McIntrye convicted of Horn trafficking–setsanumber
of legal precedents
NonBailableOffencesAct removed -
unconstitutional
2003
Swaziland’s second Protection Worthy Areas
Survey - Kim Roques
Botanical Garden / Endangered Species
developed on Mlilwane Hill
Down-listing of white rhino at CITES to allow trade and
genetic vitality
BCPD (Biodiversity Corridor Group)
project
Cologne Zoo Hippo & Crocodile Conservation
Project (BGP)
All Out Africa launch Volunteering
in Conservation and Community projects
Mlilwane North supplies water
to Ezulwini
2004 2009 2000 2001 2005
Oribi, vaal rhebok, suni, blue duiker to Mlilwane Hill;
Suni to Mkhaya
Vagrant lion & wild dog visit Hlane area
Passing of Swaziland’s firstgiraffecalf–
37 years
Elephant vasectomy at Hlane & Mkhaya (Disney World and
San Deigo Zoo)
Wild lion through northern Swaziland from SA via
Mozambique
Red hartebeest, red duiker, waterbuck, mountain reedbuck, roan antelope,
steenbuck, klipspringer
Elephant export to USA –San Deigo & Lowry Park Zoos
Roan antelope to Mlilwane (Czech
Republic)
2 elephant from Mozambique to Pigg’s Peak and return
through Hlane
2005 2008 2003 2004 2006 2009 2010
Law suits against rangers - law enforcement increased
Various Joint operations with RSP and Interpol –
Wildlife Crime Prevention
Parliamentary Inquiry into Ranger Brutality,
subsequently withdrawn
MOU signed between BGP & SNTC clarifying
mandates
2010s 2010s 2011 2014
Swaziland Game Ranchers Association created
2011
Swaziland participates in regional metapopulation management programmes
for genetic diversity (including rhino)
6 June – First White rhino cow lost to poaching in 20 years (calf lost to premature weaning & stress); 5 arrested;
27 September – lost second White rhino cow to poaching (pregnant)
Ground hornbill reintroduced to Mlilwane
March – rhino bull poached at Mkhaya (firstin22years)
Wild lion through northern Swaziland from SA via Mozambique;
Vagrant ground hornbill sited on Mlilwane
2 sable bulls purchased for genetics; Elephant cow & calf from Mozambique to Pigg’s Peak and return through Hlane
Game introductions to Usuthu Gorge Transfrontier Park on SA side from Hlane & Mkhaya - nyala,
impala, wildebeest, zebra, kudu
2010s 2012 2011 2013 2014
The Environment Audit, Assessment and Review
Regulations 31/2000
The Flora Protection Act No.10/2001
Establishment of SEA (Swaziland Environmental
Authority)
The Kingdom of Swaziland Constitution
Act No.1/2005
2000 2001 2002 2005
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