A bibliography of technical papers relating expert systems to nuclear power plants

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130 IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 1993

A Bibliography of Technical Papers Relating Expert Systems to Nuclear Power Plants

C. E. Beck, Senior Member Al3B Impel1 Corporation

1333 Butterfield Rd. Suite 550, Downers Grove, IL 60515

A. IS. Behera, Senior Member Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616

ABSTRACT

Over the period of 1985 through 1990, there have been numerous papers published on the subject of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems (ES) applications at nuclear power plants. A selection of these papers is given herein, arranged in the following categories: General Descriptions of AVES Techniques, Specific AIES Applications, Knowledge Base Develop- ment and Modelling Techniques, Maintenance and Diagnostics, Operations and Training Support, Proced- ural Assistance and Emergency Response, Risk Assess- ment and Reliability, and Design Tools.

Kevwords: Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, Nuclear Power Plants.

I. INTRODUCTION

The papers listed herein were published in a variety of professional journals of the IEEE and the IEE, Nuclear Engineering International, and France's Revue Generale de l'Electricite. They were chosen on the basis of their having related AI or ES technology to some aspect of the operation of a nuclear generating station. The authors regret any possible omissions from this bibliographic listing. A key source of the information was the "Compendex Plus" selection from "Dialog OnDisc," from Dialog Information Services of Palo Alto, California: 1985 - 1991.

11. PAPERS

General Descriutions of AI/ES Techniques

These papers describe generalconcepts, methodolo- gies, approaches, and innovations in the use of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in nuclear power applica- tions. Both existing prototype systems and proposed concepts for future projects are included.

[ l ] Akagi, Shinsuke; Fujita, Kikuo "Layout Design System Based on Constraint-Directed Reasoning. (1st Report. The Fundamental Approach)," Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, C HeOrans- actions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engi- neers, Part C v 56 n 528 Aug 1990 p 2286-2293: 1990. In Japanese.

[2] Ancelin, C.; Le, P.; de Saint-Quentin, S. "EX- PRESS: The Reliability of Complex Systems and Artificial Intelligence Techniques. EXPRESS La Fiabilite des Systemes Complexes et les Techniques de L'Intelligence Artificialle," Revue Generale Nucleaire n 4 Jul-Aug 1987 p 378-381: 1987. In French.

[3] Anonymous, "Innovations Under Way in the French Nuclear Power Industry. Energy (Stamford, Connecticut) v 13 n 3 Spring 1988 p 13-14: 1988.

141 Brunet, E.; Monnier, B.; Zwingelstein, G. "Artificial _ _ Intelligence Application to Surveillance and Diagnosis of Nuclear Power Plant," Proc of the 92 SM 599-1 EC

by the IEEE Nuclear Power Engineering Committee of the Power Engineering Society €or presentation at Power Plant Dynamics, Control and Testing

A paper recommended and approved

the IEEE/PES-l992 S&er Meeting, Seattle, WA, July 12-16, 1992. Manuscript submitted January 24, 1992; made available for printing June 4, 1992.

Symposium 6th v 2. Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA p 60.01-60. 28: 1986.

[5 ] Carr, Kenneth R. "Expert Systems for Protective Monitoring of Facilities," Advances in Instrumen- tation v 42 pt 2. ISA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA p 767-782 1987.

0885-8969/93$03LNl Q 1992 W E

Chapman, Leon D. "Expert System Characteristics and Potential Applications in Safeguards," Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management) v 15, INMM 1986 Annu Meet, New Orleans, LA, USA, Jun 22-25 1986 p 392-396 1986.

Elm, William C. "HOW Artificial Intelligence Can Help," Nuclear Engineering International v 33 n 406 May 1988 p 36-40: 1988.

Faught, William S. "Applications of AI in Engineer- ing," Computer v 19 n 7 Jul 1986 p 17-27: 1986.

Gabriel, John R. "Paradigm for Expert Display Sys- tems in Nuclear Plant and Elsewhere," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science v NS-33 n 5 Oct 1986 p 1147-1149: 1986.

[ 101 Gondran, Michel; Laleuf, Jean-Claude, 'Expert Sys- tems, Automation Tools: EDF Experience. Les Systemes Experts, Outils de L'Automatisation: L'Ekperience d'EDF," RGE, Revue Generale de l'Electricite n 4 Apr 1987 p 18-22: 1987. In French.

[ l l ] Hajek, B. K.; Miller, D. W.; Bhatnagar, R.; Stas- enko, J. E.; Punch, W. F.; Yamada, N. "Generic Task Approach to a Real Time Nuclear Power Plant Fault Diagnosis and Advisory System," Proc of the Int Workshop on Artif Intell for Ind Appl. IEEE Service Cent (cat n 88CH2529-6) Piscataway, NJ, USA. p 154-160: 1988.

[ 121 Hery, Jean-Francois, "Prototype Expert System in P. W. R. Power Plant Conducting." Proc of the Joint Technology Assessment Conference. Elsevier Science Pub1 BV, Amsterdam, Neth and New York, NY,USA p 129-134 1985.

[13] Husseiny, Abdo A.; Sabri, Zeinab A.; Adams, S. Keith; Rodriguez, Rodrigo J. "Automation of Nuclear Power Plants," Nuclear Technology v 90 n 1 Apr 1990 p 34-48: 1990.

[14] Klebau, J.; Baldeweg, F.; Fiedler, U.; Lindner, A. "Interactive Approach to Disturbance Analysis in Nuclear Power Plants," Proc of the 2nd IFAC- /IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference. IFAC Proc Series n 8 1986. Pergamon Press, Oxford, Engl and New York, NY, USA p 311-315: 1986.

[U] Lupton, L. R.; Lipsett, J. J.; Shah, R. R. "Frame- work for Operator Support Systems for CANDU," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL (Report) n 10071 Nov 1989 18p: 1989.

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Lupton, L. R.; Basso, R. A. J.; Anderson, L. L.; Anderson, J. W. D. "Expert Systems Use in Present and Future CANDU Nuclear Power Supply Systems," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL (Report) n 10073 Nov 1989 15p: 1989.

Lupton, L. R.; Anderson, L. L.; Basso, R. A. J. "AECL Operator Companion. An Overview," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL (Report) n 10074 Nov 1989 17p: 1989.

Lupton, L. R.; Davey, E. C.; Lapointe, P. A.; Shah, R. R. "Integrated Control Centre Concepts for CANDU Power Plants," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL (Report) n 10110 Jan 1990 14p: 1990.

Moore, Taylor, "Artificial Intelligence and Power Production," Energy Engineering: Journal of the Association of Energy Engineers v83 n 3 Apr-May 1986 p 4-16: 1986.

Prangishvili, I. V. "Improving the Reliability and Quality of the Control Systems of Modern Nuclear Power Stations," Soviet Machine Science (English Translation of Mashinovedenie) n 3 1987 p 13-16: 1987.

Sackett, John I. "Application of AI Technology to Nuclear Plant Operation," COED (Journal) (Com- puters in Education Division of ASEE) v 9 n 3 Jul-Sep 1989 p 45-52: 1989.

Sun, Bill K.; Naser, Joseph A.; Sudduth, AI "Appli- cations of Expert Systems ,Technology in Nuclear Power Plants. An Industry Perspective," Proc of the American Power Conference v 51. Illinois Institute of Technology, Research Institute, Chica- go, IL, USA. p 387-392. 1989.

Tanasescu, Cristian, "New Trend in Diagnostics: Expert Systems," Proc of the Power Plant Dynam- ics, Control and Testing Symposium 6th v 2. Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA p 64. 01-64. 10: 1986.

Uhrig, Robert E. "Toward the Next Generation of Nuclear Power Plants," Forum for Applied Re- search and Public Policy v 1 n 3 Fall 1986 p 20- 31: 1986.

Uhrig, Robert E. YJse of Expert Systems in Nuclear Power Plants," American Institute of Chemical Engineers, National Meeting 1987. AIChE, New York, NY, USA lop: 1987.

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[26] Washio, T.; Kitamura, M.; Kotajima, K; Sugiyama, K. "Automated Generation of Nuclear Power Plant Safety Information (Qualitative Simulation and Derivation of Failure Symptom Knowledge)." Proc of the Power Plant Dynamics, Control and Testing Symp 6th v 1. Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. p 39. 01-39. 17: 1986.

SDecific AYES Amlications

These papers describe actual AI /ES schemes that are either in use or under development for use in a nuclear power application. They describe both successes and encountered difficulties. A wide spectrum of applications are offered, including all aspects of plant design, main- tenance, diagnostics, operation, and emergency response.

Anonymous, "Plant Expert System (PLEXSYS): Prototype Description. Version 1.0." EPRI (Re- port) NP 5554 Dec 1987 112p: 1987.

Arueti, Shimshon; Okrent, David "Knowledge Based Prototype for Optimization of Preventive Maintenance Scheduling," Reliability Engineering & System Safety v 30 n 1-3. Elsevier Science Publ Ltd, Barking, Engl. p 93-114 1990.

Baum, Richard "Alarming Developments," Process Engineering (London) v 70 n 1 Jan 1989 p 4849 1989.

Beltracchi, Leo "Direct Manipulation Interface for Water-Based Rankine Cycle Heat Engines," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics v SMC-17 n 3MayiJun 1987 p 478-487 1987.

Bhatnagar, Rajiv, Miller, Don W.; Hajek, Brian K.; Stasenko, John E. "Integrated Operator Advisor System for Plant Monitoring, procedure manage- ment and diagnosis," Nuclear Technology v 89 n 3 Mar 1990 p 281-317: 1990.

Chung, Donald T.; Modarres, Mohammad; Niall, R.; Hunt, M. "GOTRES An Expert System for Fault Detection and Analysis," Reliability Eng- ineering & System Safety v 24 n 2 1989 p 113-137 1989.

Clark, Robert "IEDA Helps Make Sense of Eddy Current Data," Nuclear Engineering International v 34 n 414 Jan 1989 p 29-30: 1989.

Epstein, Steven A. "Reasoning and Representation in RITSE," IEEE Service Cent (Cat n 87- CH2503-l), Piscataway, NJ, USA p 135-139 1987.

1111

Forzano, Paolo; Perini, Cristina "Turbostart: An Expert System as Operator Guide," IEEE Confer- ence on Human Factors and Power Plants. IEEE Service Cent (cat n 88CH2576-7), Piscataway, NJ, p 74-85: 1988.

Frank, Michael V.; Epstein, Steven A. "Application of Artificial Intelligence to Improve Plant Availabil- ity," Simulation Series v 17 n 1 Jan 1986. Society for Computer Simulation, San Diego, CA, USA p 92-97: 1986.

Hashemi, S.; Hajek, B. K.; Miller, D. W.; Chandra- sekaran, B.; Josephson, J. R. "Expert Systems Application to Plant Diagnosis and Sensor Data Validation," Proc of the Power Plant Dynamics, Control and Testing Symposium 6th v 2. Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA p 65. 01-65. 13: 1986.

Jenkins, James P.; Nelson, William R. "Expert Systems and Accident Management." Expert Systems in Government Symposium. IEEE Service Cent(Cat n 86CH2349-9), Piscataway, NJ, USA p 88-94: 1986.

Kaplan, S.; Frank, M. V.; Bley, D. C.; Lindsay, D. G. "Outline of COPILOT, an Expert System for Reactor Operational Assistance, Using a Bayesian Diagnostic Module," Reliability Engineering & System Safety v 22 n 1-4 p 411-440: 1988.

Kaplan, S.; Keter, A.; Epstein, S. A.; Bley, D. C.; Emerson, M. A. "COPILOT. A PC-based Expert System for Reactor Operational Assistance Using a Bayesian Diagnostic Module," Reliability Engi- neering & System Safety v 30 n 1-3. Elsevier Science Publ Ltd, Barking, Engl. p 219-237 1990

Leoni, Nicholas C.; Harhay, Andrew J. "Data Acquisition System Minimizes Corrosion in Nuclear Power Station," Chilton's I&CS (Instruments & Control Systems) v 62 n 1 Jan 1989 p 99-101: 1989.

Martin, R. P.; Nassersharif, B. "CATALisp - An Expert System for Real-Time Diagnosis of Multiple Failure Transients in Nuclear Power Plants," American society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Division, (Publication) HTD v 96. ASME, New York, NY, USA. p 301-304 1988.

Naito, Norio; Sakuma, Akira; Shigeno, Kei; Mori, Nobuyuki "Real-Time Expert System for Nuclear Power Plant Failure Diagnosis and Operational Guide," Nuclear Technology v 79 n 3 Dec 1987 p 284-296: 1987.

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Blackman, H. S.; Nelson, W. R. "Techniques for Incorporating Operator Expertise into Intelligent Decision Aids and Training," Reliability Engineer- ing & System Safety v 22 n 1-4. p 371-385: 1988.

[SI [18] Natalizio, A.; Anderson, J. W. D.; Sills, H. E. "Operator Companion: Advanced Support Systems for Plant Operations," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL (Report) n 9612 Jan 1988 var paging: 1988.

[ 191 Touchton, R. A. "Reactor Emergency Action Level Monitor: A Real-Time Expert System Application," Advances in Instrumentation v 41 pt 1. ISA, Re- search Triangle Park, NC, USA p 211-214 1986.

[20] Touchton, R. A. "Emergency Classification: A Real-Time Expert System Application," Southcon Conference Record 1986. Electronic Conventions Management Inc p 23: 1986.

[21] Touchton, R. A.; Gunter, A. Dale; Subramanyan, Narayanan, "Automated Reasoning With Dynamic Event Trees: A Real-Time, Knowledge-Based Decision Aide," Reliability Engineering & System Safety v 22 n 1-4 1988. p 333-353: 1988.

[22] Yang, Joon On; Chang, Soon Heung, "Diagnostic expert system for the nuclear power plant based on the hybrid knowledge approach," IEEE Trans on Nuclear Science v 36 n 6 pt 2 Dec 1989 p 2450- 2458: 1989.

Knowledge Base Development and ModellineTechniaues

These papers describe methods of establishing an A V E S knowledge base and techniques for permitting an expansion of the knowledge base as plant configurations change. They also address a variety of models that may be used, and the Quality Assurance rules for computer software, for developing an ES for the special circumstances unique to a nuclear power plant.

Anonymous, "Aproaches to the Verification and Validation of Expert Systems for Nuclear Power Plants," Electric Power Research Institute (Report) EPRI NP 5236 Jul 1987 2p: 1987.

Anonymous, "Verification and Validation of Expert Systems for Nuclear Power Plant Applications," Electric Power Research Institute (Report) EPRI NP n 5978 Aug 1988 12Op: 1988.

Anonymous, "Small Artificial Reasoning Toolkit," EPRI (Report) NP n 5645M Jull988 66p: 1988.

Asai, N.; Onishi, K.; Mori, S.; Otsuka, Y.; Makino, S. "Development of an AI Supporting System for Knowledge Acquisition and Refinement," Proc of the Int Workshop on Artif Intel for Ind Appl. IEEE Serv Cent (cat n 88CH2529-6) Piscataway, NJ. p 47-51: 1988.

[6] Choi, Kie-Yong; Yang, Joon-On; Chang, Soon- Heung, "Manipulation of Time-Varying Dynamic Variables Using the Rule Modification Method and Performance Index in NPP Accident Diagnostic Expert Systems," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Sciencev 35 n 5 Oct 1988 p 1121-1125: 1988.

[7] Fujita, Yushi, "Mapi's Knowledge-Based System Will Help to Deal With Abnormal Conditions," Nuclear Engineering International v 32 n 396 Jul 1987 p 28,30-31: 1987.

[8] Garland, W. J.; Poehlman, W. F. S.; Solntseff, N.; Hoskins, J.; Williams, L. "Intelligent Real-Time System Management: Towards an Operator Companion for Nuclear Power Plants," Engineer- ing Computations (Swansea, Wales) v 6 n 2 Jun 1989 p 97-115: 1989.

[9] Guth, Michael A. S. *Expert System Design Incorp- orating Fuzzy Logic for Diagnosing Heat Imbalanc- es in a Nuclear Power Plant," IEEE Serv Cent (Cat n 87CH2467-9), Piscataway, NJ, p 210-216: 1987.

[ 101 Hayashi, Yoichi; Nakai, Masato, "Efficient Method for Multi-Dimensional Fuzzy Reasoning and its Application to Fault Diagnosis," Proc of the Inter- national Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Industrial Applications. IEEE Service Cent (cat n 88CH2529-6) Piscataway, NJ, USA. p 27-32: 1988.

[ 111 Herbert, M. R.; Williams, G. H. "Initial Evaluation of the Detection and Diagnosis of Power Plant Faults Using a Deep Knowledge Representation of Physical Behavior," Expert Syst v 4 n 2 May 1987 p 90-99 1987.

[12] Kim, I. S.; Modarres, M. "Application of Goal Treesuccess Tree Model as the Knowledge-Base of Operator Advisory Systems," Nuclear Engineering and Design v 104 n 1 Oct 1 1987 p 67-81: 1987.

[13] Kim, I.S.; Modarres, M.; Hunt, R.N.M. "Model- Based Approach to On-Line Process Disturbance Management. The Models," Reliability Engineer- ing & System Safety v 28 n 3 1990 p 265-305: 1990.

[ 141 Motoda, Hiroshi; Yamada, Naoyuki, Yoshida, Kenichi, "Knowledge Based System for Plant Diag- nosis," Fifth Generation Computer Systems 1984, Proc of the Int Conference, Ohmsha Ltd, Tokyo, Jpn p 582-588: 1984.

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[15] "I, Steven R.; Ray, Asok; Kumara, Soundar, "Decision Support System for Real-Time Control and Monitoring of Dynamical Processes," Proc 1989 American Control Conference v 1 (of 3). IEEE Service Cent (cat n 89CH2772-2), Piscataway, NJ, USA. p 361-365: 1989.

[16] Nevins, Michael A. "Building of a Nuclear Power Knowledge-Based Control System," Proc 1989 Am Control Conf v 3 (of 3). IEEE Serv Cen (cat n 89- CH2772-2), Piscataway, NJ, p 2230-2232 1989.

[ 17 Ogino, Takamichi; Nishizawa, Yasuo; Morioka, Toshihiko; Naito, Norio; Tani, Mamoru; Fujita, Yushi, "Intelligent Decision Support Systems for Nuclear Power Plants in Japan," Reliability Engi- neering & System Safety v 22 n 1-4. p 387-3991988.

[18] Petkoviski, D. B. "Knowledge-Based System for Stability Robustness Analysis and Robust Control Design. A Case Study of Nuclear Power Plant Control," IFAC Proc Series n 4. Pergamon Press Inc, Elmsford, NY, USA. p 35-45: 1989.

[ 191 Ragheb, Magdi; Gvillo, Dennis; Makowitz, Henry, "Symbolic Simulation of Engineering Systems on a Supercomputer," Proc of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering v 635. SPIE, Bell- ingham, WA, USA p 368-374 1986.

[20] Robinson, J. T.; Kisner, R. A. "Intelligent Dynamic Simulation Environment: An Object-Oriented Ap- proach," Third Int Symp Intell Control. IEEE Service Cent (cat n 882012), Piscataway, NJ. p 687-- 692 1988.

[21] Robinson, James T. "Intelligent Simulation Envi- ronment for Control System Design," Simulation Series v 20 n 4. Soc for Computer Simulation Int, San Diego, CA, USA. p 28-31: 1989.

[22] Saridis, George N.; Valavanis, Kimon P. "Analytical Design of Intelligent Machines," Automatica v 24 n 2 Mar 1988 p 123-133: 1988.

[23] Thorndyke, Perry W. "Rule-Based Approach to Cognitive Modeling of Real-Time Decision Ma- king,'' Oak Ridge National Laboratory, (Report) ORNL-TM 8614. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Available from GPO NUREG/CR-- 3114), Washington, DC, USA p 147-155: 1982.

[U] Vachtsevanos, George; Kim, Young-Tae; Chris- todoulou, Manolis, "Fault-Tolerant Control of Dynamical Large Scale Systems," Proc 1989 Am Control Conf v 1 (of 3). IEEE Serv Cent (cat n 89CH2772-2), Piscataway, NJ, p 355-360: 1989.

[25] Yamada, Naoyuki; Chandrasekaran, B.; Bhatnager, Rajiv, "Knowledge-Based Operation Guidance System for Nuclear Power Plants Based on Generic Task Methodology,'' Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology v 26 n 7 Jull989 p 655-669 1989.

Maintenance and Diamostics

These papers describe concepts and techniques for using AI/ES technology in maintenance applications and as diagnostic tools for monitoring either overall plant performance or the operability of specific components.

Alexandros, Soumelidis; Istvan, Nagy; Istvan, Piacse, "Knowledge Representation and Conclusion on the Basis of Stucture and Behaviour: Applica- tion in the Noise Diagnostic System of a Nuclear Power Plant. Tudasreprezentacio es kovetkeztetes szerkezet es viselkedes alapjan: alkalmazas reak- tor-zajdiagnosztikai rendszerben" Meres es Auto- matika v 38 n 1 Jan-Feb 1990 p 12-16 1990. In Hungarian.

Anonymous, "Applying Artificial Intelligence to Safety and Maintenance," Nuclear Engineering International v 32 n 396 Jul 1987 p 34: 1987.

Anonymous, "Robots Join the Nuclear Workforce," EPRI Journal v 9 n 9 Nov 1984 p 6-17: 1984.

Ashley, G. R.; Cruz, P. A. "Development of a MicroComputer Based Nuclear Power Plant Main- tenance Expert System," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication) PVP v 102. ASME (CED, v 2), New York, NY, USA p 51-54: 1986.

Avioli, Michael, "NDE Benefits from Artificial Intelligence," EPRI Journal v 13 n 3 Apr-May 1988 p 49-51: 1988.

Bogard, Terry; Bednar, Fred; Matty, Terry; Kent, Richard, "Application of Artificial Intelligence to Motor Operated Valve Testing," American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Paper). American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, USA. NE3 7p: 1989.

de Bonnieres, Patrick, "Expert System for Main- tenance of Sophisticated Industrial Equipment: Equipment Model Makes It Possible. Systeme Expert pour la Maintenance des Equipements Industriels Complexes: Unmodele de l'Equipement le Rend Possible," RGE, Revue Generale de l'Electricite n 4 Apr 1987 p 27-30: 1987. In French.

de Lapparent, D. "Specialized Appraisal Systems in the Nuclear Power Sector: Diagnosis, Maintenance, Decision-Making Aids. Les Systemes Experts dans le Domaine Nucleaire: Diagnostic, Maintenance, Aide a la Decision," RGE, Revue Generale Nucle- aire n 4 Jul-Aug 1987 p 382 1987. In French.

Fujii, Makoto; Seki, Eiji; Tai, Ichiro; Morioka, Toshihiko, "Development of Diagnosis and Main- tenance Support System for Nuclear Power Plants With Flexible Inference Function and Knowledge Base Edition Support Function," Nippon Gensh- iryoku GakkaishQJournal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan v 30 n 12 Dec 1988 p 1110-1118: 1988. In Japanese.

Hessel, G.; Liewers, P.; Schumann, P.; Schmitt, W.; Weiss, F. "Noise Diagnostics Systems for Operator Advice," Nuclear Safety v 29 n 3 Jul-Sep 1988 p 293-306 1988.

Howland, H. R. "Expert System for Eddy Current Signal Analysis (EXECS)," Abstracts of Papers Presented at 66th AWS Annual Meeting. AWS, Miami, FL, USA p 150-151: 1985.

Kasahara, Takayasu; Nishizawa, Yasuo; Kato, Kanji, "Method of Detecting and Removing Inter- ferences Among Maintenance Tasks," Nippon Genshiryoku GakkaishVJournal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan v 30 n 11 Nov 1988 p 1030-1037: 1988. In Japanese.

Kasahara, T.; Kato, Kanji; Ito, Tetsuo; Sato, Takao; Asami, Kazuo, "Maintenance Work Scheduling Aid for Nuclear Power Plants," Proc of the Int Work- shop on Artif Intell for Ind Appl. IEEE Serv Cent (cat n 88CH2529-6) Piscataway, NJ. p 161-1661988.

Le Corre, Yannick, "Nuclear Maintenance by Manufacturer: Concept, Principles and Prospects. La Maintenance Nucleaire du Constructeur: Concept, Principes et Perspectives," RGE, Revue Generale Nucleaire n 6 Nov-Dec 1988 p 476-480: 1988. In French.

Massie, H. W. Jr.; Nath, R. J.; Bonaca, Mario V. "Plant LicenseLife Extension (PLEX)," Proc of the American Power Conference v 48. American Power Conference, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA p 732-739 1986.

Norgate, G. "Future of Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Plant Maintenance," Proc of the Inter- national Conference on Robotics and Remote Han- dling in the Nuclear Industry, Canadian Nuclear Soc, Toronto, Ont, Can p 13-20: 1984.

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Operations. Training Suuport, and Human Factors

These papers describe concepts and techniques for using AIES technology in applications related to opera- tion of a nuclear plant, including the monitoring and reporting of parameters and the processing of plant status information. Concepts for incorporating human factors engineering into the design of an AIES system are also presented.

Shankar, R.; Dau, G. J.; Elmo, P. M. "Integration of Small Computers for Power Plant NDE," American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Publi- cation) NDE v 5 . American Soc of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY. p 53-59 1989.

Taylor, A. "How Expert Systems Can Help Solve a Host of Power Station Operating and Maintenance Problems," IEE Conference Publication n 295. IEE, London, Engl. p 133-137 1988.

Touchton, Robert A.; Subramanyan, Narayanan; Naser, Joseph "Expert System Diagnostics for Nuclear Power Plants," Proc of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference 23rd. IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA. p 263-266 1988.

Ujita, Hiroshi; Kiguchi, Takashi; Onodera, Kat- sushige; Komata, Masaoki, "Development of Maintenance Support System for Nuclear Power Plants," Nippon Genshiryoku GakkaishVJoumal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan v 29 n 6 Jun 1987 p 538-547: 1987. In Japanese.

Whittaker, W. L.; Motazed, B. "Interpretation of Pipe Networks by Magnetic Sensing," Springer-- Verlag, Berlin, West Ger & New York, USA v 1, p 131-139 1986.

Anonymous, "Reactor emergency action level monitor: Volumes 1 and 2," Electric Power Re- search Institute (Report) EPRI NP v 1-2 n 5719 Sep 1988 50Op: 1988.

Anonymous, "Reactor emergency action level monitor expert-system prototype: Independent review: Volume 3," Electric Power Research Institute (Report) EPRI NP V.3 n 5719 Apr 1988 80p: 1988.

Anonymous, "Expert system training to deal with steam generator tube ruptures," Nuclear Engineer- ing International v 34 n 424 Nov 1989 p 35-36: 1989.

Beltracchi, Leo, "Expert Display System and Nuclear Power Plant Control Rooms," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science v 35 n 2 Apr 1988 p 991-1000: 1988.

Carnino, A. "Human Reliability," Nuclear Engi- neering and Design v 90 n 3 Dec (11) 1985, SMiRT- 8, 8th Int Conf on Struct Mech in React Technol, Brussels, Belg, Aug 19-23 1985 p 365-369 1985.

Charlier, A.; Doucet, M.; Vandenberg, C.; de Roovere, W.; Bens, J. "Analysis of a Delayed Return to Full Power Using a Three-Dimensional Simulator," Physics Div, USA, European Nuclear Soc; European Communities Commission; Organi- zation for Economic Cooperation and Development Nuclear Energy Agency; et a1 Nuclear Science and Engineering v 100 n 4 Dec 1988. p 451-457: 1988.

Corsberg, Daniel R.; Wilkie, Dean, "Object- Oriented Alarm-Filtering System," Proc of the Power Plant Dynamics, Control and Testing Symposium 6th v 2. Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN p 59. 01-59. 16: 1986.

Frogner, Bjorn; Dourandish, Robert, "Application of Knowledge Engineering to Power Plant Heat Rate Performance Monitoring," Papers Presented at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Paper), ASME, New York, NY, USA 86-WA/DSC-23, 8p: 1986.

Jenkins, James P. "Application of an Expert System to Problem Solving in Process Control Displays," Human-Computer Interaction, Proc of the First U.S.A.-Japan Conference. Elsevier (Advances in Human FactorsErgonomics v l),Amsterdam, Neth and New York, NY, USA p 255-260: 1984.

[ 101 Legaud, P. "Processing of Alarms by Means of an Expert System," Reliability Engineering & System Safety v 22 n 1-4 1988. p 401-409 1988.

[ l l] Nelson, W. R.; Blackman, H. S. "Experimental Evaluation of Expert Systems for Nuclear Reactor Operators: Human Factors Considerations," Int J Ind Ergon v 2 n 1 Nov 1987 p 91-100: 1987.

[ 121 Nelson, William R. "Human Factors Considerations for Expert Systems in the Nuclear Industry," IEEE Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants. IEEE Serv Cent (cat n 88CH2576-7), Piscataway, NJ. p 109-114 1988.

[13] Pack, Randall W.; Lazar, Paul M.; Schmidt, Renata V.; Gaddy, Catherine D. "Expert Systems for Plant Operations Training and Assistance," IEEE Con-

ference on Human Factors and Power Plants. IEEE Service Cent (cat n 88CH2576-7), Piscat- away, NJ. p 141-145: 1988.

[14] Rand, Chris, "Operations Support Using Expert Systems," Process Engineering (London) v 68 n 1 Jan 1987 p 28-29: 1987.

[15] Sharma, Deva D.; Miller, Don W.; Hajek, Brian; Chandrasekaran, B. "Intelligent Process Control Operator Aid - An Artificial Intelligence Ap- proach," Proc of the Power Plant Dynamics, Control and Testing Symposium 6th v 2. Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. p 61.01-61.20: 1986.

[ 161 Sonoda, Naoki, "Kansai Applies Experience Through an Expert System," Nuclear Engineering International v 32 n 396 Jul 1987 p 32: 1987.

[ 17 Wildberger, A. Martin, "Application of Artificial Intelligence to Operator Assistance," New Tech- nology in Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control, Proc of the Symposium, IS& Research Triangle Park, NC, USA p 295-301: 1985.

Procedural Assistance and Emergency Resmnse

These papers describe concepts for assisting the operator with making procedural decisions on the basis of plant parameters that are input directly into the expert system. Some papers focus on procedures related to postulated accidents and the required operator response in emergency situations.

Blackman, Harold S.; Nelson, William R. "Unex- pected Effects of Computer Presented Procedures," IEEE Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants. IEEE Service Cent (cat n 88CH2576-7), Pis- cataway, NJ, USA. p 410-411: 1988.

Erdmann, R. C.; Sun, Bill K. H. "Expert System Approach for Safety Diagnosis," Nuclear Technol- ogy v 82 n 2 Aug 1988 p 162-172 1988.

Furuta, Kazuo; Kondo, Shunsuke, "Generation of Operational Procedures for Research Reactor Using Nonlinear Planner," Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology v 25 n 11 Nov 1988 p 889-890: 1988.

Sharma, D.; Chandrasekaran, B.; Miller, D. "Dynamic Procedure Synthesis, Execution, and Failure Recovery," Proc of the 1st International Conference. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, West Ger & New York, NY, USA v 2, p 1055-1071: 1986.

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[5] Spurgin, A. J.; Orvis, D. D.; Cain, D. G.; Yau, C. C. "Testing an Expert System: Testing the Emer- gency Operating Procedures Tracking System," IEEE Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants. IEEE Service Cent (cat n 88CH25767), Piscataway, NJ, USA. p 137-140 1988.

Risk Assessment and Reliability

These papers describe analysis techniques and A Y E S structures for use in determining risk factors and reliabili- ty for a nuclear plant. They account for components and systems that fail or are taken out of service for mainte- nance.

Cho, F. L. "Ekpert System Application in Equip- ment Risk Assessment for Nuclear Power Plants," Computer-Aided Engineering Applications, Pre- sented at the 1987 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division PVP v 126. ASME, New York, NY, USA p 27-32 1987.

Frogner, Bjorn; Dourandish, Robert, Wse of an Advanced Expert System Tool for Fault Tree Analysis in Nuclear Power Plants," Digest of Papers - COMPCON Spring 87: Thirty-Second IEEE Computer Society International Conference, IEEE Service Cent (Cat n87CH2409-1), Piscataway, NJ. p 454-457: 1987.

Hora, S. C.; Iman, R. L. "Expert Opinion in Risk Analysis: The NUREG-1 150 Methodology," Nuclear Science and Engineering v 102 n 4 Aug 1989 p 323-331: 1989.

Parsaye, K.; Lin, K. Y. "Expert System Structure for Automatic Fault Tree Generation for Emergency Feedwater Systems for Nuclear Power Plants," WESTEX-87: Proc - Western Conference on Expert Systems. IEEE Service Cent (Cat n 87- CH2463-8), Piscataway, NJ, USA p 25-30: 1987.

Sun, Bill K. H. "Control and Diagnostics for Nuclear Power Plant Performance and Safety Enhancement," IEEE Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants. IEEE Service Cent (cat n 880125767), Piscataway, NJ. p 13-21: 1988.

Design Tools

These papers describe the use of AI/ES as a tool for making design decisions. These unique applications enhance the plant engineer's ability to provide a safe and reliable design, whether for original construction or for modifications to an existing nuclear plant.

Nakatogawa, T.; Takayama, Y.; Hayashi, Y.; Fukuda, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Haruna, T. "Automatic Seismic Support Design of Piping System by Object Oriented Expert System," American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Pressure Vessels and Piping Division PVP v 177. New York, NY. p 1-6 1989.

Puttgen, Hans B.; Jansen, John F. "Expert System for the Design of a Power Plant Electrical Auxiliary System," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems v 3 n 1 Feb 1988, IEEE Power Ind Comput Appl Conf, Montreal, Que, Can, May 18-21 1987 p 254-261: 1987.

Suwa, Minoru; Mazaki, Tatsuya; Saito, Shunji; Hirato, Miharu; Nakagawa, Hiroshi; Masaka, Shuzo; Hori, Hiromi, "Development of Expert System for Piping Design in Nuclear Power Sta- tions," IHI Eng Review (English Edition) v 23 n 3 Jul 1990 p 96-103: 1990.

Yee, Lone-Yee; Okrent, David, "Expert system for Finding Fragility Curves of Building Structural Systems at the Preliminary Design Stage," Reliabil- ity Engineering & System Safety v 30 n 1-3. Elsevier Science Pub1 Ltd, Barking, Engl. p 409- -426: 1990.

III. CONCLUSION

As the initial bibliographic survey on this topic, with such numerous contributions to date, this paper could provide no detail on the nature, value, or strengths of the work done thus far. There have been many innovations offered and many successes achieved. In future work, the authors hope to focus on specific issues and obstacles related to AI control of nuclear plants. This effort will start with a more detailed analysis of previous work that deals with these issues and obstacles.

BIOGRAPHIES

C. E. Beck - (Senior Member) is a Technical Manager for ABB Impell Corporation. He received his BSEE degree from Notre Dame in 1975 and his MSEE degree from IIT in 1987, and is a PhD candidate at IIT. He is a registered Professional Engineer. His interests include nuclear plant design, AI/ES, and power system analysis.

k K. Behera - (Senior Member) is an Assistant Profes- sor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at IIT. He received his BSEE degree from the Indian Institute of Technology in 1980 and his MSECE (1982) and PhD (1987) degrees from the University of Illinois. He is a consultant for EQ and other nuclear plant issues.