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A Forests Strategy for Solomon Islands 2006-2011
Final Report from WWF SI Forests Strategy Planning Workshop
October 18 and 19, 2005
WWF Solomon Islands
For a living planet
This strategy outlined in this document is the result of collaboration between WWF and partners active in Solomon Islands. WWF would to acknowledge the following partners for their support in creating a more sustainable vision for Solomon Islands forests:
Oxfam AustraliaGreenpeace ECANSINatural Resources Development FoundationMakira Community Conservation FoundationSolomon Islands Development Trust - Eco-forestr y ProgrammeCUSOAusAID SFM Lauru RTCIndigenous People’s Biodiversity and Rights Network East Rennell World Heritage Trust BoardTetepare Descendants’ AssociationDFEC’s National Capacity Self- Assessment Project Western Province Depar tment of Forestr y
Prepared by: Laurie Wein WWF Solomon Islands Honiara, Solomon Islands Paul Chatter ton WWF Papua New GuineaPort Moresby, Papua New Guinea October 2005
Produced with financial and in-kind suppor t from AusAID, WWF Switzer land, WWF South Pacific Programme, WWF Solomon Islands, WWF Papua New Guinea.
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to acknowledge the following people for their par ticipation at the WWF Solomon Islands Forests Strategy Workshop and for their contributions in developing this document: Nancy Kwalea, Ross Andrewartha, Geoff Dennis, Moses Rouhana, Felix Narasia, Wilko Bosma, Marlon Kuve, Victor Kohaia, Jan Murray, Hon. Terry Kera, Myknee Qusa, Lawrence Makili, Greg Tai’eha and Nesta Legukava. Thanks also go to Allan Tippet Bero, Dale Whittington and Rod Taylor for helpful comments and input.
Solomon Islands Forect Strategy 2006-2011 and Workshop Report
List of Abbreviation 4
List of Figures 5
1.0 Executive Summary 6
2.0 Introduction 9
2.1 Purpose of Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.0 Understanding Solomon Islands Forests and Forest Management 10
3.1 Ecoregions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Vegetation Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4 Key Taxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5 Protected Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.6 Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.7 Forest Management Institutions and Actors . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.8 Forest Policy Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.0 Lessons on Forest Management 27
4.1 Principles for Successful Stewardship of Solomon Islands Forests 27
4.2 Gaps in Forests Work in Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3 Priority Sites and Key partners for WWF Forests Work . . . . 28
5.0 Towards a Forests Strategy for Solomon Islands 30
5.1 WWF Global Targets for Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2 Goal and Thematic Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.3 Targets and Timeline of Solomon Islands Forests Strategy . . . 32
6.0 References 34
7.0 Appendices 35
7.1 Workshop Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.2 Workshop Participants List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.3 Solomon Islands Threatened Tree Species . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.4 Solomon Islands Forests Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
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List of Abbreviation
AusAID Australian Overseas Aid ProgrammeBSSE Bismarck Solomon Seas EcoregionCI Conservation International DFEC Depar tment of Forestr y, Conservation and
EnvironmentECANSI Environmental Concerns Action Network of
Solomon IslandsEU European UnionFSC Forest Stewardship CouncilGP GreenpeaceKFPL Kolombangara Forest Products Ltd.MCCF Makira Community Conservation FoundationNRDF Natural Resource Development Foundation NTFPs Non Timber Forest ProductsRAPPAM Rapid Assessment of Priority Protected Areas
ManagementRMO Resource Management Ordinance/OrderSIDT Eco-forestry Solomon Islands Development Trust Eco-forestr y
ProgrammeSIFMP Solomon Islands Forestr y Management Project SILMMA Solomon Islands Locally Managed Marine AreasSOLFRIS Solomon Islands Forest Resources Inventory SPRIG South Pacific Regional Initiative on GeneticsSWIFT Solomon Islands Western Islands Fair TradeTDA Tetepare Descendants’ AssociationTNC The Nature Conservancy UNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeVETE Village Eco-Timber EnterprisesWCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UN
Environment Programme)WHA World Heritage AreaWWF SI WWF Solomon Islands
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List of Figures
Fig. 1 Global 200 EcoregionsFig. 2 Three Great Tropical Forests of the WorldFig. 3 Bismarck Solomon Seas Ecoregion is one of the richest marine areas on
the plantFig. 4 Threatened Tree Species of Solomon IslandsFig. 5 Endemic Birds Species of Solomon IslandsFig. 6 Endemic Bird Species of Western ProvinceFig. 7 Threats to Solomon Islands ForestsFig. 8 Current Work on Sustainable Forestr y and Forests ConservationFig. 9 Priority Sites for Forests Conservation
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1.0 Executive Summary
Solomon Islands Forests - A Biological Treasurehouse ...
• The Solomon Island forests are one of the 200 most important “ecoregions” in the world and one of the 10 most threatened forest ecoregions
• With New Guinea, the forests of the Solomon Islands make up the largest block of tropical rainforest remaining in the Asia Pacific and one of the three great rainforest areas on the planet.
• The Bismarck and Solomon Seas ecoregion boasts the highest diversity of saltwater fish and coral species in the world. Reef fish diversity and abundance is increasingly being seen as connected to the health of forested streams.
• A range of forest types are found across the Solomon Islands, many of them unique to this region.
• The Solomon Island forests with 4500 species of plants are recognised as one of the world’s great Centres of Plant Diversity rich in unique palms, orchids and climbing pandanus. 25 tree species are threatened.
• The Solomon Islands forests have more unique restricted range and unique bird species by area than any other place on earth. 72 of the 163 land birds in the Solomon Islands are found only here or in close neighbouring islands. Most provinces hold at least one unique bird found only on that province and up to 12 unique species in the case of Makira. Many of these restricted species are also gravely threatened. On these grounds alone, the Solomon forests deserve world attention to support their protection and sustainable management.
• A significant proportion of the mammals, lizards, frogs, snails and insects in the Solomon Islands are found nowhere else. Three bat species are critically endangered and deserve urgent attention.
... fundamental to life and livelihood of Solomon Island peoples...
• Forests provide some of the fundamental systems required to support life. Experience in other Pacific Islands has shown that forest loss can result in issues such as failure of water supply in drought periods, loss of fisheries and landslides.
• Rural Solomon Islanders depend heavily on over 600 forest products for their subsistence livelihood and are increasingly gaining income from the sale of forest products such as rattan and ngali nuts and plantation timbers. Forests are also important for defining and maintaining cultural identities and cultural values of Solomon Islands peoples.
• Solomon Islanders, like so many in the Pacific, are struggling to integrate the use of natural resources for cash with the need to maintain the subsistence resource base on which daily life for most continues to depend.
• The Solomon Islands has one of the poorest records for forest protection on the planet with only 0.28% of its territory included in protected areas. A number of regions recommended as priorities for conservation in 1990 have subsequently been logged or cleared for oil palm.
• An unknown number of traditional protected areas or “tambu” sites exist that afford
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strong but localized protection for forests across the islands. Traditional systems of forest protection appear to be breaking down in many areas.
... under extreme and increasing threat ...
• The desperate search by government for export earnings often favors unsustainable short-term industries at the expense of long term production and threatens the natural resource base necessary to sustain the subsistence economy.
• Logging is the major threat to Solomon Islands forests as it targets all commercial lowland and low montane forests. Current operations are preceding at four times sustainable yield levels and are in no way ecologically sustainable. A recent AusAID inventory predicts the depletion of natural forests by 2015 or earlier, a situation which will collapse the forests sector and have dramatic and negative impacts on the Solomon Islands economy.
• The cultivation of oil palm requires the clearance of large areas of lowland forest and the processing of the fruit causes severe pollution of receiving rivers and coastal areas. Currently several large oil palm operations are underway and more are proposed.
• While impacts from mining are often localized, poorly regulated mining practices often lead to serious problems in groundwater contamination, negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and negative socio-economic impacts on local populations.
• Invasive Species such as weeds and feral animals are becoming more widespread in Solomon Islands.
• Remaining patches of coastal lowland forest are under pressure from further forest clearance with the expansion of shifting cultivation leading to reduction in soil fertility, lower crop yields and loss of biodiversity.
• Many of the forest areas identified as priorities for conservation by the Maruia Society in 1990 have since been logged, converted to oil palm or have experienced gradual forest loss from the expansion of agricultural areas.
There is an urgent need to reform legislation and institutions in Solomon Islands to support new models of sustainable forest management ...
• There is desperate need for reform of the forest sector which is widely recognised as corrupt and poorly managed. Timber production accounts for approximately 60% of government revenues. Yet this income stream is predicted to collapse by 2015 with the exhaustion of natural forests.
• A number of organisations are assisting communities to manage their own forests for timber production using portable sawmills. These efforts offer opportunities to link to non-timber forest product harvest and to promote alternative models of income generation for landowners.
• Current forestry legislation lacks consistency and coherence due to frequent amendments and gives very poor coverage to environmental issues.
• Appropriate and effective national legislation that promotes biodiversity conservation through establishment of protected areas, sustainable forest management and that meets the needs of customary landowners is desperately needed.
• Successful stewardship of Solomon Islands forests must provide viable alternatives to landowners that meet basic economic needs, while promoting the conservation of biodiversity and the protection of the range of forest values.
• The establishment of a national forests network would strengthen the advocacy efforts of NGOs with respect to improved forest governance and provide a forum for dialogue with
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government and industry.
WWF and Partners propose a strategy for sustainable forest management in Solomon Islands...
• That supports Solomon Islands peoples to conserve their rich biodiversity.
• That establishes a viable and ecologically representative protected areas network that conserves biodiversity and protects the conservation values of Solomon Islands Rain Forests.
• That harnesses market mechanisms including an international campaign in collaboration with key partners to raise awareness of unsustainable logging practices and an investigation into potential Forest Stewardship Council certification for large-scale commercial forestry companies.
• That offers landowners viable alternatives to the current model of industrial logging through development of community enterprise such as eco-milling and non-timber forests products.
• That improves forest governance and reduces illegal logging in Solomon Islands
• That focuses on 5 geographic areas that meet criteria of high biological priority and link with exisiting forest conservation and sustainable forest management work. These include Kolombangara Crater to Vila River Catchment, Tetepare-Hele Islands Complex, Mt. Maetambe-South Choiseul Forests Complex, Bauro Highlands in Makira Province and the Komarindi Conservation Area of Guadalcanal.
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2.0 Introduction
Since 2002, WWF Solomon Islands has been primarily a marine focused programme, although its earlier Community Resource Conservation and Development Project in Western Province had both marine and forest components. Following a significant re-duction in available funding in late 1999, WWF concentrated its efforts on community-based conservation work with Gizo Island and Tetepare Island communities, and much of the work conducted there has been of a marine nature.
Rapidly increasing levels of unsustainable logging in Solomon Islands, and the detrimen-tal impacts this will have on marine ecosystems, has encouraged WWF SI to develop a forest programme as part its current 5 year strategic plan (2006 -2011). Specifically, this programme will concentrate on three broad areas of work, namely protected areas estab-lishment, sustainable forest management through community enterprise and improved forest governance.
While Solomon Islands is a signatory to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and has endorsed the target of establishing a representative system of protected areas on land by 2010 and in the seas by 2012, the current situation is far from this goal. Today, only 0.28% of terrestrial ecosystems in Solomon Islands have formal legislative protected area designation. This coverage is one of the lowest of protected areas in the South Pacific re-gion, and in the world. Several of these areas are now mostly degraded from logging, oil palm development and encroaching human settlement. Given the tremendous pressure exerted on these forest ecosystems by the logging industry and the fact that government revenue is largely dependant on earnings from this sector, pressure on remaining intact forests will only increase in coming years. This will have dramatic and negative impacts on both viability of these unique terrestrial systems, their associated marine ecosystems, and on the livelihoods and cultural identities of Solomon Islanders unless action is taken now to conserve biodiversity and protect ecological, socio-economic and cultural values of Solomon Islands forests.
2.1 Purpose of Report
On October 18 and 19, 2005, WWF SI hosted a Forests Strategy Planning Workshop for key partners to determine where WWF should focus its efforts with respect to forests programming. The objective of the workshop was to develop a Forests Strategy for WWF in the Solomon Islands by working with partners to identify areas of common interest. Participants included national and provincial government representatives, AusAID’s Sustainable Forest Management programme, Oxfam, Greenpeace, SIDT Eco-forestry Programme, NRDF, ECANSI, MCCF, East Rennell World Heritage Trust Board, Lauru Rural Training Centre and others.
While the workshop was originally designed to develop a forest strategy solely for WWF SI, participants felt that it provided an opportunity to develop a collaborative strategy for addressing forest issues in the Solomon Islands. As a result, a strategy was prepared that reflected the collective intentions of the organisations taking part in the workshop.
This document constitutes the report on the workshop and contains a Solomon Islands Forests Strategy for 2006-2011 that is supported by the participating organisations. A separate stand alone strategy document is also available.
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3.0 Understanding Solomon Islands Forests and Forest Management
3.1 Ecoregions
The Solomon Island forests are one of the 200 most important “ecoregions” in the world and one of the 10 most threatened forest ecoregions
In 1998, global experts undertook the first comparative analysis of biodiversity to cover every major habitat type across the five continents of the world and its oceans (Olsen and Dinnerstein, 1998). This identified over 200 of the world’s most important “ecore-gions” - ecological regions that cover a relatively large area of land or water and contain a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities that share a majority of their species, dynamics and environmental conditions.
Figure 1: Global 200 Ecoregions of the World
The Solomon Islands Rain Forests Ecoregion is firmly included in this Global 200 list and is ranked in the highest category of “Globally Outstanding”. This is in recognition of being “true oceanic islands with high vertebrate endemism, including single-island endemics, restricted-range mammals, and an astounding 69 bird species found nowhere else in the world. There are 148 known bird species, including endemic beauties such as the Guadalcanal honey-eater and the San Cristobal midget. Living in the thick forest are pademelon wallabies, giant fruit bats and flying foxes.” (Wikramanayake et. al., 2002).
However, the Solomon Islands Rain Forests Ecoregion is also now listed as one of the 10 most threatened forest ecoregions in the world (WWF, 2003). With only a fraction of one percent of these forests included in protected areas and logging and oil palm threat-ening a great deal of the lowland regions, the Solomon Islands are now rated as some of the most vulnerable forest ecosystems on earth.
With New Guinea, the forests of the Solomon Islands make up the largest block of tropical rainforest remaining in the Asia Pacific and one of the three great rainforest areas on the planet.
Tropical rainforests are one of the richest ecosystems on earth containing more plants and animals in each hectare than almost any other vegetation type. And yet the area of tropical rainforests is shrinking rapidly and threatening serious loss of the world’s biodi-versity.
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Figure 2: Three Great Tropical Forests of the World
With the reduction of the great Borneo forests by logging, oil palm and fire, the block of tropical rainforests covering New Guinea and the Solomon Islands together is now the largest remaining in the Asia Pacific region. The forests of the New Guinea and Melanesia bioregion, which include the Solomon Islands, cover 94 million ha of land. This is the largest area of tropical rainforest remaining in the Asia Pacific region, significantly larger than the forests of Borneo and 10 times the area of the neighboring World Heritage listed Wet Tropic rainforests of Australia. These are by far the most significant rainforests of the Pacific in extent and stand with New Caledonia as the most significant in biological diversity and endemism.
The Bismarck and Solomon Seas boast the highest diversity of saltwater fish and coral species in the world. Reef fish diversity and abundance is increasingly being seen as connected to the health of forested streams.
The marine areas of the Solomon Islands are part of the Bismarck Solomon Seas Ecoregion (BSSE), one of the richest marine areas of the world. A Rapid Ecological Assessment conducted by TNC in 2004, indicated that Solomon Islands has the second highest diversity of coral species in the world after Raja Ampat in Indonesia. Over 494 coral species were found with several new species discovered. The BSSE also has high levels of fish biodiversity with 1019 different species noted in this same survey.The far western end of the BSSE in the Raja Ampat Islands in Papua, Indonesia boasts the highest diversity of coral and saltwater fish species on the planet.
Recent studies are showing that there is a much more significant link between forests and reef fish biomass and diversity (pers. comm. A. Jenkins 2005). It is well known that a number of fish spend part of their life cycle in waters around mangrove forests. In addition it is becoming clear that other fish such as snappers spend time in forested streams during their juvenile period. Indeed a significant proportion of reef fish inhabit the upper and lower reaches of forest streams in their early developmental stages.
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Figure 3: Bismarck Solomon Seas Ecoregion is one of the richest marine areas on the planet
3.3 Vegetation Types
A range of forest types are found across the Solomon Islands, many of them unique to this region.
Mueller and Dubois (1998) recognize 7 vegetation types in Solomon Islands, while Whitmore (1966) has further identified six lowland rainforest types.
Coastal strand vegetation (saline swamps) are found on lands subject to inter-tidal flood-ing, such as estuaries and foreshores. These are primarily mangrove areas that occur on 2.3% of Solomon Islands land area and are poor in species diversity (dominated by Bruguiera spp. and Rhizophora spp.). Extensive areas of this vegetation type are found on Isabel, New Georgia, Malaita, Marovo lagoon, Makira and east Guadalcanal. Saline swamps play critical roles as food and cultural resources for rural communities.
Riverine forests (freshwater swamps) are characterized by mixed herbaceous species, palms, Pandanus spp. and other wetland or wet ground species such as sago and rose-wood. Such areas are particularly sensitive to soil compaction from logging. Lauvi lagoon area of Guadalcanal and west-central Makira are notable areas of this vegetation type.
Lowland forest, including hill forest, is the climax vegetation and most common forest type in the country. Floristically it is closely related to forests of Malesia (Malaysia, Phil-ippines, Indonesia, and PNG), although there are fewer genera and species and trees are smaller. There are 60 major tree species, twelve of which form the canopy layer includ-ing Calophyllum kajewski, Callophyllum vitiense, Eleocarpus sphaericus, Enospermum meddulossum, Gmelina molucana, Maranthes corymbosa, Parinari solomnensis, Pometia pinnata, Dillenia salmononensis and Schizomeria serrata. Hill forest is lowland forest found on higher slopes and well drained sites. It has a Pometia dominated canopy, and includes species such as Callophyllum kajewski, Endospermum medullosum, Gmelina moluccana, Canarium, Parinari and Vitex. Lowland forest forms the bulk of commercial forest in Solomon Islands, while the lower slopes of Mt. Maetambe in Choiseul are a good example of lowland hill forest.
Montane, or cloud forest, occurring at higher altitudes is present in Solomons as low as 700m. There is a marked reduction in species numbers here with a prevalence of Myrta-ceae, Podocarpus spp. and epiphytic rhododendrons. No clear lower montane forest zone is distinguishable, while upper montane comprises stunted moss covered trees such
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as Dacrydium and Eugenia. There is little commercial exploitation of this area. Kolom-bangara Crater and Popomanaseu on Guadalcanal are good examples.
Non-forest communities, such as the seasonal dry forests or grasslands cover 1-2% of Solomons land area. These are believed to be human induced landscapes from the use of fire. Introduced grass species, such as Themeda australisis (kangaroo grass) & Imperata cylindrica dominate. These are located mostly in northern plains of Guadalcanal and the Florida Islands.
A detailed breakdown of the above vegetation zones, including zone components and species is provided in the following chart.
Vegetation Types (adapted from Mueller and Dubois, 1998)
Zone Zone components Major Species Location
Coastal strand vegetation (mangroves)
Tall forest dominated by Rhizophora sp.& Brugueria sp.
Rhizophora sp.& Brugueria sp. dominated Impoea, Spinifex, Canavalia, Thuarea, Cyperus, Scaevola, Hibiscus, Pandanus, Tournefor tia, Cerbera, Calophyllum, Barringtonia, Terminalian and Casuarina
Isabel, New Georgia, Malaita, Makira, eastern Guadalcanal
Low forest dominated by Rhizophora apiculata
Rhizophora apiculata dominated Impoea, Spinifex, Canavalia, Thuarea, Cyperus, Scaevola, Hibiscus, Pandanus, Tournefor tia, Cerbera, Calophyllum, Barringtonia, Terminalian and Casuarina
Isabel, New Georgia, Malaita, Makira, eastern Guadalcanal
Freshwater swamp/Riverine forest
Camphosperma brevipetiolata dominated
Campnosperma breviopetiolata Inocarpus fagiferus, Eugenia tierneyana, Barringtonia spp., Calophyllum vexans, Pterocarpus indicus
Widespread on most islands, New Georgia
Closed canopy Terminalia brassi dominated
Terminalia brassi, Inocarpus fagiferus, Eugenia
Widespread on most islands, New Georgia
Freshwater swamp - sago
Metroxylon salomonense Widespread on most islands, New Georgia
Low open canopied - pandanus
Eugenia tierneyana, Inocarpus fagiferus, Er ythrina orientalis and pandanus
Widespread on most islands, New Georgia
Mixed swamp forest Inocarpus fagifer, Syzygium tierneyana, Intsia bijuga, Barrington racemosa, Callophyllum vexans, Pterocarpus indicus, Campnosperma brevipetiolata, Terminalia brassi
Widespread on most islands, New Georgia
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Lowland forest Lowland beach forest Ipomoea pescaprae, Canavalia rosea, Virna marina, Wollastonia biflora, Barringtonia asiatica, Callophyllum inophyllum, Cerbera manghas, Heritiera littoralis, Intsia bijuga, Terminalia catappa, Casuarina equisetifolia
Widespread
Lowland forest - mixed sp.
Calophyllum kajewski, Callophyllum vitiense, Eleocarpus sphaericus, Enospermum meddulossum, Gmelina molucana, Maranthes corymbosa, Parinari solomnensis, Pometia pinnata, Dillenia salmononensis, Schizomeria serrata,Terminalia calamansanai
Widespread
Camphosperma dominated lowland forest
Camphosperma breviopetiolatum
Widespread
Hill forest Pometia pinnata, Callophyllum kajewski, Endospermum medullosum, Gmelina mollucana, Canarium spp., Parinari salomonensis, Vitex cofassus
Lower slopes of Mt. Maetambe (Choiseul)
Low diversity forests Ultramafic soils, Casuarina papuana, Dillenia crenata, Gulubia hombronii, Xanthostemon, Myr tella beccarri, Pandanus lamprocephalus
South tip of Choiseul and Isabel, San Jorge
Montane Upper montane Syzygium (Eugenia) sp, Metrosideros sp., Ardisia sp., Ficus, Rhododendron, Dacrydium spp, Podocarpus pilgeri
Kolombangara, Popomanaseu (Guadalcanal)
Seasonal dr y forest and grasslands
Pometia pinnata, Vitex cofassus, Kleinhovia hospita, Themata sp., Imperata cylindrica Pterocarpus indicus, Antiasis toxicaria, Ficus spp. and Sterculia spp.
Nor thern Guadalcanal, Florida Islands
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3.4 Key Taxa
The Solomon Island forests with 4500 species of plants are recognised as one of the world’s great Centres of Plant Diversity, rich in unique palms, orchids and climbing pan-danus. 25 tree species are threatened.
The Solomon Islands is recognised as one of the world’s Centres of Plant Diversity (Davis et. al., 1995). With an estimated 4,500 species of higher plants, it is one of the richer rainforest areas in the world and is significantly more diverse than most other Pacific islands with the exception of New Guinea.
While Solomon Islands plants generally exhibit low endemism relative to Western Mela-nesia, specific plant families, such as the palms, orchids and climbing pandanus families exhibit high degree of species endemism. For example, 57% of palms, 50% of orchids (230 species) and 75% of the climbing pandanus species are endemic. Of particular interest are the ancient plants (the most primitive group of flowering plants), such as the Winteraceae family which has 4 endemics in Solomons and the pea family (Lees et. al., 1990).
Solomon Islands has over 25 threatened tree species, including ebony, rosewood, rattan and some palms. Ebony (Diospyros insularis) is listed as critically endangered. The sta-tus of many other forest plants is still unknown. A complete listing of endangered tree species of Solomons is given in Appendix 7.5. During the workshop WWF and partners conducted an analysis of key areas of threatened tree species. While these exist through-out the country, the greatest number is in Guadalcanal and Choiseul.
Figure 4: Threatened Tree Species of Solomon Islands
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The Solomon Islands forests have more unique restricted range and unique bird species by area than any other place on earth. 72 of the 163 land birds in the Solomon Islands are found only here or in close neighbouring islands. Most provinces hold at least one unique bird found only on that province and up to 12 unique species in the case of Makira. Many of these restricted species are also gravely threatened. On these grounds alone, the Solomon forests deserve world attention to support their protection and sustainable management.
An exhaustive global review of the geography of unique bird species (Stattersfield et. al., 1998) found that the Solomon Islands has the highest levels of bird endemism in the world. On this ground alone the Solomon forests deserve world attention for their protection.
Of the 163 land birds in Solomons, 72 (44%) are endemic or near endemic and a further 62 (38%) are considered unique sub-species. The white eyes (Zosterops spp.) of West-ern Province are a classic textbook example of speciation. The well-know American geographer and ornithologist Jared Diamond (1976) has remarked that “there is no other place in the world...where biological phenomenon of speciation and population variation among islands are so obvious”.
An analysis of endemic birds conducted during the workshop indicated a number of priority areas for bird conservation. For restricted range and threatened species, Guadal-canal is highest priority, followed by key endemic areas of Western Province and Makira. Choiseul is also a priority area for threatened species.
Figure 5: Endemic Birds of Solomon Islands
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Figure 6: Endemic Birds of Western Province
A significant proportion of the mammals, lizards, frogs, snails and insects in the Solomon Islands are found nowhere else. Three bat species are critically endangered and deserve urgent attention.
Solomon Islands is home to 53 known species of mammals, mostly bats, rats and pos-sums. There are 3 endangered species of rat including Spechts mosaic tailed rat (Melo-mys specti), Poncelet’s giant rat (Solomys ponceleti) and Emperor rat (Uromys empera-ta).
Of the 34 species of bats in the Solomon Islands, 19 are endemic and 3 are critically endangered, including the Montane Monkey-faced bat (Pteralopex pulchra), Guadalca-nal monkey faced bat (Pteralopex atrata) and Bougainville monkey-faced bat (Pteralopex ansep).
Reptiles and amphibians also exhibit high endemism here. The Shenomorphus skink genus has 9 endemic species, while the Corucia genus is endemic. Snakes have one en-demic genus (Loveridgelaps) and the Solomonenlaps genus is endemic to both Solomons and Bougainville. Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) are widespread through the islands.
Solomon Islands is home to 25 frog species which show high endemism at the genus level. There are 25 endemic snail species. Insects are particularly unknown, although 130 species of butterflies have been recorded, including 35 endemics. Many of these endemic species are of the large and beautiful bird-wing butterflies.
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3.5 Values
Forests provide some of the fundamental systems required to support life. Experience in other Pacific Islands has shown that forest loss can result in issues such as failure of water supply in drought periods, loss of fisheries and landslides.
In addition to their significant biodiversity and species endemism, the forest ecosystems of the Solomon Islands play critical ecological roles that sustain life. The maintenance of watersheds and water quality, soil retention and erosion control, provision of critical habitat for fauna, climate regulation, nutrient cycling and the pollination of plants are just a few of the essential ecological services provided by forests to Solomon Islands, the New Guinea and Melanesian bioregion, and the world.
Experience from Solomon Islands and the wider region has demonstrated that forest loss can result in issues such as failure of water supply, loss of fisheries and landslides. Forest loss in Solomon Islands is occurring at an alarming rate. Satellite mapping work undertaken by a recent forest inventory suggests that natural forests will be exhausted in Solomon Islands by 2015 unless dramatic efforts are undertaken to reverse this trend. An environmental impact assessment by the UK-based NGO Forests Monitor (1997) detailed pollution from sedimentation and loss of water supply and predicted a consequent long-term loss of forest productivity in Isabel province as a result of poor logging practices. An increase in logging operations in Marovo lagoon in recent years in Solomon Islands has left many rural communities faced with high levels of sedimenta-tion resulting in fish kills and contaminated water supplies. Logging at Viru Harbour in Western Province has also caused high levels of fish kills for many years even after log-ging operations had ceased (pers. comm. L. Kilivisi, 2005). Currently, logging in catch-ment areas around Honiara town water supply is believed to be responsible for failing and intermittent water supply to Honiara residents
In Western Province, Papua New Guinea, forest loss associated with road construction and unsustainable logging during the Kiunga-Aiambak project resulted in loss of clean water supply, loss of wildlife and game species and threats to food security (Greenpeace, 2001).
Rural Solomon Islanders depend heavily on over 600 forest products for their subsistence livelihood and are increasingly gaining income from the sale of forest products such as rattan and ngali nuts and plantation timbers. Forests are also important for defining and maintaining cultural identities and cultural values of Solomon Islands peoples.
The majority of Solomon Islanders (85%) are highly dependant on forests to maintain largely subsistence lifestyles. Henderson and Hancock (1988) have identified more than 600 species of plants used for a range of uses from food products to housing materials to fish poisons. Many Solomon Islanders supplement bush medicines from the forests for western treatments, while forests provide important nutrition sources during certain times of year (i.e. Canarium spp.).
Industrial timber production accounts for 60% of government revenue derived largely from duties payable on raw log exports. Plantations also account for significant wood flows with industrial scale plantations occurring in Kolombangara, Isabel and Santa Cruz. In addition to large scale industrial plantations, village based plantations cover 2000 ha and support mostly high value species such as teak and mahogany. Approximately 500 small scale licensees for village based milling provide an important source of housing materials and for local milling of kwila and rosewood which are prohibited for export as round logs.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 19
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) of significant value to Solomon Islands include ngali nuts, handicrafts, butterfly farming and rattan (Calamus spp.). The marketing of forest products such as ngali nuts is also a significant cash generator for many people, especially women. Isabel Development Company is currently working on cane furniture from rattan, although there is also an undeveloped informal sector in Gizo and Malaita. Other areas of potential NTFPs identified during the workshop include biodiesel from coconut oil, kava, fruit drying, noni (herbal medicine), mangrove fruit and sandalwood.
Solomon Islanders, like so many people in the Pacific, are struggling to integrate the use of natural resources for cash with the need to maintain the subsistence resource base on which daily life for most continues to depend.
In addition to the above ecological and socio-economic values, forests play critical roles in defining and maintaining cultural identities. Cultural values often exert an enormous influence on community natural resource decision-making. Globalization, the influ-ence of the cash economy and unsustainable western lifestyles are impacting the tradi-tional knowledge of landowners and pose new challenges for incorporating traditional ecological knowledge into natural resource decision-making processes.
3.5 Protected Areas
The Solomon Islands has one of the poorest records for forest protection on the planet with only 0.28% of its territory included in protected areas. A number of regions recommended as priorities for conservation in 1990 have subsequently been logged or cleared for oil palm.
The Solomon Islands is a signatory to the Convention of Biological Diversity and has endorsed the target of establishing a representative system of protected areas on land by 2010 and in the seas by 2012. However, the current situation is far from this goal. Currently, 0.28% of Solomon Islands terrestrial ecosystems are under formal legislative protection. This is one of the lowest protected areas coverage in the South Pacific and in the world. Formal protected areas are recognised as the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
Solomon Islands lacks any formal protected areas legislation. Most existing legislation that governs the development of natural resources is inappropriate for biodiversity conservation and unsuitable for meeting the needs of customary landowners. At the provincial level, Western Province has developed a Resource Management Ordinance, under which customary owners can apply for an order to set guidelines about the use of their resources. Some communities such as those on Simbo have used this to give legal protection to their megapode hatcheries, while several other communities such as those around Gizo and Tetepare Islands are making efforts towards these. Solomon Islands was the site for the first World Heritage area in the Pacific, Lake Tengamo in Rennell Island. Marovo Lagoon has also been proposed as a second site.
National legislation that is appropriate to biodiversity conservation and that meets the needs of customary landowners is urgently required.
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Existing Forest Protected Areas with formal protection
No Name Description Area
1 Queen Elizabeth National Park
Mt. Austen area of Honiara, currently overrun by squatter settlement, highly degraded
1093 ha
2 Lake Tengamo, Rennell Island
World Heritage Listed Lake Tengamo
37,000 ha
Existing Forest Protected Areas with informal protection
No Name Description Area
1 Tetepare Conservation Area
Tetepare Island - marine and terrestrial area. Western Province.
11,000 ha
2 Makira Conservation Area Bauro Highlands, Makira Island
63,000 ha
3 Simbo Conservation Area Megapode hatcheries - RMO, Western Province
725 ha
4 Komarindi Catchment Area Established by DFEC in ear ly 1990s, Guadalcanal
19,300 ha
5 Arnavon Marine Conservation Area
Mostly marine, but 500m buffer of terrestrial area, Western Province
An unknown number of traditional protected areas or “tambu” sites exist that afford strong but localized protection for forests across the islands. Traditional systems of forest protection appear to be breaking down in many areas.
It should be recognised that there are countless traditional protected areas or “tambu” sites that afford strong protection for forests across the islands. There number and size of these is unknown. Participants to the workshop indicated that many communities are experiencing a breakdown of traditional systems of forest protection and argue that for-est conservation efforts should try to revive such practices where possible.
In 1990, the Maruia Society of New Zealand conducted a survey of areas of biological importance across the Solomon Islands and proposed a set of locations for the establish-ment of a representative reserve system (see Lees, et. al., 1990). Many of these areas have subsequently been degraded by logging, oil palm development or agricultural clearance. A revision of this analysis is now urgently needed. In 2003, a similar review of the envi-ronmental values of the Bismarck Solomon Seas proposed a set of priority marine areas (WWF, 2003).
3.6 Threats
The desperate search by government for export earnings often favors unsustainable short-term industries at the expense of long term production and threatens the natural resource base necessary to sustain the subsistence economy.
As elsewhere in the Pacific, globalization and its far-reaching economic and social consequences are having dramatic impacts on the lives of Solomon Islanders and their
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 21
natural resources. The need for income to participate in cash economy and the desire for economic development and basic social services coupled with a high population growth rate (2.8% per annum) has been driving much of the change in attitude to exploitation of natural resources. There is a critical need for effective protection of biodiversity and sustainable forest management.
Large-scale commercial development projects, such as mining, oil palm and logging, are favoured by the central government because they offer high rates of return with almost all of the investment and economic risk being borne by transnational corporations. In the case of logging and mining, there are also immediate and lucrative cash benefits for landowners, without the need for any investment or labour on their part. A high propor-tion of the country’s coastal forests have been converted to copra, coconut oil and palm oil production, despite low economic returns.
Figure 7: Threats to Solomon Islands Forests
Logging is the major threat to Solomon Islands forests as its main target is lowland and low montane forests. Current operations are proceeding at almost four times sustainable yield level and are in no way ecologically sustainable. A recent AusAID inventory predicts the depletion of natural forests by 2015, a situation which will jeopardize the existence of the forest sector and have dramatic and negative impacts on the Solomon Islands economy.
Commercial logging poses the greatest threat to lowland and low montane forests in Solomon Islands. The timber industry has been the largest single source of foreign earnings since 1990. During the 1980s, logging maintained a regular harvest of about 300,000 cubic metres per year but this has escalated dramatically for at least the last decade. In 2004, almost 1,000, 000 cubic metres of raw logs were exported from Solo-mon Islands. This is almost 4 times the sustainable yield, or sustainable harvest level. A recent forest inventory by AusAID suggests that if present cutting rates are maintained, natural forests will be exhausted by 2015 or earlier (AusAID, 2003).
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 22
The cultivation of oil palm requires the clearance of large areas of lowland forest and the processing of fruit causes severe pollution of receiving rivers and coastal areas. Currently, several oil palm operations are underway and more are proposed.
The cultivation of oil palm requires the clearance of large areas of lowland forest and the processing of the fruit causes severe pollution of receiving rivers and coastal areas. Currently several large oil palm operations are underway in Solomons. The new Guadalcanal Palm Oil Ltd. venture has been established after the former operator ceased production during the ethnic tension. Silvannia Products Ltd has begun development of a 4000 ha oil palm operation on Vangunu Island, although a recent audit shows that only 700 ha have been planted and it is widely acknowledgement that this is primarily a logging operation (Solomon Star, 2005). Vangunu Island is one of the major islands protecting Marovo Lagoon. Large-scale oil palm development replaces natural forests with a monocrop and has major impacts on the marine ecosystems of the lagoon, with a consequent loss of biodiversity and available resources for traditional harvesting by local communities. Oil palm development is also currently proposed for the Aluta Basin of Malaita.
While impacts from mining are often localized, poorly regulated mining practices often lead to serious problems in groundwater contamination, negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and negative socio-economic impacts on local populations.
The only mining operation in Solomon Islands is the Gold Ridge Mine in central Guadalcanal. Mine operations were suspended during the 2002 ethnic tension, but an Australian consortium has made efforts to reopen in recent months. Prospecting con-tinues in Guadalcanal and other areas and several deposits of commercially viable ore have been identified on Vangunu, Vella Lavella, Choiseul, Simbo, Isabel, Shortlands and Malaita. Micro-diamonds have been discovered on Malaita, while Rennell and Bellona are known to have bauxite deposits. Nickel deposits have been identified on St. George and the weathercoast of Isabel. While impacts from mining are often localized, poorly regulated mining practices often lead to serious problems in groundwater contamination, negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and negative socio-economic impacts on local populations.
Invasive species such as weeds and feral animals like rats and cats are becoming more widespread in Solomon Islands.
Invasive species such as weeds like Meremia pelata and feral animals like rats and cats are becoming more widespread in Solomon Islands, although little is known about their effects and very few management programmes have been instituted to address them. Merremia pelata infestations are common on disturbed sites such as logged areas. Most commonly occurring invasive species include cane toads (Bufo marinus) which were introduced into Solomon Islands in the middle of the last century. They are now distrib-uted widely throughout lowland areas, and have devastated populations of indigenous frogs. Black twig borer, rhinocerous beetle, fruit flies, fire ants, pigs, dogs, cats and rats are also present. Feral cats, in particular, have had an impact on many ground-dwelling bird species, including megapode populations (Megapodius eremita) on Simbo Island, while pigs have impacts on soil stability and cause damage to forests. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has invaded river systems on Vella Lavella and Choiseul. Paper mulberry (Browsonaetia papyrifera) has made inroads in Guadalcanal. The mimosa weed is common throughout Guadalcanal and has spread to other areas, although Solomons does not yet have Mimosa pigra which strangles trees. African tulip tree, rain tree, wild tamarind and giant sensitive plant are also present. The Asian myna bird (Acridotheres tristis) is common on Guadalcanal but has not reached other parts of Solomons.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 23
Remaining patches of coastal lowland forest are under pressure from further forest clearance with the expansion of shifting cultivation leading to reduction in soil fertility, lower crop yields and loss of biodiversity.
Remaining patches of habitat within the coastal lowland rainforest belt are coming under intense pressure from further clearance. Expansion of shifting cultivation to natural forest areas not previously cleared, including those opened up by ‘selective’ logging is occurring especially in the more densely populated province of Malaita. In areas previ-ously cleared for agriculture there is a reduction in the fallow period and/or an extension in the period of cultivation, leading to lower yields due to decreases in soil fertility and increases in weeds and pests.
Many of the forest areas identified as priorities for conservation by the Maruia Society in 1990 have since been logged, converted to oil palm or have experienced gradual forest loss from the expansion of agricultural areas.
Many of priority areas for conservation identified by Maruia society have been logged, converted to oil palm or have been gradually eroded due to expanding agricultural areas.
3.7 Forest Management Institutions and Actors
There is desperate need for reform of the forest sector which is widely recognised as corrupt and poorly managed. Timber production accounts for approximately 60% of government revenues. Yet this income stream is predicted to collapse by 2015 with the exhaustion of natural forests.
It is widely recognized that the Solomon Islands forest sector is corrupt, poorly regulated and needs significant reform. Enforcement of legislation is poor as government depart-ments suffer a severe lack of capacity and financial resources. This has led to high levels of illegal logging and many abuses of regulations within the forest sector.
The 2003 AusAID funded SOLFRIS inventory calculated a sustainable yield as 255,000 m3/year, yet the 2004 harvest rate was in excess of 1,000,000 m3, almost 4 times the estimated sustained yield of sustainable harvest rate. If logging continues at its current pace, Solomon Islands natural forests will be exhausted by 2015 and government rev-enues will plummet, sinking the country into an ever increasing dependency on foreign aid.
The forest industry provides direct employment, or indirect employment through small-scale family plantations, to approximately 75, 000 people. Between 50 to 70% of govern-ment foreign revenue derived from duties payable on raw log exports totaling $90 million SBD in 2003 is generated by the forest industry. This translates to 30% of Solomon Islands non-aid income.
Asian forest companies, mostly Malaysian, Chinese and Korean comprise the major-ity of the logging companies operating in Solomon Islands, although a few Australian companies are also active. Companies generally negotiate directly with the customary landowners for access to timber in exchange for, often unfulfilled, promises of communi-ty-development projects such as clinics or schools. Although land ownership is vested in clans, many companies prefer to deal with individual representatives of the clan. Hence, such individuals are often self-appointed and land disputes are common. The custom-ary ownership system means that almost 90% of forests are essentially under ‘private’ control. This differs from the state owned or crown land ownership models prevalent in many western countries. While customary land ownership poses major challenges for the regulation of the forest industry, it is also one of the Melanesia’s greatest strengths in
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 24
that almost everyone has a right to land and hence the poverty generally associated with landless communities is not seen here. Landowners are often mistrustful of government who try to make rules regarding customarily owned land.
Plantations also play a significant role in the forest sector. Large-scale industrial planta-tions such as those at Kolombangara operating under the FSC-certified Kolombangara Forest Products Ltd (KFPL) and those at Viru operated by Eagon Ltd are one possibil-ity of meeting future wood supply needs of Solomon Islands. Small-scale family owned plantations (about 5000 families) of high value species like teak, mahogany, eucalyptus and Gmelina arborrea are play a major role in plantation production. Combined planta-tion exports from these sources totalled 96,000m3 in 2003, although these are predicted to rise to a maximum of 250,000 m3/yr by 2015 at which point a land base constraint will make further expansion impossible.
A number of organisations are assisting communities to manage their own forests for timber production using portable sawmills. These efforts offer opportunities to link to non-timber forest products harvest and to promote alternative models of income generation for landowners.
A current AusAID funded forestry project is focusing on legislative reform, institutional strengthening of the SI Forestry Division and supporting the rural sector, mostly in small-scale milling and expansion of family plantations. Several other small scale forest enterprises such as eco-timber milling are underway with their proponents advocating for the development of alternatives to industrial forestry. NRDF supports commu-nity-based eco-milling projects in Vella Lavella and Choiseul. Greenpeace and SIDT’s Eco-forestry Programme offer training in eco-forestry to communities, including project management capacity building, timber grading and milling assistance and assist in secur-ing markets through Village Eco-timber Enterprise (VETE), which links producers to customers through the establishment of markets for Solomon Islands timber and pro-motes lesser known species to overseas buyers. Greenpeace also works with communities to certify operations to Greenpeace Eco-forestry standards.
Oxfam Australia is active in capacity building of civil society organizations to speak out on the impacts of large scale natural resources developments and encourages communi-ties to influence and participate in decisions affecting their livelihoods. Oxfam is pri-marily a network building organization working at community, provincial, national and regional levels. It supports SIDT’s Eco-forestry Programme and Greenpeace eco-timber projects. Oxfam also supports Environmental Concerns Action Network of Solomon Islands (ECANSI), which is focused on raising community awareness of social and economic impact of logging. ECANSI also works to raise awareness of legal rights and entitlements in relation to forests and lands as determined in Solomon Islands legislation and the Solomon Islands Logging Code of Practice, with the objective of helping com-munities make informed decisions regarding their natural resources.
Tetepare Descendants’ Association (TDA) has established a conservation area on Tetepare Island in Western Province. TDA works at the community level to promote the conservation and sustainable management of Tetepare’s natural and cultural resourc-es through eco-tourism and sustainable livelihood projects in member communities.
Makira Community Conservation Foundation (MCCF) aims to conserve the natural resources of Makira Island for the benefit of local communities through a consensus ap-proach that works within the traditional land tenure framework, and focuses on commu-nity development and appropriate technology. MCCF work with 38 local communities in natural resources management and supports village economic development projects such as ngali nut processing and eco-tourism. MCCF works closely with and, is sup-ported by Conservation International.
UNESCO’s World Heritage has worked with communities on Rennell Island to
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 25
designate Lake Tengamo as World Heritage site and provides support to community conservation efforts there.
Figure 8: Current Work on Sustainable Forestry and Forests Conservation
3.8 Forest Policy Context
Current forestry legislation lacks consistency and coherence and gives very poor coverage to environmental issues.
The current legislation that oversees forestry operations in Solomon Islands is the Forest Resources and Timber Utilisation Act originally enacted in 1969. Frequent amendments have been made over the years to reflect changing forest policies resulting in a current act which is unwieldy and difficult to interpret. This legislation requires licensing for all felling of trees and milling, which are granted by the Commissioner for Forests. There is provision for the Minister to declare “Forest Reserves” under this act for the purposes of conserving water resources, although this has never been used. The Act also empowers the Minister to impose levies.
The 2004 Forestry Bill which aimed to update the Forests act was tabled by parliament in late 2004. This bill sets out improved sectoral planning procedures, revises the system of timber felling licenses to put the onus for performance on the loggers instead of the license holder (usually customary landowners), introduces logging controls (such as the Logging Code of Practice), and requires performance bonds. Last year the bill was shelved after calls for improved consultation. Many people saw this as a political delay-ing tactic and at present there seems little hope of reform of the current act until a new government is elected in 2006.
There are also Forest Regulations under the current Forests Act that have been prepared due to the reluctance of Parliament to pass Forestry Bill. These were gazetted in 2005 and require loggers to comply with a range of specified practices which aim to reduce logging damage and thus protect the productivity of the forest. These regulations legal-ized the Code of Logging Practice and increased licensing fees. There are penalties for non-compliance and they specify the requirements for the application for a felling license and the content of such license. These also introduce the requirement for a performance bond.
The 1998 Environment Act established the Division of Environment and Conserva-tion. Official gazettal of the Act did not occur until 2003. This Act requires that any development such as logging, sawmilling and other forms of timber processing require an
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 26
environmental impact statement or public environmental report before Director approval to commence with the development provided specified conditions have been met.
The 1998 Wildlife Protection and Management Act regulates trade in wildlife and pro-hibits some species for export.
Currently, there is no appropriate national legislation for the establishment of protected areas other than the inadequate provisions with the Forests Act to declare reserves for protection of water catchments. A 1954 National parks Act exists but it is archaic and irrelevant. This act created Queen Elizabeth National Park in the Mt. Austen area near Honiara in the same year, which today is a “paper” park that is highly degraded from encroaching human settlement. No provisions exist within this act to empower custom-ary landowners to make decisions about their resources, instead it follows an out-dated colonial model of national park creation by annexing land by government decree.
Western Province is the only province with provincial legislation that has been used by some communities to demarcate conservation areas and give legal recognition to custom-ary landowners who want to apply rules to how their resources should be used. Simbo Island has used the Resource Management Ordinance to protect megapode birds in the mid 1990s. Currently, WWF SI and the community-based Tetepare Descendants’ As-sociation are making efforts towards RMO establishment for Gizo Marine Conservation Area and Tetepare Island respectivel
Appropriate and effective national legislation that promotes biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas, sustainable forest management and that meets the needs of customary landowners is desperately needed.
Effective and appropriate legislation for establishment of protected areas that promotes the conservation of biodiversity and is responsive to the needs of customary landowners is long overdue for Solomon Islands.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 27
4.0 Lessons on Forest Management
4.1 Principles for Successful Stewardship of Solomon Islands Forests
Successful stewardship of Solomon Islands forests must provide viable alternatives to landowners that meet basic economic needs, while promoting the conservation of biodiversity and the protection of a range of forest values.
Workshop participants identified several lessons for successful forest management using their collective understanding and extensive experience with conservation and sustain-able forest management projects. There was an overwhelming agreement that forest conservation efforts must go hand in hand with demonstrated viable income-generat-ing alternatives for landowners. Projects that blend both practical demonstrations and conservation awareness are more likely to achieve success. The success of such practical alternatives is also largely dependant on having secure markets (such as a direct selling agent in the case of eco-timber) and effective transportation means. These are major challenges for Solomon Islands which is a small player in international markets and has a highly dispersed geography.
Workshop participants believe that capacity must be built at the grassroots and that the focus of income generation projects should be on the family and extended family net-work. The participation of women must be given high priority in all phases of project design and implementation and women must be empowered to take leadership roles es-pecially on the financial management side. Clear, effective criteria are needed to guide the community selection process. Good leadership at the village level is acknowledged to be a key factor in determining the success of forest management projects. Past experience suggests that early intervention is needed before communities have made decisions to log their forests. Additionally, while communities may be willing to engage in a particular project they often face additional challenges of raising initial ‘cash flow’ to raise start up capital and many have experienced difficulties in getting good planting stock at appropri-ate prices. Participants also felt that where possible traditional knowledge and practices of forest protection must be valued and incorporated into future forests conservation work. This was felt to be especially critical given the perceived loss of this traditional knowledge within younger generations.
Participants expressed frustration over the weak enforcement of existing legislation and felt that a stronger network is needed to pressure national and provincial governments to improve forest governance and promote sustainable forest management. Participants advocated for increased support to forest extension workers in order to get technical expertise to rural communities, and argued that such extension workers need to be pro-active in engaging rural communities.
There is also a need to establish a broader network that includes provincial and national authorities and larger NGOs and regional organizations to advocate for improved forest governance. Current efforts at forest conservation are ad hoc and coordination among NGOs is weak.
Successful forest conservation efforts must be holistic in nature and encompass both for-est and marine interfaces where possible.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 2�
4.2 Gaps in Forests Work in Solomon Islands
The establishment of a national forests network would strengthen the advocacy efforts of NGOs with respect to improved forest management and provide a forum for dialogue with government and industry.
Workshop participants identified three key areas where improved forests management was needed in Solomons. This was done using small groups and then within a larger discussion. Ideas were refined using the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely (SMART) criteria. Broadly key areas discussed were strengthening the ad hoc network that exists with NGOs engaged in forest work to share lessons and support each other. Key to this discussion was the idea that increased collaboration will allow a more effective advocacy for policy change. Also of key concern was the feeling that conserva-tion activities must offer practical solutions to landowners, not simply awareness. This must be done in a way that empowers landowners and gets them involved in all aspects of project management.
Capacity building is an enormous need, both at the community level and within the NGOs and community-based organizations themselves. Participants specifically identi-fied a need to strengthen existing community based organizations, local NGOs, Rural Training Centres and communities with respect to sustainable forest management.
Participants also identified gaps in forest governance, particularly within enforcement of existing legislation and inappropriate or outdated legislation. It was felt that while some of the legislation is good, it needs to be backed up by government action and that govern-ment also needs to be supported and encouraged to value forest conservation, protected areas and alternatives, more sustainable models of forest management. Partners believe they can play a role in encouraging government to be more pro-active through the devel-opment of a Forests Network.
4.3 Priority Sites and Key partners for WWF Forests Work
Priorities sites for forests work include areas of Choiseul, Western Province, Makira and Guadalcanal. These have been chosen based on biological uniqueness, level of threat, proximity to critical marine areas and relevance to existing WWF work. WWF will work through or in partnership with existing NGOs and community based organisations in other areas where areas of interest coincide.
Priority areas were chosen on the basis of their biological uniqueness, susceptibility to threats and their connection or proximity to where WWF SI is already working. Using GIS maps and accumulated knowledge from participants, as series of digital layers were produced indicating areas of high species endemism, threatened species, restricted range species, important marine areas, threats and existing work sites.
There have been a few analyses of priority areas for forest conservation conducted in Solomons. The most complete one is by Lees (1990) who identified priority areas by island. This is the analysis used to inform discussions at the workshop. These priority areas were overlaid with WWF and TNC’s priority marine areas of the BSSE, to get a more complete picture of priority areas for Solomons.
As logging of lowland forests is the number one threat to forests at present, partici-pants felt that action should be undertaken in threatened areas where logging has been proposed but has not yet started. Areas identified included Choiseul and Guadalcanal for tree species, Guadalcanal, Western Province, Choiseul, Makira and Rennell for birds, Guadalcanal, Malaita, western Province and Isabel for mangroves and freshwater
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 29
swamps, montane forest areas of Kolombangara, Popomanaseu in Guadalcanal. Of par-ticular interest are the ebony forests on ultra basic soils in South-east Choiseul, in which twenty species of endemics have been identified under the SPRIG project.
Figure 9: Priority Areas for Forests Conservation
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5.0 Towards a Forests Strategy for Solomon Islands
WWF and partners propose a strategy for sustainable forest management in the Solo-mon Islands ...
• That supports Solomon Islands peoples to conserve their rich biodiversity by offering alternatives to the current model of ecologically unsustainable timber production
• That establishes a viable and ecologically representative protected areas network that conserves biodiversity and protects the conservation values of Solomon Islands Rain Forests
• That offers viable alternatives to the current model of industrial logging through development of community enterprise such as eco-milling and non-timber forests products
• That improves forest governance and reduces illegal logging in Solomon Islands
• That focuses on 5 geographic areas including Kolobangara Crater to Vila River Catchment, Tetepare-Hele Islands Complex, Mt. Maetambe-South Choiseul Forests Complex, Bauro Highlands in Makira Province and the Komarindi Conservation Area of Guadalcanal
5.1 WWF Global Targets for Forests
WWF’s global forests programme is measured against 3 targets - protect, manage and restore. The Solomon Islands forest programme will contribute to both the protect and manage targets and will be measured against the following milestones.
Target 1: Protect
By 2010, the establishment and maintenance of viable, representative networks of protected areas in the world’s threatened and most biologically significant forest regions.
M1 At least 25 million hectares of new forest protected areas are established in the world’s most outstanding, as well as least represented and/or highly threatened priority forest ecoregions by 2007
M2 By 2007 at least 40 priority countries will have carried out national or regional system-wide protected area management effectiveness assessments and star ted implementation of key recommendations.
Target 2: Manage
By 2010, improved management in 200 million hectares across the world’s pro-duction forests, through a combination of credible certification and a step-wise approach to improved forest management.
M2 50 Governments commit to and implement time-bound processes to eliminate illegal logging and trade by 2007.
M3 Identify and star t implementing appropriate management in High Conservation Value Forests within 20 priority landscapes by 2007.
M5 5 million hectares in focal forest ecoregions are managed under community-based forest management agreements that increase locally retained revenue from, and enhance tenure over the full range of forest products by 2007.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 31
5.2 Goal and Thematic Areas
Goal: To support Solomon Islands peoples to conserve biodiversity and to ensure sustainable forest management through promotion of sustainable livelihoods and improved forest governance.
The Solomon Islands forests programme has three broad thematic areas. These are:
Thematic Area 1: Protected Areas
Establishment of a viable and ecologically representative protected areas network that will support communities to use their forests resources in a sustainable manner, while ensuring that ecological, socio-economic and cultural values are conserved. These will be primarily community-based conservation areas, in which WWF and partners will work with traditional landowners and forest dependant communities, to identify and develop sustainable options for forest management. This team will work collaboratively with national government to develop appropriate legislation and policy, and will work with existing provincial legislation to have such areas legally validated, where appropriate.
Thematic Area 2: Sustainable Forest Management through Market Mechanisms and Community Enterprise
Market mechanisms are harnessed to promote SFM, including a campaign on illegal logging to raise international awareness of unsustainable logging practices, as well as an investigation into potential FSC certification for forest companies active in Solomon Islands. Sustainable forest management practices are also supported through the devel-opment of viable alternatives at the community level, including support to small-scale community eco-milling and the development of non-timber forests products. WWF will collaborate with partners who are active at the community-level in promoting these alternatives to large-scale commercial forestry.
Thematic Area 3: Forest Governance
WWF aims to support increased collaboration between partners to ensure strengthened forest governance in Solomon Islands in order to promote sustainable forest manage-ment. Working alone and through partners, WWF will address key issues of illegal logging and corruption in the forests sector and support appropriate legislative change to strengthen sustainable forest practices.
The programme will focus on 4 main geographic areas: 1. Kolombangara Crater-Vila River Catchment to Coastal Zone at Ringi 2. Tetepare-Hele Islands Complex 3. Mt. Maetambe-South Choiseul Forests Complex 4. Bauro Highlands & Three Sisters - Makira Province 5. Komarindi Catchment - Guadalcanal
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 32
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ori
ty c
oun
trie
s w
ill h
ave
carr
ied
out
nat
iona
l or
regi
ona
l sy
stem
-wid
e pr
ote
cted
are
a m
anag
emen
t ef
fect
iven
ess
asse
ssm
ents
and
sta
rted
im
plem
enta
tio
n o
f ke
y re
com
men
dati
ons
.
_ R
APP
AM
ass
essm
ent
of
pro
tect
ed a
reas
m
anag
emen
t ef
fect
iven
ess
and
pro
tect
ed
area
s le
gisl
atio
n (W
WF)
_
Ana
lysi
s o
f ve
geta
tio
n lo
ss a
nd
iden
tific
atio
n o
f pr
iori
ty a
reas
fo
r co
nser
vati
on
(WW
F)
_ R
evie
w o
f SI
legi
slat
ion
on
fore
sts
and
pro
tect
ed a
reas
(W
WF)
_
Inve
stig
atio
n in
to p
ote
ntia
l WH
A li
stin
g fo
r co
nser
vati
on
site
s (W
WF)
_
Bau
ro H
ighl
ands
Pro
tect
ed A
rea
appr
oved
(M
CC
F, C
I)
_ N
atio
nal p
rote
cted
are
as le
gisl
atio
n in
pla
ce t
hat
supp
ort
s co
mm
unit
ies
to e
stab
lish
cons
erva
tio
n ar
eas
and
deve
lop
sust
aina
ble
alte
rnat
ives
to
cur
rent
m
ode
ls o
f in
dust
rial
logg
ing
(WW
F &
net
wo
rk)
_ Es
tabl
ishm
ent
of
2 ne
w c
om
mun
ity-
man
aged
pr
ote
cted
are
as (
Mt.
Mae
tam
be/S
out
h C
hois
eul,
Ko
lom
bang
ara
Cra
ter-
Vila
Riv
er C
atch
men
t) (
WW
F an
d pa
rtne
rs)
_ St
reng
then
ing
of
3 ex
isti
ng p
rote
cted
are
as
(Tet
epar
e-H
ele
Isla
nds,
Ko
mar
indi
Gua
dalc
anal
&
Bau
ro H
ighl
ands
) (W
WF
and
part
ners
) _
Legi
slat
ive
pro
tect
ion
for
5 co
mm
unit
y-m
anag
ed
pro
tect
ed a
reas
(W
WF
and
part
ners
)
_ B
iolo
gica
l rap
id a
sses
smen
t o
f B
auro
hig
hlan
ds in
M
akir
a (M
CC
F, C
I)
_ C
om
mun
ity
reso
urce
man
agem
ent
plan
s fo
r B
auro
H
ighl
ands
app
rove
d (M
CC
F, C
I)
_ M
edia
out
reac
h an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n st
reng
then
ed
(EFU
, GP,
NR
DF)
_
No
indu
stri
al lo
ggin
g an
d vi
able
alt
erna
tive
s de
velo
ped
in B
auro
Hig
hlan
ds (
CI,
MC
CF)
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 33
2
Sust
aina
ble
Fore
st
Man
agem
ent
thro
ugh
mar
ket
mec
hani
sms
and
com
mun
ity
ente
rpri
se
Glo
bal T
arge
t 2:
By
2010
, im
prov
ed
man
agem
ent
in 2
00 m
illio
n he
ctar
es a
cro
ss
the
wo
rld’
s pr
odu
ctio
n fo
rest
s, th
roug
h a
com
bina
tio
n o
f cr
edib
le c
erti
ficat
ion
and
a st
ep-w
ise
appr
oac
h to
impr
oved
fo
rest
m
anag
emen
t. M
3: I
dent
ify a
nd s
tart
impl
emen
ting
ap
pro
pria
te m
anag
emen
t in
Hig
h C
ons
erva
tio
n V
alue
Fo
rest
s w
ithi
n 20
pr
iori
ty la
ndsc
apes
by
2007
. M
5: 5
mill
ion
hect
ares
in f
oca
l fo
rest
ec
ore
gio
ns a
re m
anag
ed u
nder
co
mm
unit
y-ba
sed
fore
st m
anag
emen
t ag
reem
ents
tha
t in
crea
se lo
cally
ret
aine
d re
venu
e fr
om
, and
en
hanc
e te
nure
ove
r th
e fu
ll ra
nge
of
fore
st
pro
duct
s by
200
7.
_ In
tern
atio
nal c
ampa
ign
on
illeg
al
logg
ing
(WW
F, O
xfam
and
GP)
_
Inve
stig
atio
n in
to p
ote
ntia
l fo
r FS
C
cert
ifica
tio
n fo
r la
rge-
scal
e fo
rest
co
mpa
nies
_ In
vest
igat
ion
of
viab
le N
TFP
s fo
r So
lom
on
Isla
nds
(nga
li nu
t, pa
lm s
eeds
et
c) (
WW
F an
d pa
rtne
rs)
_
By
2005
, str
engt
hene
d co
mm
unic
atio
n be
twee
n la
ndow
ners
fo
r 10
pro
ject
s in
5
prov
ince
s o
n Is
abel
, Mak
ira,
Mal
aita
, W
este
rn a
nd C
entr
al (
EF, G
P, N
RD
F)
_ Ec
o-f
ore
stry
co
mm
unit
y pr
oje
cts
esta
blis
hed
and
expa
nded
in S
I (E
FU, G
P, N
RD
F)
_ D
evel
op
a po
licy
on
refo
rest
atio
n an
d re
habi
litat
ion
of
logg
ed a
reas
(al
l) _
WW
F to
sup
port
par
tner
s in
fin
ding
lo
ng-t
erm
fin
anci
ng f
or
fore
sts
wo
rk
(WW
F)
_ Ec
o-t
imbe
r ex
port
thr
u N
oro
fo
r W
este
rn a
nd
Cho
iseu
l (Ve
te, S
IDT,
NR
DF,
GP)
_
Via
ble
NT
FPs
(nga
li nu
t) p
roje
ct in
Mak
ira,
Cho
iseu
l & R
endo
va (
WW
F an
d pa
rtne
rs)
_ 5
com
mun
itie
s ha
ve d
ecid
ed a
gain
st lo
ggin
g an
d de
velo
ped
alte
rnat
ives
and
pro
tect
ed t
heir
fo
rest
s -
Sout
h M
alai
ta (
2), M
akir
a, I
sabe
l and
Cho
iseu
l (E
CA
NSI
, SID
T, G
P, O
xfam
)
3
Fore
st
Go
vern
ance
Glo
bal T
arge
t 2:
By
2010
, im
prov
ed
man
agem
ent
in 2
00 m
illio
n he
ctar
es a
cro
ss
the
wo
rld’
s pr
odu
ctio
n fo
rest
s, th
roug
h a
com
bina
tio
n o
f cr
edib
le c
erti
ficat
ion
and
a st
ep-w
ise
appr
oac
h to
impr
oved
fo
rest
m
anag
emen
t. M
2: G
over
nmen
ts c
om
mit
to
impl
emen
t ti
meb
oun
d pr
oce
sses
to
elim
inat
e ill
egal
lo
ggin
g an
d tr
ade
by 2
007.
_ Su
ppo
rt e
xist
ing
CB
Os
and
Fore
sts
Net
wo
rk t
o a
ddre
ss is
sues
of
illeg
al
logg
ing
and
publ
iciz
e po
or
prac
tice
s (W
WF)
_
Fore
sts
Bill
in p
lace
und
er n
ew S
I go
vern
men
t (E
CA
NSI
& p
artn
ers)
_
SI F
ore
st N
etw
ork
est
ablis
hed
and
mo
biliz
ed t
o a
ddre
ss il
lega
l lo
ggin
g, co
rrup
tio
n in
the
fo
rest
sec
tor
and
pro
mo
te S
FM (
WW
F an
d pa
rtne
rs)
_ Pa
rtne
rs t
o s
uppo
rt o
ne m
ajo
r le
gal
case
tha
t ad
voca
tes
for
soci
al c
hang
e an
d hu
man
rig
hts
(EC
AN
SI, G
P)
_ A
ppro
pria
te m
easu
res
are
form
ulat
ed t
o c
ont
rol
the
issu
ing
of
logg
ing
licen
se (
SFM
) _
Fore
stry
Dep
’t t
o im
plem
ent
its
polic
y in
pr
oce
ssin
g 20
% in
-co
untr
y an
d ex
port
ing
80%
of
the
annu
al q
uota
det
erm
ined
by
SFM
(al
l)
_ Im
plem
enta
tio
n o
f ex
isti
ng F
ore
sts
Act
(al
l) _
Stre
ngth
ened
SI
Fore
stry
Dep
artm
ent
(all)
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 34
6.0 References
AusAID, 2003. National Forest Resource Assessment. Solomon Islands Forestr y Management Project. Phase 6. URS Sustainable Development, Canberra.
Henderson, C .P, and I.R Hancock, 1988. A Guide to the Useful Plants of Solomon Islands. Ministr y of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara.
Davis, SD. VH Heywood and AC Hamilton (eds) 1995. Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. Vol 2. Asia, Australasia and the Pacific WWF/IUCN Gland.
Diamond, J.M. 1976. “A Proposed Forest Reserve System and Conservation Strategy for the Solomon Islands.” Unpublished repor t.
Forests Monitor, 1997. Environmental & Social Impact Assessment: Isabel Timber Company Operations Santa Isabel Island, Solomon Islands.
Greenpeace, 2001. Par tners in Crime: Malaysian loggers, timber markets and the politics of self-interest in Papua New Guinea.
Lees, A. 1990. A Protected Forests System for the Solomon Islands. Maruia Society, Nelson, New Zealand.
Mueller-Dubois, D. 1998. Vegetation of theTropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Ver lag.
Olsen, David M and Eric Dinnerstein 1998. The Global 200: A Representation Approach to Conserving the Ear th’s Distinct Ecoregions. WWFUS: Washington DC
Solomon Star. Logger fails to fulfill promises. November 14, 2005.
Stattersfield A, Crosby M, Long A and Wege, 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Birdlife Conservation Series No 7.
Wikramanayake, E. and E. Dinnerstein, C .J. Locks et. al. 2002. Terrestrial Eco-regions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press.
WWF, 2003. The World’s Top 10 Most Vulnerable Forest Ecoregions. Fact sheet WWFUS Washington DC
Whitmore, T.C . 1966. Guide to the Forests of Solomon Islands. Oxford University Press.
Personal Communication:
Aaron Jenkins, July 2005.
Lawrence Kilivisi, February 2005.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 35
7.0 Appendices
7.1 Workshop Agenda
Date: Tuesday October 18 and Wednesday October 19, 2005
Venue: Mendana Hotel (Coastwatchers Conference Room)
Workshop Objectives:
1. To develop a Forests Strategy for WWF in the Solomon Islands
Within these objectives, the following needs have been identified:
- To understand what has been successful in previous forest conservation and manage-ment efforts in the SI and how these lessons might be used for future activities.
- To explore whether WWF’s global Forests Targets are relevant to the SI and how they ’might be achieved
- To be able to clearly articulate the values and threats to forests ecosystems in SI and what WWF can contribute to their conservation
- To ensure that any WWF work on forests supports and adds on to the efforts of our partners
Workshop sub-objectives:
WHY? Articulate and agree objectives and targets for WWF forests conservation work in Solomon Islands. Set priorities based on information collected through workshop and background documents.
WHERE? Define and agree the most appropriate geographical focus/foci for the Forests Strategy.
HOW? Define and agree WWFs “mode of working”, given WWFs niche in SI in rela-tion to partners. Identify Key Strategies for implementation
WHAT? Identify activities to achieve targets above.
WHO? Clarify partners with WWF to achieve the targets above.
HOW MUCH? Assess resource needs for implementing a successful Strategy. This will include human resource, financial and capacity building needs
NEXT STEPS? Plan and commit to the next steps to put the Strategy into action - who will do what, when and how?
Output: Draft Forests Strategy
1) An outline of draft Forests Strategy that will link to WWF SI’s strategic plan and forest thematic areas.
2) An internal justification document that can be used as a basis of concept paper for potential donors outlining potential projects, donors and accompanying fund-ing strategy.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 36
Agenda
Tue 18 October 2005
Understanding Forest Management in the Solomon Islands
8:30am Welcome and Introductions
9:00am Understanding Solomon Islands Forests and Forest Management •Sources of Information - What is known?
10:30am Coffee break
10:45am Understanding Solomon Islands Forests and Forest Management •Values – What’s impor tant? •Threats - What could destroy the values?
12:00pm LUNCH
1:00pm Understanding SI Forests and Forest Management (con’t) •Forest Management Institutions and Approaches •Legislation and Policy •Forest Management Planning
2:30pm Lessons from the Past • Previous effor ts for forest conservation and management
3:00pm Coffee break
3:15pm What works? Principles for successful forest management work
4:00pm Current Activities in SI Forest Management • Presentations by par tners • Current work on forest management
4:30pm Gaps and needs
5:00pm Close
Wed 19 October 2005
A Strategy for WWF’s Contribution to Forest Management
9:00am Planning for the Future • Recap of Day 1
9:30am Presentation on WWF global targets for forests
10:15am coffee break
10:30am WHY – Drafting of targets (5 years) for SI
11:00am WHERE – Priority sites for action
11:30am HOW – Strategies and Policies
12:30pm LUNCH
1:30pm WHO – Par tners and their involvement
2:00pm WHAT – Activities
3:00pm coffee break
3:15pm HOW MUCH – People and Resources – what is needed for first 3 years?
4:00pm Next Steps
4:30pm Evaluation
5:00pm Close
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 37
7.2 Workshop Participants List
Name Affiliation Email Phone
Laurie Wein WWF SI lpwein@solomon.com.sb 60191
Paul Chatter ton WWF PNG pchat@wwfpacific.org.pg (675) 853-3221
Doreen Linga WWF SI dorsali@solomon.com.sb 28023
John Tabepuda WWF SI jtabepuda@solomon.com.sb 28023
Geoff Dennis Greenpeace SI geoff.dennis@dialb.greenpeace.org 20805
Ross Andrewar tha SFM andrewar tha@solomon.com.sb 22815
Hon. Roderick T. Kera
WP – Forestr y n/a 60207
Nancy Kwalea Oxfam oxfamnk@solomon.com.sb 22004
Felix Narasia SIDT – Eco-timber Programme
sidt@solomon.com.sb 22289
Moses Rouhana ECANSI ecansi@solomon.com.sb 28642
Myknee Qusa Lauru RTC - Choiseul sasamuqa@pipolfastaem.gov.sb
Victor Kohaia Makira Conservation Foundation
victor@solomon.com.sb 50057
Nesta Leguvaka National Capacity Self Assessment Project (DFEC/UNDP)
ncsa@solomon.com.sb 23914
Wilko Bosma NRDF nrdf@solomon.com.sb 62135
Marlon Kuve NRDF nrdf@solomon.com.sb 62135
Jan Murray CUSO cusotwo@solomon.com.sb 21168
Lawrence Makili Indigenous Peoples Biodiversity and Rights Network (IPBN)
indiginias@lobbyist.com 76191
Greg Tai’eha East Rennell World Heritage Trust Board
hutuna@pipolfastaem.gov.sb n/a
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 3�
7.3
Solo
mon
Isla
nds
Thre
aten
ed T
ree
Spec
ies
Dat
a fr
om W
CM
C D
atab
ase o
f Thre
aten
ed T
rees
Fam
ilySp
ecie
sIU
CN
Sta
tus
Des
crip
tio
n
Eben
acea
eD
iosp
yro
s in
sula
ris
EN
A1c
d+2c
d,
B1+
2c
A t
ree
of
prim
ary
low
land
rai
nfo
rest
fo
und
in o
nly
a fe
w lo
calit
ies
in t
he S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s an
d N
ew I
rela
nd o
f th
e B
ism
arck
Arc
hipe
lago
. Ove
rexp
loit
atio
n an
d lo
ggin
g ha
ve r
esul
ted
in
the
spec
ies
beco
min
g hi
ghly
end
ange
red,
po
ssib
ly c
riti
cally
end
ange
red.
Mel
iace
aeA
glai
a br
assi
i V
U A
1cT
his
unde
rsto
rey
tree
is f
airl
y co
mm
on
in lo
wla
nd p
rim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y fo
rest
up
to
500m
. The
mai
n th
reat
to
the
spe
cies
is lo
ss o
f ha
bita
t.
Mel
iace
aeA
glai
a pa
rksi
i V
U A
1cA
sm
all t
ree
of
low
land
pri
mar
y fo
rest
thr
eate
ned
by h
abit
at d
estr
ucti
on.
Mel
iace
aeA
glai
a ru
briv
enia
V
U A
1cR
estr
icte
d to
the
So
lom
on
Isla
nds,
this
sm
all t
ree
is f
oun
d in
pri
mar
y m
ont
ane
fore
st.
Mel
iace
aeA
glai
a sa
ltat
oru
mV
U A
1cO
ccur
ring
in lo
wla
nd f
ore
st u
p to
520
m, t
his
smal
l tre
e is
thr
eate
ned
by h
abit
at lo
ss. T
he
spec
ies
was
pro
babl
y in
tro
duce
d to
Niu
e.
Thy
mel
aeac
eae
Go
nyst
ylus
mac
roph
yllu
s
VU
A1c
dA
wid
espr
ead
tree
occ
urri
ng in
pri
mar
y fo
rest
rea
chin
g an
alt
itud
e o
f 15
00m
in s
om
e ar
eas.
The
spe
cies
is e
xtre
mel
y ra
re in
Pap
ua N
ew G
uine
a an
d o
ccur
s o
nly
on
New
Geo
rgia
and
C
hois
eul i
n th
e So
lom
on
Isla
nds,
whe
re it
is lo
cally
co
mm
on.
It
is o
ne o
f th
e im
port
ant
‘ram
in’ t
imbe
r sp
ecie
s an
d th
e he
artw
oo
d is
use
d as
ince
nse.
Thi
s sp
ecie
s m
ight
eve
ntua
lly
be s
plit
into
sev
eral
dis
tinc
t sp
ecie
s, as
the
pre
sent
spe
cies
co
ncep
t m
ight
be
too
wid
e.
Legu
min
osa
eIn
tsia
biju
ga
VU
A1c
dA
low
land
rai
nfo
rest
tre
e w
hich
pro
duce
s o
ne o
f th
e m
ost
val
uabl
e ti
mbe
rs o
f So
uth
East
A
sia.
The
spe
cies
has
bee
n ex
plo
ited
so
inte
nsiv
ely
for
mer
bau
tim
ber
that
few
siz
eabl
e na
tura
l sta
nds
rem
ain.
Few
pla
ntat
ions
are
est
ablis
hed.
In
Peni
nsul
ar M
alay
sia,
tre
es a
re
neve
r co
mm
on
and
rare
ly r
each
a c
om
mer
cial
siz
e. T
here
are
app
aren
tly
goo
d st
ands
sti
ll in
In
done
sia
and
Papu
a N
ew G
uine
a.
Rub
iace
aeM
asti
xio
dend
ron
sto
ddar
dii
VU
A
1cd+
2cd,
B
1+2a
bcde
A la
rge
tim
ber
tree
of
prim
ary
low
land
rai
nfo
rest
, res
tric
ted
to N
ew B
rita
in in
the
Bis
mar
ck
Arc
hipe
lago
and
the
So
lom
on
Isla
nds.
New
Bri
tain
is o
ne o
f th
e m
ost
inte
nsiv
ely
logg
ed
isla
nds
in t
he B
ism
arck
Arc
hipe
lago
, the
reby
thr
eate
ning
thi
s sp
ecie
s w
ith
habi
tat
dest
ruct
ion.
T
he S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s po
pula
tio
n is
als
o a
t ri
sk f
rom
logg
ing
acti
viti
es.
Pari
nari
pap
uana
ssp
. sa
lom
one
nse
VU
A
1cd+
2cd,
B
1+2a
bcde
A lo
wla
nd r
ainf
ore
st t
ree
rest
rict
ed t
o t
he S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s. It
is lo
cally
co
mm
on
in p
arts
of
the
New
Geo
rgia
gro
up. P
opu
lati
ons
are
loca
ted
in a
pri
me
logg
ing
area
and
the
tre
e m
akes
up
a f
airl
y la
rge
pro
port
ion
(6-1
0%)
of
the
logs
exp
ort
ed t
o J
apan
. Hab
itat
loss
is a
lso
a
thre
at.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 39
Fam
ilySp
ecie
sIU
CN
Sta
tus
Des
crip
tio
n
Ana
card
iace
aeM
angi
fera
alt
issi
ma
V
U A
1dA
tim
ber
spec
ies
of
low
land
eve
rgre
en f
ore
sts
in n
ort
hern
and
cen
tral
Phi
lippi
nes.
It is
no
whe
re a
bund
ant
and
the
tim
ber
is a
vaila
ble
onl
y in
sm
all q
uant
itie
s.
Legu
min
osa
ePt
ero
carp
us in
dicu
sV
U A
1dA
wid
espr
ead
tree
fo
und
in lo
wla
nd p
rim
ary
and
som
e se
cond
ary
fore
st, m
ainl
y al
ong
tid
al
cree
ks a
nd r
ock
y sh
ore
s. Po
pula
tio
ns h
ave
decl
ined
bec
ause
of
over
expl
oit
atio
n, s
om
etim
es
illeg
al e
xplo
itat
ion,
of
the
narr
a ti
mbe
r, as
wel
l as
fro
m in
crea
sing
gen
eral
hab
itat
loss
. The
V
iet
Nam
po
pula
tio
n ha
s be
en e
xtin
ct f
or
som
e 30
0 ye
ars.
An
exte
nsiv
e fo
rest
sur
vey
in S
ri
Lank
a ha
s fa
iled
to f
ind
the
spec
ies
and
info
rmat
ion
on
popu
lati
ons
in I
ndia
, Ind
one
sia
and
the
Phili
ppin
es in
dica
te t
he s
peci
es is
ser
ious
ly t
hrea
tene
d. E
xplo
itat
ion
of
the
few
kno
wn
stan
ds in
Pen
insu
lar
Mal
aysi
a m
ay h
ave
caus
ed it
s ex
tinc
tio
n th
ere
and
wha
t ar
e be
lieve
d to
be
the
larg
est
rem
aini
ng p
opu
lati
ons
, in
New
Gui
nea,
are
bei
ng h
eavi
ly e
xplo
ited
. Cul
tiva
ted
popu
lati
ons
are
wid
ely
dist
ribu
ted
thro
ugho
ut t
he t
ropi
cs.
Gut
tife
rae
Cal
oph
yllu
m c
onf
usum
VU
B
1+2a
bcde
A t
ree
know
n o
nly
fro
m t
he N
ew G
eorg
ia g
roup
in w
ell-
drai
ned,
low
land
, pri
mar
y ra
info
rest
.
Co
mbr
etac
eae
Term
inal
ia r
erei
VU
B
1+2a
bcde
Res
tric
ted
to S
an C
rist
oba
l and
Gua
dalc
anal
, thi
s ti
mbe
r sp
ecie
s o
f lo
wla
nd r
ainf
ore
st is
su
bjec
t to
ove
rexp
loit
atio
n. I
t is
fur
ther
thr
eate
ned
by h
abit
at lo
ss f
rom
indi
scri
min
ate
logg
ing
prac
tice
s.
Legu
min
osa
eA
rchi
dend
ron
obl
ong
um
VU
B1+
2cEn
dem
ic t
o t
he S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s, th
is la
rge
tree
is r
estr
icte
d to
low
land
rai
nfo
rest
in a
lluvi
al
valle
ys. I
t is
tra
diti
ona
lly u
tilis
ed a
s a
tim
ber
for
cons
truc
tio
n an
d fu
el.
Gut
tife
rae
Cal
oph
yllu
m o
bscu
rum
VU
B1+
2cR
estr
icte
d to
pri
mar
y fo
rest
on
ridg
es o
r flo
ode
d co
ral p
latf
orm
s, th
is t
ree
is f
oun
d o
n th
e is
land
s o
f C
hois
eul,
Sant
a Is
abel
and
Mal
aita
.
Palm
aeLi
vist
ona
wo
odf
ord
iiV
U D
2A
pal
m t
ree
of
low
land
rai
nfo
rest
and
sw
amp
fore
st, r
estr
icte
d to
Ngg
ela
Isla
nd.
Myr
isti
cace
aeM
yris
tica
kaj
ewsk
i ssp
. ro
bust
aV
U D
2A
pri
mar
y fo
rest
tre
e, p
oss
ibly
res
tric
ted
to u
ltra
basi
c so
ils. I
t is
kno
wn
fro
m o
nly
2 co
llect
ions
, bo
th f
rom
Cho
iseu
l.
Myr
isti
cace
aeM
yris
tica
pet
iola
ta
VU
D2
A f
ore
st t
ree
know
n o
nly
fro
m 2
co
llect
ions
: San
ta Y
sabe
l and
Big
Ngg
ela
Isla
nd.
Ara
ucar
iace
aeA
gath
is v
itie
nsis
LR
/nt
A m
assi
ve t
ree
and
impo
rtan
t ti
mbe
r sp
ecie
s. It
is f
oun
d in
low
den
siti
es. I
t co
uld
beco
me
of
cons
erva
tio
n co
ncer
n if
logg
ing
wer
e to
bec
om
e m
ore
inte
nsiv
e.
Mel
iace
aeA
glai
a fla
vida
LR
/nt
The
wo
od
of
this
co
mm
on
tree
is u
sed
for
cons
truc
tio
n o
f ho
uses
, to
ols
and
can
oes
. Hab
itat
de
stru
ctio
n is
po
ssib
ly a
thr
eat.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 40
Fam
ilySp
ecie
sIU
CN
Sta
tus
Des
crip
tio
n
Mel
iace
aeA
glai
a pa
rvifl
ora
LR
/nt
Wid
espr
ead
in t
he M
olu
ccas
, New
Gui
nea
and
the
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s, th
is f
ore
st t
ree
coul
d so
on
be t
hrea
tene
d by
hab
itat
loss
. The
wo
od
of
this
tre
e is
use
d fo
r ho
use
cons
truc
tio
n in
Pa
pua
New
Gui
nea.
Mel
iace
aeA
glai
a sa
mo
ensi
s
LR/n
t A
sm
all t
ree
occ
urri
ng in
pri
mar
y an
d se
cond
ary
fore
st u
p to
830
m; h
abit
at lo
ss c
oul
d po
se
a th
reat
.
Mel
iace
aeA
glai
a si
lves
tris
LR
/nt
A w
ides
prea
d, v
aria
ble
spec
ies
of
vari
ous
hab
itat
typ
es, o
ccur
ring
up
to 2
100m
. Hab
itat
de
stru
ctio
n co
uld
be a
ser
ious
thr
eat
in t
he n
ear
futu
re. A
n im
port
ant
sour
ce o
f ti
mbe
r.
Sapo
tace
aeB
urck
ella
so
rei
LR/n
t C
onf
ined
to
the
isla
nds
of
Bo
ugai
nvill
e in
the
No
rth
Solo
mo
ns a
nd G
uada
lcan
al in
the
So
uth
Solo
mo
ns, t
his
tim
ber
tree
is f
oun
d m
ainl
y in
pri
mar
y lo
wla
nd r
ainf
ore
st. I
t is
thr
eate
ned
by
logg
ing
acti
viti
es a
nd o
ver-
expl
oit
atio
n, e
spec
ially
as
it o
ccur
s in
a r
egio
n su
bjec
t to
hea
vy
logg
ing
acti
viti
es.
Podo
carp
acea
eD
acry
dium
mag
num
LR/n
t Po
pula
tio
ns a
re k
now
n fr
om
the
isla
nds
of
Gua
dalc
anal
, Cho
iseu
l and
San
ta Y
sabe
l in
the
Solo
mo
ns, f
rom
the
Lo
uisa
des
in P
apua
New
Gui
nea
and
Obi
Isl
and
in t
he M
olo
ccas
. The
sp
ecie
s is
sca
tter
ed t
o lo
cally
co
mm
on
in a
reas
of
low
land
rai
nfo
rest
, esp
ecia
lly o
n ri
dge
cres
ts. F
ore
st m
anag
emen
t ac
tivi
ties
and
agr
icul
tura
l pre
ssur
es c
oul
d ca
use
rapi
d po
pula
tio
n lo
sses
to
mo
st o
r al
l par
ts o
f th
e ra
nge.
Myr
isti
cace
aeM
yris
tica
glo
bosa
LR/n
t C
onf
ined
to
eve
rgre
en r
ainf
ore
st u
p to
120
0m, t
his
tree
is c
ut f
or
its
pena
raha
n ti
mbe
r.
Myr
isti
cace
aeM
yris
tica
gua
dalc
anal
ensi
s
LR/n
t A
tre
e fo
und
in w
ell-
drai
ned
prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y fo
rest
end
emic
to
the
isla
nds
of
Gua
dalc
anal
, Ren
nell
and
Mal
aita
.
Myr
isti
cace
aeM
yris
tica
kaj
ewsk
i ssp
. kaj
ewsk
iLR
/nt
A t
ree
loca
lly c
om
mo
n in
wel
l-dr
aine
d fo
rest
, res
tric
ted
to G
uada
lcan
al a
nd S
an C
rist
óba
l.
Myr
isti
cace
aeM
yris
tica
xyl
oca
rpa
LR
/nt
A t
ree
that
occ
urs
in w
ell-
drai
ned
fore
st a
nd r
idge
fo
rest
up
to 2
50m
on
the
isla
nds
of
Sant
a Y
sabe
l, Sa
n C
rist
óba
l and
Gua
dalc
anal
.
Palm
aeA
reca
gup
pyan
aD
D
A s
mal
l pal
m t
ree
of
prim
ary
fore
st, e
ndem
ic t
o t
he S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s, w
here
it is
und
er
thre
at f
rom
logg
ing,
incr
easi
ng a
gric
ultu
re a
nd m
inin
g. T
rees
are
pla
nted
in s
acre
d pl
aces
and
ce
met
erie
s.
Bur
sera
ceae
Can
ariu
m li
gulif
erum
D
D
A lo
wla
nd r
ainf
ore
st s
peci
es k
now
n o
nly
fro
m t
he S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 41
Fam
ilySp
ecie
sIU
CN
Sta
tus
Des
crip
tio
n
Palm
aeC
lino
stig
ma
haer
esti
gma
DD
A
pal
m t
ree
of
low
land
Cas
uari
na f
ore
st o
n ul
trab
asic
so
ils, r
estr
icte
d to
so
uth-
east
San
ta
Isab
el.
Palm
aeC
yrto
stac
hys
kisu
DD
A
pal
m e
ndem
ic t
o t
he is
land
s o
f C
hois
eul a
nd B
aga,
whe
re it
is s
catt
ered
in lo
wla
nd t
o su
bmo
ntan
e ra
info
rest
.
Palm
aeD
rym
oph
loeu
s le
pido
tus
DD
A
rai
nfo
rest
pal
m, o
ccur
ring
up
to 6
00m
, res
tric
ted
to t
he S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s. T
he g
enus
is in
ne
ed o
f ta
xono
mic
rev
isio
n.
Palm
aeD
rym
oph
loeu
s pa
chyc
ladu
sD
D
Co
nfin
ed t
o M
akir
a Is
land
, thi
s pa
lm t
ree
is lo
cate
d in
land
in m
ois
t lo
wla
nd f
ore
st u
p to
60
0m. T
he g
enus
is in
nee
d o
f ta
xono
mic
rev
isio
n.
Palm
aeD
rym
oph
loeu
s su
bdis
tich
usD
D
A p
alm
tre
e, s
catt
ered
in lo
wla
nd r
ainf
ore
st. T
he g
enus
is in
nee
d o
f ta
xono
mic
rev
isio
n.
Palm
aeG
ulub
ia h
om
bro
nii
DD
En
dem
ic t
o t
he S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s, th
is p
alm
tre
e is
sca
tter
ed in
bro
adle
aved
, sw
amp
and
clo
ud f
ore
st o
n ul
trab
asic
so
ils f
rom
100
to
150
0m.
Ana
card
iace
aePe
ntas
pado
n m
otl
eyi
DD
In
Pap
ua N
ew G
uine
a, t
his
spec
ies
occ
urs
mai
nly
in p
rim
ary
fore
st o
n th
e ba
nks
of
stre
ams
and
rive
rs in
the
Gul
f an
d M
adan
g Pr
ovin
ces
and
Bo
ugai
nvill
e in
the
No
rth
Solo
mo
ns.
It is
und
er g
reat
thr
eat
fro
m h
abit
at d
estr
ucti
on
in t
hese
are
as a
nd is
co
nsid
ered
to
be
enda
nger
ed (
EN C
2a).
The
sit
uati
on
is li
kely
to
be
sim
ilar
else
whe
re.
Palm
aePh
yso
kent
ia d
enni
sii
DD
A
pal
m t
ree
foun
d in
gul
lies
and
on
low
er h
ill s
lope
s in
dam
p sh
aded
fo
rest
s be
twee
n 20
0 an
d 70
0m.
Podo
carp
acea
ePo
doca
rpus
spa
tho
ides
D
D
The
spe
cies
is k
now
n fr
om
occ
urre
nces
on
Mt.
Oph
ir in
Pen
insu
lar
Mal
aysi
a, M
oro
tai i
n th
e no
rth
Mo
lucc
as, R
oss
el I
slan
d in
the
Lo
uisi
ade
Arc
hipe
lago
of
Papu
a N
ew G
uine
a, a
nd t
he
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s.
Palm
aePr
itch
ardi
a w
oo
dfo
rdia
naD
D
Ende
mic
to
Ngg
ela
Isla
nd, t
his
palm
tre
e o
ccur
s in
mo
ist
ope
n fo
rest
up
to 2
0m. T
here
is
som
e in
dica
tio
n th
at t
he t
axo
n re
pres
ents
a f
orm
of
P. pa
cific
a.
Palm
aeR
hopa
lobl
aste
ele
gans
DD
A
pri
mar
y fo
rest
pal
m t
ree
foun
d in
the
mo
ist
low
land
s o
f th
e So
lom
on
Isla
nds.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 42
7.4
Solo
mon
Isla
nds
Fore
sts
Bibl
iogr
aphy
Cat
ego
ryR
efer
ence
Loca
tio
nFo
rmat
Co
ntac
t
Bio
dive
rsit
y
1) P
hysi
cal
Envi
ronm
ent
Wal
l, J.R
.D. 1
979.
So
ils o
f So
lom
on
Isla
nds.
2 v
olu
mes
, map
s. T
echn
ical
Bui
lleti
n4, L
and
Res
our
ces
Dev
elo
pmen
t C
entr
e, S
urre
y, En
glan
d.
2)Fo
rest
sA
CIL
Aus
tral
ia P
ty L
td, I
nter
nati
ona
l Fo
rest
Env
iro
nmen
t R
esea
rch
and
Man
agem
ent
Pty
Ltd
& E
RSI
S A
ustr
alia
Pt
y Lt
d, 1
994b
. So
lom
on
Isla
nds
Nat
iona
l Fo
rest
Res
our
ce I
nven
tory
, Fo
rest
s o
f th
e So
lom
on
Isla
nds:
Volu
me
Six
– W
este
rn P
rovi
nce.
Pre
pare
d fo
r A
usA
ID a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fore
st, E
nvir
onm
ent
and
Co
nser
vati
on.
WW
F SI
Rep
ort
WW
F SI
AC
IL A
ustr
alia
Pty
Ltd
, Int
erna
tio
nal F
ore
st E
nvir
onm
ent
Res
earc
h an
d M
anag
emen
t Pt
y Lt
d &
ER
SIS
Aus
tral
ia
Pty
Ltd,
199
4c. S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s N
atio
nal F
ore
st R
eso
urce
Inv
ento
ry, F
ore
sts
of
the
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s: Vo
lum
e Fo
ur
– C
hois
eul P
rovi
nce.
Pr
epar
ed f
or
Aus
AID
and
Min
istr
y o
f Fo
rest
, Env
iro
nmen
t an
d C
ons
erva
tio
n.
AC
IL A
ustr
alia
Pty
Ltd
, Int
erna
tio
nal F
ore
st E
nvir
onm
ent
Res
earc
h an
d M
anag
emen
t Pt
y Lt
d &
ER
SIS
Aus
tral
ia P
ty
Ltd,
199
4d. S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s N
atio
nal F
ore
st R
eso
urce
Inv
ento
ry, F
ore
sts
of
the
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s: Vo
lum
e T
hree
–
Mal
aita
Pro
vinc
e.
Prep
ared
fo
r A
usA
ID a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fore
st, E
nvir
onm
ent
and
Co
nser
vati
on.
AC
IL A
ustr
alia
Pty
Ltd
, Int
erna
tio
nal F
ore
st E
nvir
onm
ent
Res
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h an
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anag
emen
t Pt
y Lt
d &
ER
SIS
Aus
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ia P
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mo
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atio
nal F
ore
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urce
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ry, F
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the
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s: Vo
lum
e Se
ven
– M
akir
a Pr
ovin
ce.
Prep
ared
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r A
usA
ID a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fore
st, E
nvir
onm
ent
and
Co
nser
vati
on.
AC
IL A
ustr
alia
Pty
Ltd
, Int
erna
tio
nal F
ore
st E
nvir
onm
ent
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4f. S
olo
mo
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atio
nal F
ore
st R
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urce
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ento
ry, F
ore
sts
of
the
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s: Vo
lum
e Tw
o –
Gua
dalc
anal
& C
entr
al
Prov
ince
. Pre
pare
d fo
r A
usA
ID a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fore
st, E
nvir
onm
ent
and
Co
nser
vati
on.
AC
IL A
ustr
alia
Pty
Ltd
, Int
erna
tio
nal F
ore
st E
nvir
onm
ent
Res
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h an
d M
anag
emen
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d &
ER
SIS
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olo
mo
n Is
land
s N
atio
nal F
ore
st R
eso
urce
Inv
ento
ry, F
ore
sts
of
the
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s: Vo
lum
e N
ine
– R
enne
ll &
Bel
lona
Pr
ovin
ce. P
repa
red
for
Aus
AID
and
Min
istr
y o
f Fo
rest
, Env
iro
nmen
t an
d C
ons
erva
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n.
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AC
IL A
ustr
alia
Pty
Ltd
, Int
erna
tio
nal F
ore
st E
nvir
onm
ent
Res
earc
h an
d M
anag
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ER
SIS
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ia P
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olo
mo
n Is
land
s N
atio
nal F
ore
st R
eso
urce
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ento
ry, F
ore
sts
of
the
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s: Vo
lum
e Ei
ght
– Te
mo
tu P
rovi
nce.
Pr
epar
ed f
or
Aus
AID
and
Min
istr
y o
f Fo
rest
, Env
iro
nmen
t an
d C
ons
erva
tio
n.
AC
IL A
ustr
alia
Pty
Ltd
, Int
erna
tio
nal F
ore
st E
nvir
onm
ent
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d M
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t Pt
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ER
SIS
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olo
mo
n Is
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s N
atio
nal F
ore
st R
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urce
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ore
sts
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the
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s: Vo
lum
e Fi
ve
– Is
abel
Pro
vinc
e.
Prep
ared
fo
r A
usA
ID a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fore
st, E
nvir
onm
ent
and
Co
nser
vati
on.
WW
F SI
Rep
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WW
F SI
AC
IL A
ustr
alia
Pty
Ltd
, Int
erna
tio
nal F
ore
st E
nvir
onm
ent
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earc
h an
d M
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emen
t Pt
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d &
ER
SIS
Aus
tral
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olo
mo
n Is
land
s N
atio
nal F
ore
st I
nven
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ry o
f th
e A
llard
yce
trac
t, Is
abel
. Pre
pare
d fo
r A
usA
ID a
nd M
inis
try
of
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st, E
nvir
onm
ent
and
Co
nser
vati
on.
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TEC
H, 2
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iew
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Inve
nto
ry S
yste
ms
and
Sust
aina
ble
Yie
ld M
anag
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t in
the
SI
Fore
stry
Sec
tor.
Prep
ared
fo
r A
usA
ID a
nd M
inis
try
of
Fore
st, E
nvir
onm
ent
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our
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nto
ry, C
anbe
rra
Rea
d J
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Mo
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, K 1
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An
audi
t o
f Lo
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g O
pera
tio
ns a
nd A
sses
smen
t o
f En
viro
nmen
tal a
nd C
ultu
ral
Dam
age
in t
hree
are
a o
f C
usto
mar
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emen
t Pr
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he W
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acts
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sia,
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fic R
egio
nal W
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sho
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d na
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WW
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t O
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Kab
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laka
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he J
ungl
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ando
wne
rs, D
efo
rest
atio
n an
d Fo
rest
Deg
rada
tio
n in
So
lom
on
Isla
nds*
Gre
enpe
ace
Paci
fic, ?
. W
hat
if yo
u ha
d th
e Ea
rth’
s ri
ches
but
no
mo
ney
to s
pend
?
Gre
enpe
ace
Paci
fic, ?
Cau
ght
betw
een
two
wo
rlds
: A s
oci
al im
pact
stu
dy o
f La
rge
and
Smal
l sca
le d
evel
opm
ent
in
Mar
ovo
Lag
oo
n, S
olo
mo
n Is
land
s
Fore
sts
Mo
nito
r, 19
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ronm
enta
l & S
oci
al I
mpa
ct A
sses
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abel
Tim
ber
Co
mpa
ny O
pera
tio
ns S
anta
Is
abel
Isl
and,
So
lom
on
Isla
nds.
Son,
Jo
hann
a. “
Sout
h Pa
cific
-Env
iro
nmen
t: Is
land
Sta
tes
Mov
e to
Cur
b Lo
ggin
g.”
Int
er S
tew
art,
Ger
ald.
“A
So
uth
Paci
fic P
arad
ise
Go
es B
eggi
ng.”
Deu
tsch
e Pr
esse
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ntur
, Nov
embe
r 22
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Nex
is/L
exis
.
Sene
vira
tne,
Kal
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out
h Pa
cific
: Isl
ands
Pus
h O
ut
Asi
an L
ogg
ers.”
In
ter
Pres
s Se
rvic
e, A
ugus
t 6,
199
4. N
exis
/Le
xis.
a forests strategy for Solomon Islands 2006 - 2011 - WWF Solomon Islands 47
Ro
ugha
n, J
ohn
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7. “
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s N
ong
over
nmen
t O
rgan
isat
ions
: maj
or
envi
ronm
enta
l act
ors
”, T
he
Co
ntem
pora
ry P
acifi
c, v
ol.9
, no.
1, p
p. 1
57-6
6.
Taus
inga
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b, D
uddl
ey, 1
989.
“Lo
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g in
No
rth
New
Geo
rgia
Tim
ber
Co
rpo
rati
on
(NN
GT
C)”
, in
Ro
n C
roco
mbe
, Es
au T
uza
et a
l. (e
ds),
Inde
pend
ence
, Dep
ende
nce,
Int
erde
pend
ence
: the
fir
st 1
0 ye
ars
of
Solo
mo
n Is
land
s in
depe
nden
ce. S
uva
and
Ho
niar
a: I
nsti
tute
of
Paci
fic S
tudi
es in
ass
oci
atio
n w
ith
the
USP
Ho
niar
a C
entr
e an
d th
e So
lom
on
Isla
nds
Co
llege
of
Hig
her
Educ
atio
n.
Fras
er, I
an, 1
997.
“T
he S
trug
gle
for
Co
ntro
l of
Solo
mo
n Is
land
Fo
rest
s”, T
he C
ont
empo
rary
Pac
ific,
vo
l.9, n
o.1,
pp
.39-
72.
Foal
e S,
200
1, “
Whe
re’s
our
dev
elo
pmen
t?”:
Lan
dow
ner
aspi
rati
ons
and
env
iro
nmen
talis
t ag
enda
s in
Wes
tern
So
lom
on
Isla
nds,
The
Asi
a Pa
cific
Jo
urna
l of A
ntho
polo
gy 2
(2)
2001
:44-
67.
Hvi
ding
, E. “
Co
ntes
ted
Rai
nfo
rest
s, N
gos,
and
Pro
ject
s o
f D
esir
e in
So
lom
on
Isla
nds.”
Int
erna
tio
nal S
oci
al S
cien
ce
Jour
nal 5
5, n
o. 4
(20
03):
539.
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