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8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
1/44
Formoreinformation,pleasesende-mailto"Mas
hSatou.".
ALo
gicalJapaneseGrammar
Welcometo
my"ALogicalJapaneseGrammar"p
age.IwouldliketointroducewonderfulandlogicalJapanesegrammar.Japanesehasastrangegrammarthatis
quitdifferen
tfrommostEuropeanlanguages.However,youcaneasilyunderstandand
befamiliarwithitafteryouknowthesimpleandlogicalgrammarofJapane
se.
Ithasafewexceptionsanduniformedrules.IhopethisarticlehelpsyoulearnJapanesemoredeeply.
IamsorryIamstillconstructingthesepagesand
columns.Theremightbemanyblank
sbutIwillupdatethemfrequently.Ia
mhappyyoumaycheckthispageon
ce
aweek.
Let'sgotoTableofContents.
Let'sgotoBBS.
Pleasefeelfreetolinkthispage"http://member.nifty.ne.jp/ComWin/".
What'snew.
Thisnewsiteopens(Dec.7/2002)
TableofContents
Pronunciation
Phonemes(Dec.7/2002)
Syllables(Dec.7/2002)
Accents(Dec.7/2002)
Loan
WordsfromEnglish
EnglishPhonemes(Dec.7/2002)
RulestoKanaSyllables(Dec.7/2002)
Samples(Dec.7/2002)
A
ddFavourite
Introduction
PartsofSpeech(Dec.82002)
WordOrders(Dec.82002)
CorrespondenceofPronouns,Case
s,Articles,Interrogatives(Dec.9/200
2)
Nouns,AdjectivalNouns,VerbalNouns
OrdinaryNouns(Dec.10/2002)
AdjectivalNouns(Dec.10/2002)
VerbalNouns(Dec.11/2002)
NumeralsandClassifiers(Dec.11/2002)
Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs
TheVerbalConjugation(Dec.14/20
02)
Polite(Dec.18/2002)
Negative(Dec.18/2002)
Tense(Dec.18/2002)
Mood(Dec.18/2002)
Existence(Dec.28/2002)
Copula(Jan.14/2003)
AdjectivalVerbs(Jan.18/2003)
Voices(Feb.1/2003,Apr.6/2003)
AuxiliaryVerbs(May.23/2003)
MovingandGivingVerbs(May.27/2003)
SupplementalVerbs(Jun.30/2003)
Particles(Jul.14/2003)
CaseParticles(Jul.27/2004)
NominalParticles
TopicalParticles
AdverbialParticles
EndingParticles
ConjunctiveParticles
InterjectiveParticles
Conjunctives,Interjections
Conjunctives
Interjections
Demonstrative
Adno
minal,Adverbs
AdverbstomodifyVerbs
AdnominalTomodifyNouns
Spec
ialTopics
AJapaneseConjugationBuilder(Oct.19/2003,Apr.13/2003)
KanjiCards(Dec.29/2003)
UniformedRegularVerbalConjugationofJapanese(Oct.14/2001)
ColumnsaboutJapaneseStatisticalGrammar(May.15/2004)
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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HistoryofUpdating
Jul.27/2004:Aboutcaseparticles
Apr.1
3/2004:BugFixofJavascriptinJapaneseConjugationBuilder.
Feb.14/2004:Changethetermsformimperfect,perfecttopresent,past
Dec.29/2003:OpenKanjicardspage.
Dec.06/2003:AddalinktoFuriganapages.
Nov.03/2003:ProvideaPDFversionofthesepages.
Oct.1
9/2003:Introduceanewconjugation
builder.
Jul.14/2003:AboutparticlesandtoappendKanatables.
Jun.30/2003:Aboutsupplementalverbs
May.27/2003:Aboutmovingandgivingve
rbs
May.23/2003:Aboutauxiliaryverbs
Apr.2
6/2003:Modifynouns,theconjugation,thecopula,voicespage
Apr.0
6/2003:Completethedocumentofv
oices
Mar.28/2003:Rearrangeconjugationtablesandpitchaccents
Feb.01/2003:Starttomakethepageaboutvoices
Jan.18/2003:Aboutcopulasandadjectiva
lverbs
Jan.14/2003:Addasummarytotheverbs
forexistence
Dec.28/2002:Aboutexistence
Dec.18/2002:Abouttensesandsoon
Dec.14/2002:Aboutverbalconjugation
Dec.11/2002:Aboutverbalnouns,classifiers
Dec.10/2002:Aboutnouns,adjectivalnou
ns
Dec.09/2002:Aboutdemonstrativepronouns
Dec.08/2002:Aboutwordorders
Dec.07/2002:Thisnewsitestarts
Gototheoldsite.
SpecialTha
nksto
Japa
neseLanguage(http://japanese.about.com/)
Lang
uageExpress(http://www.langexpress.com/study-japanese-links-new.htm)
Let'sLearnJapanese!(http://www.student.carleton.edu/k/kimt/japanese/)
Japa
nesefortheWesternBrain(http://ww
w.mindspring.com/~kimall/Japanese/index.html)
Gengogaku.com(http://www.waidsoft.com
/gggk_chat/)
Kotobanosanpo-michi(http://homepage1
.nifty.com/forty-sixer/kotoba.htm)
Nihon-go-mono-gatari(http://people.uleth.ca/~uzawa/essay.htm)
Pronunciation
Japaneseh
asaverysimplesyllabicsystemwhichiseasytolearn.Themostsyllablesconsistofsimplecombinationsasaconsonantfollowedbyavowel.Thetotal
numberofthesyllablesareonlyaround150inclu
dingthesyllablesforloanwords.ThesyllablesforJapanesenativewordsarecountedtoaround100.
TablesofPhonemes
Vowels
Consonants
Japaneseh
asthesystemof5stablevowels,whichismostpopularamonglanguagesintheworld,likeSpanish.
Vowels
positionsofatonguefrontcenterback
flatlips/ro
undlipsFRFRFR
hig
h
i
u
middle
e
o
low
a
"a"asinpast
"i"asin
pit
"u"asinput
"e"asinpet
"o"asinpot
Strictlyspeaking,theyareslightlydifferentfromtherealsoundofJapanese.Thebestwaytoconfirmthesesoundsistoliste
ntotherealsoundspronouncedbya
nativespea
kerofJapanese.Inthisarticle,Ihave
nopurposetotellthecorrectsounddeeplysoIdonotmentionmoredetails.
Japaneseh
as22consonantsthatareeasytopronounce.
Consonants
labialalveolarpost-
alveolar pala
talvelarglottal
voicelessplosivesp
t
k
voicedp
losives
b
d
g
voicelessaffricates
ts
ch
"p"asinspace
"b"asinbase
"f"asinfade
withoutupperteeth
"v"asinvase
"m"asinmake
"w"asinwake
"t"asinstay
"z"asinzoo
"n"asinnet
"r"asintermediatesound
betweenlandr
"ch"asinchase
"dj"asinadjust
"sh"asinshake
"j"asinjet
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
3/44
SpecialTha
nksto
http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html
http://vlc.polyu.edu.hk/Pronunciation/conso
nant/consonan.htm
http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/lingu
istics/lectures/10lct15i.html
TablesofSyllables
IamusingJ
apaneseHiraganaandKatakanafonttodisplaythefollowingtables.YoucangetthemwithoutanyspecialfeefromMicrosoftwebsite,ifyouuse
WindowsOS.
http://www.microsoft.com
Japanesehastwotypesofphoneticscriptswhich
havethesamepronunciationparallelly.
Hiragana
ThisscriptdescribesJapanesenativewordsandloanwordsfromancientChinese.
Katakana
ThisscriptdescribesloanwordsfromforeignlanguagesexceptancientChinese
.
voicedaffricates
dz
dj
voicelessfricativesf
s
sh
h
voicedfr
icatives
v
z
j
nasals
m
n
lateralapproximants
r
approximants
w
y
"d"asindate
"ts"asinboots
"dz"asincards
"s"asinsake
"y"asinyou
"k"asinskate
"g"asingate
"h"asinhead
Theyareslightlydifferentfromtherealsounds.Ifyouknowtheexactsounds,pleaserefertheothersources.Idonotfocusontheexactsoundsaswellasthe
soundsofthevowelsinthisarticle.
StandardSyllables
(ByHiragana)
a
i
u
e
o
B:w
B:w
B:w
B:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:w
B:w
B:w
B:wB:w
B:w
B:w
B:wB:wB:wB:wB:w
k,ky
ka
ki
kukekokyakyu
kyo
B:w
B:w
B:w
B:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wBBF:w
BBF:w
BBF:w
BBF:wBBH
:w
BBH
:w
BBH
:w
BBH
:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w Ja
panesehassyllablesthatareplainlycombinedwithaconsonanta
ndavowel.Thefollowinglistshowsu
s
thestandardphonemes
V1:a,i,u,e,o
V2:a,u,o
V3:a
C1:k,s,t,n,h,m,r,g,z,d,b,p
s,sh
sa
shisusesoshashu
sho
B:w
B:w
B:w
B:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wBBF:w
BBF:w
BBF:w
BBF:wBBH
:w
BBH
:w
BBH
:w
BBH
:wBBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
t,ch,tsta
chitsute
to
chachu
cho
B":w
B":w
B":w
B":wB$:w
B$:w
B$:w
B$:wB':wB':wB':wB':wB):wB):wB):wB):wB+:w
B+:w
B+:w
B+:wB$BF:w
B$BF:w
B$BF:w
B$BF:wB$BH
:w
B$BH
:w
B$BH
:w
B$BH
:wB$BJ:w
B$BJ:w
B$BJ:w
B$BJ:w
n,ny
na
ni
nunenonyanyu
nyo
B-:w
B-:w
B-:w
B-:wB.:wB.:wB.:wB.:wB/:wB/:wB/:wB/:wB0:w
B0:w
B0:w
B0:wB1:w
B1:w
B1:w
B1:wB.BF:w
B.BF:w
B.BF:w
B.BF:wB.BH
:w
B.BH
:w
B.BH
:w
B.BH
:wB.BJ:w
B.BJ:w
B.BJ:w
B.BJ:w
h,f,hyha
hi
fu
hehohyahyu
hyo
B2:w
B2:w
B2:w
B2:wB5:w
B5:w
B5:w
B5:wB8:w
B8:w
B8:w
B8:wB;:wB;:wB;:wB;:wB>:w
B>:w
B>:w
B>:wB5BF:w
B5BF:w
B5BF:w
B5BF:wB5BH
:w
B5BH
:w
B5BH
:w
B5BH
:wB5BJ:w
B5BJ:w
B5BJ:w
B5BJ:w
m,mymamimumemomyamyumyo
y
ya
yu
yo
BG:w
BG:w
BG:w
BG:w
BI:wBI:wBI:wBI:w
BK:w
BK:w
BK:w
BK:w
r,ry
ra
ri
ru
re
ro
ryaryu
ryo
BL:w
BL:w
BL:w
BL:wBM:w
BM:w
BM:w
BM:wBN:w
BN:w
BN:w
BN:wBO:w
BO:w
BO:w
BO:wBP:w
BP:w
BP:w
BP:wBMBF:w
BMBF:w
BMBF:w
BMBF:wBMBH:w
BMBH:w
BMBH:w
BMBH:wBMBJ:w
BMBJ:w
BMBJ:w
BMBJ:w
w
wa
BR:w
BR:w
BR:w
BR:w
g,gy
ga
gi
gugegogyagyu
gyo
B:w
B:w
B:w
B:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wBBF:w
BBF:w
BBF:w
BBF:wBBH
:w
BBH
:w
BBH
:w
BBH
:wBBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
z,j
za
ji
zuze
zo
ja
ju
jo
B:w
B:w
B:w
B:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB:wB!:wB!:wB!:wB!:wBBF:w
BBF:w
BBF:w
BBF:wBBH
:w
BBH
:w
BBH
:w
BBH
:wBBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
BBJ:w
d,dj,dzda
djidzudedodjadju
djo
B#:w
B#:w
B#:w
B#:wB%:w
B%:w
B%:w
B%:wB(:wB(:wB(:wB(:wB*:w
B*:wB*:w
B*:wB,:wB,:wB,:wB,:wB%BF:w
B%BF:w
B%BF:w
B%BF:wB%B
H:w
B%BH:w
B%B
H:w
B%BH:wB%BJ:w
B%BJ:w
B%BJ:w
B%BJ:w
b,by
ba
bi
bubebobyabyu
byo
B3:w
B3:w
B3:w
B3:wB6:w
B6:w
B6:w
B6:wB9:w
B9:w
B9:w
B9:wB"tch,d>"dd,g>"gg,j>"jj,k>"kk,p>"pp,t>"tt,ts>"tts,z>"zz
(*4)If"m"precedes"n","m","p",pronounce"m"andspell"n".
(*5)If"ng"precedes"k","g",pronounce"ng"andspell"n".
(*6)Ifsingle"r"appearsatthemiddleofaword,ignoreit.Ifitlocatesattheendofaword,pronounceasalongvowelbefore"a",""orpronounce"a"befor
e
"o:".
Stressedvow
els
EnglishstressedvowelsaregenerallytreatedasvowelswhosepositionisathightolowpitchinJapanese.
apprach>"puruchi(B]BBBaB|:w)
gant>"jianto(BsBB_B]BfiB:w
)
SampleKa
naSpellinggeneratedbytheRu
les
200W
ordsSample
Vowels(LongandDiphthongs)
a
e
i
o
u
yu
: a:
:
i:
o:
u:
yu:
ah'
ah'
ih'
oh'
uh'
yuh'
e
i
u
yu
e
a
ia
ua
yua
i ai
e
i
oi
ai
e
i
oi
u au
ou
au
ou
Introduction
Inordertou
nderstandonelanguagefundamentally,youneedtodigoutthedeepstructurewhichisrulingallovertheactivitiesofthelanguage.However,thisisa
veryboringandtiringprocessatthebeginning.ThischapterintroducesthecorrespondingideaswhichareimportantinEnglish,suchaspronouns,cases,articles,
interrogative
s.Totellthetruth,theseideasareno
tessentialinJapanese.However,Knowingthecorrespondenceoftheseideaisagoodtriggerthatyoustarttole
arn
Japanesewithyourmotivation,becauseyoucancomposesimplesentenceswiththese
ideas.
PartsofSpeech
ThefollowingtableshowsusthepartsofspeechofJapanese.Youdonotunderstanda
ndmemorizethemjustnow.Howeve
r,youmayfigureouttheframeworko
f
Japanesefromthistable.Youmayusethistableforyourreferencelater.
WordOrd
ers
InordertocomposeJapanesesentencescorrectly,youhavetoknowthewordordersw
ell.Theruleoftheordersisverysimple.Youonlyhavetoknowthreeorde
rs.
Elements
V:verbalelements
N:nominalelements
PartsofSpeech
conjugation
independent to
expressaction
s
Verbs
toexpressprope
rties
AdjectivalVerbs
dependent
AuxiliaryVer
bs
noconjuga
tion in
dependent m
odicand
toexpressobjects
Nouns
toexpressactions
VerbalNoun
s
toexpressproperties
AdjectivalNou
ns
nomodicand to
demonstrate
Demonstrative
tomodifyverbs
Adverbs
tomodifynouns
Adnominals
toconnectsentences
Conjunctives
noelementinsentencesInterjections
dependent
Particles
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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M:modifier'selements
Operators
f:finaloperators
c:conjunctiveoperators
a:attributiveoperators
WordOrder
s
Vf:verbalelementsfollowedbyfinaloperators
{VorNorM}cV:verbalelementsfo
llowedbyconjunctiveoperators
{VorNorM}aN:nominalelementsfollowedbyattributiveoperators
Correspon
denceofPronouns,Cases,Articles,Interrogative
Pronouns,Cases
Japanesedosenothavethecorrespondenceofpersonalpronounsandcaseinflections
strictly,However,itcanexpressthesameideabycombiningseveralword
s.
Inthischapter,youdonothavetogetserioustou
nderstandthedetails.ThefollowingtableshowsusthesamefunctionswhichpersonalpronounshaveinEnglish
.
Elements
Operators
VNMf
c
a
Verbs
OK
OKOKOK
AdjectivalVerbsOK
OKOKOK
AuxiliaryV
erbsOK
OKOKOK
Nouns
OK
(*1)
VerbalNo
unsOKOK
AdjectivalN
ounsOK(*2)
Demonstrative
OK
OKOK
Adverb
s
(*3)
OK
OK
Adnominal
OK
OK
Conjunctives
OK
OK
Interjections
OK
OK
Particles
(*4)
OKOKOK
(*1)Someofnounshavethepropertyof"Nc"withoutparticles.
(*2)Someofadjectivalnounshavethepropertyof"N".
(*3)Someofadverbshavethepropertyof"V".
(*4)Someofparticleshavethepropertyof"V".
InflectionsofPersonalPronouns
case
(*1)
subjective
possessive
objective
indirect
direct
EI
my
me
(*1)E
:English,J:Japanese,K:JapaneseKana
DemonstrativePronouns
Englishhasademonstrativesystemwhichsepara
tes"neartothespeaker"and"nearto
thehearer".Ontheotherhand,Japa
nesehasademonstrativesystemwh
ich
separates"n
eartothespeaker","neartothehearer",and"farfromboththespeakeran
dthehearer".Japanesedemonstrativ
ewordsmustbefollowedbycase
markerssothatyouusetheminsentences.Howe
ver,youmaynothavetousethepluralformsunlessyouneedtoclearthenumberofobjects.
single
first
Jwtashiga
wtashino
wtashini
wtashi'o
K
K^K.K&KC
KK.K&K=C
K^K.K&K:C
K^K.K&KaC
s
econd
Eyou
you
r
you
Jntaga
n
tano
ntani
nta
'o
K
KK9K.KC
KK9K.K=C
KK9K.K:C
KK9K.KaC
third
masculineEhe
his
him
Jkrega
kreno
kreni
kre'o
K
KK[KC
KK[K=C
KK[K:C
KK[KaC
feminin
Eshe
her
her
Jknojoga
knojono
knojoni
knojo'o
K
KK=K'KVKC
KK=K'KVK=CKK=K'KVK:CK
K=K'KVKaC
neuter
Eit
its
it
Jsrega
sreno
sreni
sre'o
K
K,K[KC
K,K[K=C
K,K[K:C
K,K[KaC
plural
first
Ewe
our
us
Jwtash-tachigawtash-tachinowtash-tachiniwtash-tachi'o
K
K^K.K&K.K0KCK^K.K&K.K0K=CK^K.K&K.K0K:CK^K.K&K.K0KaC
s
econd
Eyou
you
r
you
Jnta-tachigan
ta-tachinonta-tachininta
-tachi'o
K
KK9K.K.K0KCKK9K.K.K0K=CKK9K.K.K0K:CKK9K.K.K0KaC
third
Ethey
their
them
Jkre-raga
kre-rano
kre-rani
kre-
ra'o
K
KK[KXKC
KK[KXK=C
KK[KXK:C
KK[KXKaC
casemarker
Jga
no
ni
'o
K
KC
K=C
K:C
KaC
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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(*1)Y
ouusespecialformswhentheyareu
sedasapossessivecase.
Articles
Japanesehasnoarticles,however,youcanusethefollowingwordswhenyouhavetoexpressthemexplicitly.TheybelongtoadnominalsclassifiedbyJapanese
partsofspeech.
DemonstrativePronouns
case
subjectivepossessive
objective
indirect
direct
single
neartothespeaker
Ethis
Jkrega
k
no(*1)kreni
kre'o
K
n
eartothehearer
Ethat
Jsrega
s
no(*1)sreni
sre'o
K
farfromboth
thesp
eakerandthehearer E
that
Jrega
n
o(*1)
reni
re'o
K
plural
neartothespeaker
Ethese
Jkr-ragak
r-ranokr-ranikr-ra'o
K
n
eartothehearer
Ethose
Jsr-ragas
r-ranosr-ranisr-ra'o
K
farfromboth
thesp
eakerandthehearer E
those
Jr-ragar
-ranor-ranir-ra'o
K
Articles
infinitear
ticledefinitearticle
Ea,an
the
Jru
sno
K
Numbers,G
enders
Japanesenounsdonotdistinguishtheformsofth
ewordsfornumbersandgenders.Th
eyuseperfectlythesameform.Furth
ermore,Japaneseverbsdonothave
anyconjugationfornumbersandgenders,althoug
htheyhaverichconjugationsfortenses,aspects,voicesandsoon.
dsuku(BBtBj):Itisonlyoneformtoexpressadesk,desks,thedeskandthed
esks.
Interrogativ
es
Inordertoasksomething,youhavetouseinterrogativewords,otherwise,youcouldno
tcommunicatewithoneanothersmoothly.Englishprovidestypical
interrogative
wordscalled5W1H.Thefollowingtablesshowusthecorrespondenceofthem.MostofJapaneseinterrogativewordsbelongtodemonstrativeclassified
bythepartsofspeech.
QuestionMa
rk
ka(B):Japanesehasanexplicitsim
plequestionmarker.youcanconstru
ctasimpleinterrogativesentencebyadding"ka"totheendofthesentence
ResponseWords
hi(B2B):Whenyouagreewithaquestioner,youuse"hai".
ie(BBB):Whenyoudisagreewith
aquestioner,youuse"iie".
InterrogativePronouns
su
bjectivepossessive
objective
indirectdirect
person Ew
ho
whose
who,whom
Jdregadrenodrenidre'o
K
object Ew
hat
Jnniganninonnininni'o
K
choice Ew
hich
Jdregadno
drenidre'o
K
InterrogativeAdverbs
E
whenwherewhyhow
J
tsudkodenzedu
K
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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Nouns,AdjectivalNouns,VerbalNouns
Japaneseha
scommonnouns,collectivenouns,p
ropernouns,materialnounandabstractnounsintheideaaswellasEnglis
h.However,theydonothavetobe
distinguishedasapointofthegrammar,becauseJapanesehasnonumberinflectionofnouns.Onlyasforpropernouns,the
orthographyofJapaneseRomanization
requeststousesacapitalletteratthefirstletterofthemjustaswellasEnglishorthogra
phy.Meanwhile,Japanesehastwoty
pesofnouns,whicharegrammatically
uniquetoordinarynouns.Theyhavetwobehaviorsofpartsofspeech.Onehasadjectivalandnominalbehaviors.ItiscalledAdjectivalNouns.Theotherhasverbal
andnominalbehaviors.ItiscalledVerbalNouns.TheyareusuallyloanwordsfromancientChineseandmodernEnglish.Theysubstituteforverbsandadjectival
Verbs,byac
companyingspecialauxiliaryverbs.
OrdinaryNouns
OrdinarynounsareJapanesetypicalnouns.Theyhavenoinflectionofnumbers.Theycanperformasubjectoranobjectina
sentence.Theycanalsoperforma
possessivepart.
Dsuku,kybinettoareordinarynounsinthefollowingtables.
(*1)E
:English,J:Japanese,K:JapaneseK
ana
(*2)Ifstrictexpressionsarereallynecessary,youmightsayasfollows.
adesk,desks>"rudsuku(BBN:wBBtBj:w
)
thedesk>"snodsuku(BB1:wBBtBj:w)
thedesks>"sr-ranodsuku(BB
OBLB1:wBBtBj:w
)
AdjectivalNouns
Adjectivalno
unsarethenearestpartofspeechtoEnglishadjectives,excepttheyneedaparticletomodifynouns.Indeed,ifanadjectivalnounisaloanwordform
English,theoriginalEnglishwordisalsoanadjectivegenerally.Thedifferencebetween
adjectivalnounsandordinarynounsisthatadjectivalnounsarenotmodified
bynounswithparticle"no".Theydonotmodifyno
unswithparticle"no",either.Theyuseparticle"na"tomodifynouns.Ofcourseafewofadjectivalnounshavean
exceptionalbehaviorsthattheycanmodifiednoun
sandbemodifiedbynounswith"no".
Priveito,pburikkuareadjectivalnounsinthefollowingtables.
Particle"no"isapossessivemarkertoconnectnouns.
E(*1)ades
kdesksthedeskthedesksmydes
kmydeskshisdesk'scabinetaca
binetofhisdesk
J(*1)dsuku(*2)
watash
inodsukukrenodsukunoky
binetto
K(*1)
(*1)"Wtashinopburikkunadkyumento"isdividedintotwoparts.Oneis"wtashinodkyumento",theotheris"pburikkunadkyumento"."Wtashino"
doesnotmodify"pburikku"directlybut"d
kyumento".
IfyouknowJapanesenativewordscorresp
ondingtoloanwordsfromEnglish,yo
ushoulduseJapanesenativewords,becauseloanwordsasadjectivalnouns
arestrangerthanloanwordsasnouns.
Indee
d,particle"na"isanadjectivalinflectionofacopulaverb.
VerbalNo
uns
Verbalnounsgenerallyexpressactionsandmotio
ns.andhavethesamecharactersasordinarynouns.Theymodifynounsw
ithparticle"no",theyaremodifiedwith
particle"no".Besidesthesecharacteristics,verbalnounshavethepartsofcharacteristicswhichverbshave,althoughtheydo
nohaveanyconjugationasverbs
have.Theybehavelikeverbs,followedbyverb"suru".Thischapterintroducestwobehaviorsofverbalnouns.althoughthose
mayberegardedasadvancedusages
forbeginners.Thoseareveryuniquebehaviorswhichnounsandverbsdonothave.
Priisave
rbalnouninthefollowingtables.
Particle"na"isana
ttributivemarkertomodifynouns.
Eaprivatedocument
apublicdocument
mypublicdocumentthepublicdocumentofmine
Jpriveit
onadkyumentopburikkunadkyumentowtashinopburikkunadkyumento(*1)
K
V
erbalNounsasOrdinaryNouns
Eplayofte
nnisourplayoftennis
Jtnisuno
priwtash-tachinotnisunop
ri
K
Verba
lNounswithanobjectivemarker"'o"
before Ebe
foreplayoftennisbeforeplayingtennis
Jtnisunoprei-metnisu'oprei-me
K
during Edu
ringplayoftennisduringplayingtennis
Jtnisunoprei-chuutnisu'oprei-chuu
K
afterEafterplayoftennisafterplayingtennis
Jtnisunoprei-g
tnisu'oprei-g
K
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Youcannev
ersay"wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei"itselfinthecorrectgrammar.Howe
ver,youcansay
Wtash-tachigatnisu'opri-suru.(W
eplaytennis.)
Wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-me,(B
eforeourplayingtennis,)
Wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-chuu,(Duringourplayingtennis,)
Wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-g,(Afterourplayingtennis,)
Ontheother
hand,youcanneversay"wtash-tachinotnisunoprei-suru"inthecorrectgrammar.However,youcansay
wtash-tachinotnisunopri(ourpla
yoftennis)
wtash-tachinotnisunoprei-me(beforeourplayoftennis)
wtash-tachinotnisunoprei-chuu(duringourplayoftennis)
wtash-tachinotnisunoprei-g(afterourplayoftennis)
NumeralsandClassifiers
Japaneseha
verichcombinationsofnumeralsand
classifiers.ThiscorrectusagesometimesbothersevennativespeakersofJapanese.Inmyopinionthisrich
combinationsaresometimesharmfulandfruitless,whiletherichcombinationsofverbalconjugationarefruitfultoexpresssubtleideas.Usingclassifiersproperlyis
a
measureofculturalknowledgeamongJapanese,althoughitcontainsmanymeaningles
sexpressionstoinformaneventcorrectly.soabeginnerofJapanesedoes
nothavetod
oitcorrectly.Thischapterintroducestheminimuminformationaboutnume
ralsandclassifiers.IfIhaveachancetoarrangethem,Imaywritean
additionaldo
cumentabouttheminfuture.
BaseNumb
ers
VerbalNounswithasubjectivemarker"ga"
before Ebe
foreourplayoftennis
beforeourplayingtennis
Jwtash-tachinotnisunoprei-me
wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-m
e
K
during Edu
ringourplayoftennis
duringourplayingtennis
Jwtash-tachinotnisunoprei-chuuwtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-chuu
K
afterEafterourplayoftennis
afterourplayingtennis
Jwtash-tachinotnisunoprei-g
wtash-tachigatnisu'oprei-g
K
Basenumbe
rsconsistoflogicalandplaincombinationsexceptafewsoundchanges.Thereisnospecialnamefor11,12,20
asinEnglishorinFrench.All
combinationsfollowthedecimalcounterperfectly.Ofcourse,thereareotherwaystoco
untnumbers.However,thesewaysarenotingeneralbutidiomaticusages.
(*1)W
henyoucountupnumbersfromonetotensequentially,4,7,9aresometimescalled"shi","shchi","ku".butthe
sesoundsaresimilarwithother
numbers.youdonotusethesesoundsinin
dividualusagestoavoidmisundersta
ndings.
(*2)Thesenumberschangetheirsoundsin
specialcombinations.
300:sn+hyaku>"sn-byaku(BBVB6BFB:w
)
600:rku+hyaku>"rp-pyaku(BPB&B7BFB:w
)
800:hchi+hyaku>"hp-pyaku(B2B&B7BFB:w
)
3,000:sn+sn>"sn-zen(BBVBBV:w)
8,000:hchi+sn>"hs-sn(B2B
&BBV:w)
1,000,000,000,000:chi+chu>"t-chou(BB&B$BJB:w
)
8,000,000,000,000:hchi+chu>"ht-chou(B2B&B$BJB:w
)
10,000,000,000,000:ju+chu>"jt-chou(BB&B$BJB:w
)
CountingRu
le1
Group
ingunitsoffourcolumns
2,222,222,222,222,222={2,222,}{222,2}{22,22}{2,222}iscalled
BaseNumbers
English
JapaneseKanaComment
0
zero
ri
K[KC
1
one
chi
KK0C(*2)
2
two
n
K:C
3
three
sn
K$KbC(*2)
4
four
yn
KWKbC(*1)
5
five
g
K#C
6
six
rku
K\KC(*2)
7
seven
nna
K9K9C(*1)
8
eight
hchi
K>K0C(*2)
9
nine
kyu
KKTKC(*1)
10
ten
ju
K'KTKC(*2)
100
onehundred
hyk
KAKRKC
(*2)
1,000
onethousand
sn
K*KbC(*2)
10,000
tenthousand
chi-mn
100,000,000
onehundredmillionch-oku
KK0KKC
1,000,000,000,000onetrillion
t-chou
(*2)
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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n-snn-hyakun-juun-chu
n-snn-hyakun-juun-ku
n-snn-hyakun-juun-mn
n-snn-hyakun-juun.
CountingRule2
Skippingsound"chi"before"ju","hyku"and"sn"
1,111,111,111,111,111={1,111,}{111,1}{11,11}{1,111}iscalled
snh
ykujut-chou
snh
ykujuch-oku
snh
ykujuchi-mn
snh
ykujuch.
CountingRule3
Skippingcolumnsvaluedwith0
2,220iscalledn-snn-hyakun-juu.
2,202iscalledn-snn-hyakun.
2,022iscalledn-snn-juun.
Classifiers
ClassifiersareoneofthemostannoyingfeaturesofJapanese.Youhavetorememberthousandsofcombinationswithcountedthingsandcountingclassifiers
idiomatically.Thereisnootherwaybutmemorizin
gmorethanonehundredclassifiersinordertocomposeJapaneseexpressionsrelatedtonumbersexactly.This
wayisimpos
sibleevenfornativespeakersofJapanesetoperformperfectly,totellthetruth.Thechapterpicksup3classifiers.Ihopethese3classifierscovermore
than90%expressionsconvenientlyinordertocou
ntobjects.
people
animateobjects
inanimateobjects,things
Japanese
Kana
Japanese
Kana
Japanese
Kana
1
ch-nin(*1)
KK0K:KbCp-piki
KK2KCKCk-ko
KK2K"C
2
n-nin(*1)
K:K:KbCn-hiki
K:KAKCn-ko
K:K"C
3
sn-nn
K$KbK:KbC
sn-biki
K$KbKBKC
sn-ko
K$KbK"C
4
y-nn
KWK:KbCyn-hiki
KWKbKAKC
yn-ko
KWKbK"C
5
g-nn
K#K:KbCg-hiki
K#KAKCg-ko
K#K"C
6
rk-nin
K\KK:KbCrp-piki
K\K2KCKCrk-ko
K\K2K"C
7
nn
-nin
K9K9K:KbCnn-hiki
K
9K9KAKCnn-ko
K9K9K"C
8
hch
-nin
K>K0K:KbChp-piki
K>K2KCKC
hk-ko
K>K2K"C
9
kyu
-nin
KKTKK:KbC
kyu-hiki
K
KTKKAKC
kyu-ko
KKTKK"C
10ju-n
in
K'KTKK:KbC
jp-piki
K'K2KCKCjk-ko
K'K2K"C
100hyk
-nin
KAKRKK:KbC
hyp-piki
K
AKRK2KCKC
hyk-ko
KAKRK2K"C
1,000sn-nin
K*KbK:KbCsn-biki
K
*KbKBKCsn-ko
K*KbK"C
(*1)Thesewordsaregenerallyusedforcombinedusagesas"ju-ich-nin".Inuncombinedusages,Youuse"htri"foraperson,"ftar"fortwopeople.
OrdinalNum
bers
Inordertoexpressordinalnumbers,youhaveonlytoaddsuffix"-me"afterclassifiers.
sn-n
nnodrivah'(threedrivers)>"sn-nin-menodrivah'(thethirddriver)
n-hik
inomusu(twomise)>"n-hiki-menomuse(thesecondmouse)
yn-k
onornji(fouroranges)>"yn-ko-menoornji(theforthorange)
Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs
TheVerba
lConjugation
Japaneseha
sarichconjugationsystem,comparingEnglish.(ButitisnotasrichasRo
mancelanguages.)Thischapterintro
duceswholeconjugationtablesof
Japaneseve
rbs.Tounderstandallisunnecessary
forbeginnersofJapanese.However,toknowtheoutlineisveryusefulforthem,sinceyoucanimaginewhat
Japaneseca
nexpressbythesetable.
10,000chi-man-nin
chi-man-biki
chi-man-ko
TheV
erbalSystem
verb
adjectivalverbcopulapoliteverbpolitecopula
weakverbstr
ongverb
Inflection
p
resent
indicative-ru
-u
-i
da
-masu
desu
enumeration
nari
conditional-reba
-eba
-kereba
nara
imperative-ro
-e
-mase
(*3)
subjunctive-you
-ou
-karou(*2)
darou-mash
ou
deshou
participle[usestem]
-i
-ku
ni
past
indicative-ta
-katta
datta-mash
ita
deshita
participle-te
-kute
de
-mash
ite(*3)deshite(*3)
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Japan
esehas6typesofconjugationexclud
ingirregulartypes.Theyareweakverbsforverbswhosestemsendwithavowel,strongverbsforverbswhose
stems
endwithaconsonant,adjectivalverb
s,thecopula,politeverbswhichcons
istofverbsfollowedbyapoliteauxiliaryverbandthepolitecopulawhichis
thepo
litecorrespondenceofthecopula.
Japan
esehas3layersintheverbalsystem.Theupperlayerclassifiestheinflectionsandthederivatives.Thesecondlayerclassifiesthepastandthepresent.
Thelo
werlayerhas6forms.Thenithason
etraceforthenegativepresentbyhis
toricalreasons.
Japan
eseverbshave4derivativeverbs.Th
eyarenegativeverbswhichisconjug
atedasanadjectivalverb,causativeverbs,passiveverbsandpotential
verbs.Allofthelast3derivativeverbsarec
onjugatedasweakverbs.
Japan
esehas2tenseswhicharetheprese
ntandthepast.Thepresentincludesnotonlytheliteralmeaningbutalsothefuture,thehabitualaction,thenatu
re
rulesandthehistoricalpresent.Thepastalsoincludesvariousmeaningsaswellastheliteralmeaning.Itincludestheperfectandtheconfirmation.Thesetw
o
tenseshaveaninfluenceonsubordinateclauses.
Japan
esehas6formsinthelowerlayers.T
heyare3predicativeformsand3conjunctiveforms.3predicativeformsar
e3moods,theindicative,theimperative
andth
esubjunctive,while3conjunctiveformsaretheenumeration,thecondition
alandtheparticiple.InclassicJapanese,ithadalmostcompletesetof6
formsforthepastandthenegativeaswellasthepresent.However,theyaresim
plifiedandisolatedtoanotherwords,sothetotalnumberoftheinflectionsis
9,whichare6forthepresent,2forthepast,1forthenegativeinmodernJapane
se.Whenyouexpressallsetsofform
sforthepastandthenegative,youu
se
inflectionalparticles,whichcomeformtheinflectionsofthecopulas,withanotherformsandanotherderivativeverbscorrespondingly.
(*1)Thepotentialderivativeverbsofweakverbssometimesomittheirsoundfrom
"-rareru"to"-reru"incolloquialconversation.Itiscalled"ra-nuki(ra-
omission)"inJapanese.
(*2)Thesubjunctiveinflectionofadjectivalverbsisusuallyreplacedwith"-idarou
",whichisthepresentinflectionfollow
edbythesubjunctiveofthecopula.For
politecontexts,"-ideshou"isused.
(*3)Theseinflectionsarenotusedgenerally.Theyaremainlyusedinclassicdoc
uments,formaldocumentsoridiomaticexpressions,whenyoucomeacros
s
them.
(*4)Thenegativeformofthepoliteverbisn
otaderivativebutaninflection.
negativeparticiple-zu
-az
u
Derivative
negativeverb
-na-i
-an
a-i
-mase
n(*4)
causativeverb
-sase-ru
-as
e-ru
passiveverb
-rare-ru
-ar
e-ru
potentialverb
-(ra)re-ru(*1)-e-ru
InflectionalParticles
particle
verb
adjectivalverb
copula
politeverb
politecopula
weakverbstrongverb
present
enumerationnari
-runari-unari
-inari
nari
-masunari
desunari
conditionalnara
-runara-unara
-inara
nara
-masunara
desunara
subjunctivedarou
-rudarou-udarou-idarou
darou
enumerationnari(*1)-tanari
-tari
-kattanari
-kattari
dattanari
dattari
-mashitanari
-mashitari
deshitanari
deshitari
Inflectionalparticlesarenotincludedinpartsofspeech.Theyfillthelostformsoftheverbalsystem,suchasthepastenumerationassoon.
(*1)Thepastenumerationusuallydrops"na"in"nari".Sothepopularformsare"
-tari","-kattari","-dattari"andsoon.
(*2)Thepastconditionalusuallydrops"na"in"nara".Sothepopularformsare"-tara","-kattara","-dattara"andsoon.
(*3)Thepastsubjectivedoesnotusuallydrop"da"in"darou".
(*4)Thenegativesubjectiveusuallydrops"ru"in"-rumai",whenitfollowsweekverbs.
Inflectionalpoliteparticlesaddpolitemeaningstoinflections.Theycomeformtheinflectionsofthepolitecopula.
past
conditionalnara(*2)-tanara
-tara
-kattanara
-kattara
dattanara
dattara
-mashitanara
-mashitara
deshitanara
deshitara
subjunctivedarou(*3) -tadarou
-tarou
-kattadarou
-kattarou
dattadarou
dattarou
negative
imperativena
-runa
-una
subjunctivemai(*4)-(ru)mai-umai
-masumai
negativepastparticiplede
-na-ide-ana-ide
InflectionalPoliteParticles
particle
verb
adjectivalverb
copula
politeverbpolitecopula
weakverbstrongve
rb
presentindicativedesu
-idesu
desu
subjunctivedeshou-rudeshou-udesho
u-ideshou
deshou
past
indicativedesu
-kattadesu
dattadesu
subjunctivedeshou-tadeshou
-kattadeshoudattadeshou
SoundChangesofStrongVerbs
Combin
ation
Stem+Inflection
RealForms
K-k+t->">">">"-it-
kak+t->">">">"kait-
kita,kite,kitara,kitari
R-r+t->">">">"-tt-
kar+t->">">">"katt-
ktta,ktte,kttra,kttri
S-s+t->">">">"-shit-kas+t->">">">"kashit-kshita,kshite,kshitra,kshitri
A
Dictionary
JapaneseKanaEnglish
kku
KKCtowrite
kru
KKZCtocut
ksu
KK(Ctolend
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Strongverbswhosestemsendwithaconsonanthavesomesoundchagensmainlyfortheirpastandpastparticiple,becauseJapanese,whichisanopen
syllabiclanguage,needsspecialconsiderationswhenthelastconsonantofaverbalstemisfollowedbytheinflections.
Thefirst11patternsarecausedbydoubleconsonants,thelast7patternsarecausedbypalatalizationoromission.
T-t+t->">">">"-tt-
kat+t->">">">"katt-
ktta,ktte,kttara,kttari
W-w+t->">">">"-tt-kaw+t->">">">"katt-
ktta,ktte,kttra,kttri
B-b+t->">">">"-nd-ukab+t->">">">"ukand-kanda,kande,kandra,kandri
G-g+t->">">">"-id-kag+t->">">">"kaid-
kida,k
ide,kidra,kidri
M-m+t->
"
>
"
>
"
>
"-nd-kam+t->">">">"kand-knda,knde,kndara,kndari
N-n+t->">">">"-nd-shin+t->">">">"shind-shnda,s
hnde,shndra,shndri
S-s+i>">">">"-shikas+i>">">">"kashi
kshi
T-t+i>">">">"-chi
kat+i>">">">"kachi
kchi
T-t+u>">">">"-tsukat+u>">">">"katsu
ktsu
W-w+i>">">">"-i
kaw+i>">">">"kai
ki
W-w+u>">">">"-u
kaw+u>">">">"kau
ku
W-w+e->
"
>
"
>
"
>
"-e-kaw+e->">">">"kae-
ke,kba,keru
W-w+ou>">">">"-oukaw+ou>">">">"kaouku
ktsu
KK3Ctowin
ku
KKCtobuy
kabu
tofloat
kgu
KKCtosmell
kmu
KKOCtobite
shnu
K&K;Ctodie
IrregularVerbs
ModernS
Cla
ssicS
ClassicZ
K
Inflection
present
indicative-suru
-zuru
kru
conditional-sureba
-zureba
kreba
imperative-shiro
-jiro
ki
subjunctive-shiyou
-jiyou
kyu
participle-shi
-ji
k
past
finite
-shita
-jita
kta
participle-shite
-jite
kte
n
egativeparticiple-sezu
-zezu
kzu
Derivative
negativeverb
-shina-i
-jina-i
kna-i
causativeverb
-sase-ru
-sesase-ru-zesase-ruksas-ru
passiveverb
-sare-ru
-serare-ru-zerare-rukrar-ru
ADictionary
JapaneseKana
English
sru
K(KZCtodo
dkruK6KKZCtobeable
kru
KKZCtocome
isu
KKK(Ctolove
nssuK">">">"
n
+-msu>">">">"n-msu
Imru
mi>">">">"
m
+-msu>">">">"m-msu
StrongVer
bKkku
kik+i>">">">"
kki
+-msu>">">">"kki-msu
Rnru
nar+i>">">">"
nri
+-msu>">">">"nri-msu
Sdsu
das+i>">">">"
dshi+-msu>">">">"dshi-msu
Tmtsu
mat+i>">">">"
mch
i+-msu>">">">"mchi-msu
Wu
iw+i>">">">"
i
+-msu>">">">"i-msu
ADictionary
Japanese
KanaEnglish
nru
K">">">"
ybi
+-msu>">">">"ybi-msu
Gngu
nug+i>">">">"
ngi
+-msu>">">">"ngi-msu
Mnmu
nom+i>">">">"
nmi+-msu>">">">"nmi-msu
Nshnu
shin+i>">">">"
shni+-msu>">">">"shni-msu
IrregularVe
rb Kkru
k
+i>">">">"
k
+-msu>">">">"k-msu
Ssru
s
+i>">">">"
shi
+-msu>">">">"sh-msu
ybu
KWKECtocall
ngu
K;KCtotakeoff
nmu
K=KOCtodrink
shnu
K&K;Ctodie
Negative
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Howtousenegativepolitepresentforms
Case1a
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&KMK*Kb
J
:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chi-shi-masen.
(E):Mariadoesnotresearchesthemarcket.
Case1b
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&KMK(K
J
K>KJK&KMK(JKKKJK&KMK*Kb
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masuka?Hai,shi-masu.Iie,sh
i-masen.
(E):DoesMariaresearchesthemarcket?Yes,shedoes.No,shedoes
n't.
Case2a
(K):KKfiKKCKzKKKaCK;KKM
K*Kb
J:w
(J):Jongakoh'to'onugi-masen.
(E):Johndoesnottakeoffhiscoat.
Case2b
(K):KKfiKKCKzKKKaCK;KKM
K(K
JK>KJK;KKMK(JKKKJK;KKMK*KbJ:w
(J):Jongakoh'to'onugi-masuka?
Hai,nugi-masu.Iie,nugi-masen.
(E):DoesJohntakeoffhiscoat?Y
es,hedoes.No,hedoesn't.
TheTense
Japanesehastwotypesofbasictenses,theprese
ntandthepast.Asgeneralusages,thesetypearealmostcorrespondtothepresentandthepast.However,the
presentcontainsthefutureandthepastcontainstheperfect.Ofcourse,Japanesehasm
anyexpressiontodistinguishslighttensesbyusingauxiliaryverbsand
helpingverbs
.However,thesetwotypesaremostessentialtocomposeJapanesesente
nces.
Howtousepolitepastforms
Case1a
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&KMK&K.
J:w
affirmative
inflection
negative
sh-msus
h-mas+en>">">">"sh-masn
Tenses
present
inflection
past
affirmatives
h-msushi-mas+i+ta
sh-mshita
negatives
h-masnshi-masen+deshitash-masndeshita
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashita.
(E):Mariaresearchedthemarcket.
Case1b
(K):K/K[KCKKKxKKKaCKK|KKK&KMK&K.K
JKKKiKCK&KMK&K.
J:w
(J):Daregamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashitaka?Mariagashi-mashita.
(E):Whoresearchedthemarcket?Mariadid.
Case1c
(K):KKKiKCK9K:KaCKK|KKK&KMK&K.K
JK
KKxKKKaCKK|KKK&KMK&K
.
J:w
(J):Mariaganani'orisah'chishi-m
ashitaka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashita.
(E):WhatdidMariaresearch?Sheresearchedthemarcket.
Case1d
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&KMK*KbK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masendeshita.
(E):Mariadidnotresearchthemarcket.
Case1e
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&KMK&K.K
JK>KJK&KMK&K.
JKKKJK&KMK*KbK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashitaka?Hai,shi-mashita.Iie,shi-masendeshita.
(E):DidMariaresearchthemarcke
t?Yes,shedid.No,shedidn't.
Case2a
(K):KKK}KKCKKKKKjKKv
KaCKKKMK&K.
J:w
(J):Suh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashita.
(E):Susanlistenedtomusic.
Case2b
(K):K/K[KCKKKKKjKKvKaCKKKMK&K.K
JK
KK}KKCKKKMK&K.
J:w
(J):Daregamyuh'zikku'okiki-mas
hitaka?Suh'zangakiki-mashita.
(E):Wholistenedtomusic?Susan
did.
Case2c
(K):KKK}KKCK9K:KaCKKKM
K&K.K
JKKKKKjKKvKaCKKKMK&K.
J:w
(J):Suh'zanganani'okiki-mashita
ka?Myuh'zikku'okiki-mashita.
(E):WhatdidSusanlistento?Shelistenedtomusic.
Case2d
(K):KKK}KKCKKKKKjKKv
KaCKKKMK*KbK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Suh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-masendeshita.
(E):Susandidnotlistentomusic.
Case2e
(K):KKK}KKCKKKKKjKKv
KaCKKKMK&K.K
JK>KJKKKMK&K.
JKKKJKKKMK*KbK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Suh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashitaka?Hai,kiki-mashita.Iie,kiki-masendeshita.
(E):DidSusanlistentomusic?Yes,shedid.No,shedidn't.
TheMood
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
18/44
ThissectionintroducesthreemoodsofJapanese.Thefirstistheindicativemoodwhichhasbeenalreadyintroducedabove.T
hesecondistheimperativemood.Th
e
lastisthesubjunctivemood.However,thesubjunc
tivemoodisnotsameasEnglish.Itshouldbecalled"theintentmood"and"theprobablemood".Anditisdivided
into2parts,"
theintent"and"theprobable".
Howtomaketheimperativemoodwithpoliteness
affirmative:pastparticiple+"kudasai"
negative:pastparticiple+"kudasai"
Howtomaketheintentmoodwithpoliteness
affirmative:presentparticiple+"-mas
hou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepoliteverb.
negative:presentparticiple+"-masumai"whichisthepresentformofthepoliteverbfollowedby"mai".
Howtomaketheprobablemoodwithpoliteness
affirmativepresent:presentform+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.
affirmativepast:pastform+"deshou
"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.
negativepresent:negativepresent+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.
negativepast:negativepast+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofth
epolitecopula.
Inordertoco
nstructthesentencesofthesemoods
,youneedtoknowthefiveformsfirst.Theyarethepastformandthepastparticipleformoftheaffirmative,the
presentform,thepastformandthepastparticipleofthenegative.
HowToMakePastForms
dictionary
past
steminflection
>#>#>#>#
WeakVer
bEnru
ne
+ta>">">">"
nta
Imru
mi
+ta>">">">"
mta
StrongVerb
Kkku
kik+ta>">">">"
kita
Rnru
nar+ta>">">">"
ntta
Sdsu
das+ta>">">">"
dshita
Tmtsu
mat+ta>">">">"
mtta
Wu
iw
+ta>">">">"
tta
Bybu
yob+ta>">">">"
ynda
Gngu
nug+ta>">">">"
nida
Mnmu
nom+ta>">">">"
nnda
HowToMakeNegativeForms
dictionary
negative
stemderivative
>#>#>#>#
WeakVerbEnru
ne+na-i>">">">"
nna-i
Imru
mi+na-i>">">">"
mna-i
StrongVerb
Kkku
kik+a+na-i>">">">"kkana-i
Rnru
nar+a+na-i>">">">"nrna-i
Sdsu
das+a+na-i>">">">"dsna-i
Tmtsu
mat+a+na-i>">">">"mtna-i
Wu
iw+a+na-i>">">">"wana-i
Bybu
yob+a+na-i>">">">"ybana-i
Gngu
nug+a+na-i>">">">"ngna-i
Mnmu
nom+a+na-i>">">">"nmna-i
Thefollowing
tableshowsyouhowtomaketheimperative,subjunctivemoods.
Howtousepoliteimperativeforms
Case1a
(K):KKKiK$Kb
JKKKxKKKaCKK
|KKK&K5CKK/K$K
J:w
(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishitekudasai.
(E):Ms.Maria,pleaseresearchthemarcket.
Case1b
(K):KKKiK$Kb
JKKKxKKKaCKK
|KKK&K9KK6CKK/K$K
J:w
(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishina-idekudasai.
(E):Ms.Maria,pleasedon'tresearc
hthemarcket.
Case2a
(K):KKnKkKKK$Kb
JKKkKKaCK=KbK6CKK/K$K
J:w
(J):Jeimuzu-san,wain'onondeku
dasai.
(E):Mr.James,pleasedrinkwine.
Case2b
(K):KKnKkKKK$Kb
JKKkKKaCK=KM
K9KK6CKK/K$K
J:w
(J):Jeimuzu-san,wain'onomana-idekudasai.
Nshnu
shin+ta>">">">"
shnda
IrregularVerbKkru
k
+i+ta>">">">"kta
Ssru
s
+i+ta>">">">"shta
pastparticiple:changetheendingofthep
astform
-ta>"-te
-da>"-de
Nshnu
shin+a+na-i>">">">"shnana-i
IrregularVerb Kkru
k
+o+na-i>">">">"kna-i
Ssru
s
+i+na-i>">">">"shna-i
past:changetheending
-na-i>"-na-katta
pastparticiple:changetheending
-na-i>"-na-ide
M
oods[KanaTable]
imperat
ive
affirmative
shite
(pastparticiple)
+kuda
sai>">">">"
shtekudasi
negative
shina-ide(negativepastparticiple)+kuda
sai>">">">"
shn-idekudasai
subjunctive
intent
affirmative
shi
(presentparticiple)
+-mas
hou>">">">"
sh-mashu
negative
shi
(presentparticiple)
+-mas
u+mai>">">">"sh-masumi
p
robable affirm
ative presentsuru
(present)
+desh
ou>">">">"
srudeshu
pastshita
(past)
+desh
ou>">">">"
shtdeshou
negativepresentshina-i
(negativepresent)
+desh
ou>">">">"
shn-ideshou
pastshina-katta(negativepast)
+desh
ou>">">">"
shn-kattadeshou
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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(E):Mr.James,pleasedon'tdrinkw
ine.
Howtousepo
litesubjunctive(intent)forms
Case1a
(K):KKKiK$Kb
JKKKxKKKaCKK
|KKK&KMK&KVK
J:w
(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashou.
(E):Ms.Maria,let'sresearchthemarcket.
Case1b
(K):KKKiK$Kb
JKaCKK|KKK&KM
K&KVKK
JK
KKxKKKaCKK|KKK&KMK&
KVK
J:w
(J):Maria-san,nani'orisah'chishi-mashouka?mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashou.
(E):Ms.Maria,whatshallweresearch.Let'sresearchthemarcket.
Case1c
(K):KKKiK$Kb
JKKKxKKKaCKK
|KKK&KMK(KMK
J:w
(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masumai.
(E):Ms.Maria,let'snotresearchth
emarcket.
Case1d
(K):KKKiK$Kb
JKKKxKKKaCKK
|KKK&KMK&KVKK
JK>KJK&KMK&KVK
JKKKJK&KMK(KM
K
J:w
(J):Maria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashouka?Hai,shi-mashou
.Iie,shi-masumai.
(E):Ms.Maria,shallweresearchth
emarcket?Yes,let's.No,let'snot.
Case2a
(K):KKvKKK:CK9KYKMK&KVK
J:w
(J):Dokutah'ninari-mashou.
(E):Iwillbecomeadoctor.
Case2b
(K):K9K:K:CK9KYKMK&KVKK
JKKvKKK:K
9KYKMK&KVK
J:w
(J):Nanininari-mashouka?Dokut
ah'ninari-mashou.
(E):Whatshallwebecome.Wewillbecomedoctors.
Case2c
(K):KKvKKK:CK9KYKMK(KMK
J:w
(J):Dokutah'ninari-masumai.
(E):Iwillnotbeadoctor.
Case2d
(K):KKvKKK:CK9KYKMK&KVKK
JK>KJK9KYKMK&KVK
JKKKJK9KYKMK(KMK
J:w
(J):Dokutah'ninari-mashouka?Hai,nari-mashou.Iie,nari-masumai.
(E):Shallwebecomedoctors?Yes
,let's.No,let'snot.
Howtousepo
litesubjunctive(probablepresent)forms
Case1a
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK(KZK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshou.
(E):Mariawillprobablyresearchth
emarcket.
Case1b
(K):K/K[KCKKKxKKKaCKK|KKK(KZK6K&KVKK
JKKKiKCK(KZK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Daregamah'ketto'orisah'chis
urudeshouka?Mariagasurudeshou.
(E):Whowillresearchthemarcket?Mariawillprobably.
Case1c
(K):KKKiKCK9K:KaCKK|KKK(KZK6K&KVKK
J
KKKxKKKaCKK|KKK(KZK6
K&KVK
J:w
(J):Mariaganani'orisah'chisurudeshouka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chis
urudeshou.
(E):WhatwillMariaresearch?Shewillprobablyresearchthemarcket
.
Case1d
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&K9KK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishina-ideshou.
(E):Mariawillnotprobablyresearc
hthemarcket.
Case1e
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK(KZK6K&KVKK
JK>KJK(KZK6K&KVK
JKKKJK&K9KK
6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshouka?Hai,surudeshou.Iie,shina-ideshou.
(E):WillMariaresearchthemarcke
t?Yes,shewillprobably.No,shew
on'tprobably.
Case2a
(K):KrKKKCKKKKjKKaCKNKZK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Karengamuh'vih''omirudesh
ou.
(E):Karenwillprobablyseeamovie.
Case2b
(K):K/K[KCKKKKjKKaCKNK
ZK6K&KVKK
JKrKKKCKNKZK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Daregamuh'vih''omirudesho
uka?Karengamirudeshou.
(E):Whowillseeamovie?Karenw
illprobably.
Case2c
(K):KrKKKCK9K:KaCKNKZK6K&KVKK
JKKKKjKKaCKNKZK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Karenganani'omirudeshouk
a?Muh'vih''omirudeshou.
(E):WhatwillKarensee?Shewillprobablyseeamovie.
Case2d
(K):KrKKKCKKKKjKKaCKNK9KK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Karengamuh'vih''omina-ides
hou.
(E):Karenwillnotprobablyseeam
ovie.
Case2e
(K):KrKKKCKKKKjKKaCKNKZK6K&KVKK
JK
>KJKNKZK6K&KVK
JKKKJKNK9KK6K&K
VK
J:w
(J):Karengamuh'vih''omirudesh
ouka?Hai,mirudeshou.Iiemina-ideshou.
(E):WillKarenseeamovie?Yes,s
hewillprobably.No,shewon'tprobably.
Howtousepo
litesubjunctive(probablepast)forms
Case1a
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishitadeshou.
(E):Mariawouldprobablyresearch
themarcket.
Case1b
(K):K/K[KCKKKxKKKaCKK|KKK&K.K6K&KVKK
JKKKiKCK&K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Daregamah'ketto'orisah'chis
hitadeshouka?Mariagashitades
hou.
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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(E):Whowouldresearchthemarck
et?Mariawouldprobably.
Case1
c
(K):KKKiKCK9K:KaCKK|KKK&K.K6K&KVKK
JKKKxKKKaCKK|KKK&K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Mariaganani'orisah'chishitadeshouka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chis
hitadeshou.
(E):WhatwouldMariaresearch?Shewouldprobablyresearchthema
rcket.
Case1
d
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&K9KK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishina-kattadeshou.
(E):Mariawouldnotprobablyresearchthemarcket.
Case1
e
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&K.K6K&KVKK
JK>KJK&K.K6K&KVK
JKKKJK&K9KK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishitadeshouka?Hai,shitadeshou
.Iie,shina-kattadeshou.
(E):WouldMariaresearchthemarcket?Yes,shewouldprobably.No,shewouldn'tprobably.
Case2
a
(K):KKKKKCKKKaCKMK
2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Robah'togabasu'omattadesh
ou.
(E):Robertwouldprobablywaitforthebus.
Case2
b
(K):K/K[KCKKKaCKMK2K.K6K&KVKK
JKKKKKCKMK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Daregabasu'omattadeshouka?Robah'togamattadeshou.
(E):Whowouldwaitforthebus?R
obertwouldprobably.
Case2
c
(K):KKKKKCK9K:KaCKMK2K.K6K&KVKK
JK
KKaCKMK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Robah'toganani'omattadesh
ouka?Basu'omattadeshou.
(E):WhatwouldRobertwaitfor?Hewouldprobablywaitforthebus.
Case2
d
(K):KKKKKCKKKaCKMK
.K9KK2K.K6K&KVK
J
:w
(J):Robah'togabasu'omatana-kattadeshou.
(E):Robertwouldnotprobablywaitforthebus.
Case2
e
(K):KKKKKCKKKaCKMK
2K.K6K&KVKK
JK>KJKMK2K.K6K&KVK
JKKKJKMK.K9KK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Robah'togabasu'omattadesh
ouka?Hai,mattadeshou.Iie,matana-kattadeshou.
(E):WouldRobertwaitforthebus?
Yes,hewouldprobably.No,hewouldn'tprobably.
Future
Japanesedoesnothaveanyspecialinflentiontoexpressfutureevents.Itusesthepresentformforacertainfutureevent,theprobablepresentformforanuncertain
futureevent.Indeed,therealmeaningofthepresentformisthepresent,thefutureandthehabitualformwhichcontainsfutureeventsaswellaspresentevents.
Howtoexpressfuturetenses
Case1
a(acertainevent)
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK&KMK(
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masu.
(E):Mariawillresearchthemarcket.
Case1
b(auncertainevent)
(K):KKKiKCKKKxKKKaCK
K|KKK(KZK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Mariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshou.
(E):Mariawillprobablyresearchth
emarcket.
ASummary
Thefollowingtableshowsyouachartofthetenses
.
Achartofthetensesof"suru"[KanaTable]
tenses
moods
English
JapanesePolite
Ref.JapanesePlain
A
F
FI
R
M
A
T
IV
E p
resent in
dicativecertaindo
sh-msu
sru
uncertaindoprobably
srudeshu
srudaru
subjunctive
woulddo
intent
let'sdo
sh-mashu
shyu
imperative
Do
shtekudasi
shro
pastindicativecertaindid
sh-mshita
shtdesu(*)
shta
uncertaindidprobably
shtdeshou
shtdarou
subjunctive
wouldhavedone
futureindicativecertainwilldo
sh-msu
sru
uncertainwilldoprobably
srudeshu
srudaru
N
E
G
A
T
IV p
resent in
dicativecertaindonotdo
sh-masn
shn-idesu(*)
shn-i
uncertaindonotdoprobablysh
na-ideshu
shna-idar
u
subjunctive
wouldnotdo
intent
let'snotdo
sh-masumi
srumi
imperative
Don'tdo
shn-idekudasaisrna
pastindicativecertaindidnotdo
sh-masndeshita
shn-kattadesu(*) shn-katta
uncertaindidnotdoprobably
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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(*)colloquialvariants(notusedinformalconversations)
Verbs,A
djectivalVerbs,Auxilia
ryVerbs
ThispageintroducesJapaneseverbsofexistence.Tounderstandverbsofexistenceisveryimportantinordertounderstandthecopulasandadjectivalverbs.
Existence
Japanesehastwotypesofverbsinordertoexpres
sexistence.Oneis"aru",whichiscla
ssifiedintostrongverbs,formotionlessobjectstheotheris"iru",whichis
classifiedinto
weakverbs,formotionalobjectsincludinghumanbeings.Thenegationof"aru"isreplacedwith"na-i",whichisclassifiedintoadjectivalverbs.Onthe
otherhand,th
enegationof"iru"isderivedinto"ina-i",whichisthenegativederivativeverb.However,"na-i"and"ina-i"aremainlyusedasbasicforms.Somepolite
negationform
sareexpressedbytheinflectionsofthepoliteverb"-masu".
ThePolitePresent
Howtousethepolitepresentforms
Case1
a
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK(
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masu.
E
subjunctive
wouldnothavedo
neshn-kattadeshoushn-kattadarou
futureindicativecertainwillnotdo
sh-masn
shn-idesu(*)
shn-i
uncertainwillnotdoprobablyshna-ideshu
shna-idar
u
HowtoMakeThePolitePresent
dictionary presentparticiple
politeverb
politepresent
steminflection
affirmativenegative
motionless
aru
ar+i>">">">"
ari+masu>">">">"
ari-masuari-masen
motional
iru
i
>">">">"
i+masu>">">">"
i-masu
i-masen
(E):Aknifeisinthekitchen.
Case1
b
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK*Kb
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masen.
(E):Aknifeisnotinthekitchen.
Case1
c
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK(K
JK>KJK
KYKMK(JKKKJKKYKMK*Kb
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masuka?
Hi,ari-masu.Iie,ari-masen.
(E):Isaknifeinthekitchen?Yes,itis.No,itisn't.
Case1
d
(K):K9K:KCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK(K
JKKkK
KCKKYKMK(
J:w
(J):Nanigakitchinniari-masuka?Naifugaari-masu.
(E):Whatisinthekitchen?Aknifeis.
Case1
e
(K):KKkKKCK8K"K:CKKYKMK
(K
JKtKKK
K:CKKYKMK(
J:w
(J):Naifugadokoniari-masuka?Kitchinniari-masu.
(E):Whereisaknife?Itisinthekitchen.
Case2
a
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK(
J:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mas
u.
(E):Lisaisinthelivingroom.
Case2
b
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK*Kb
J:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mas
en.
(E):Lisaisnotinthelivingroom.
Case2
c
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK(K
JK>
KJKKMK(JKKKJKKMK*KbJ:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mas
uka?Hi,i-masu.Iie,i-masen.
(E):IsLisainthelivingroom?Yes,sheis.No,sheisn't.
Case2
d
(K):K/K[KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK(K
JKK|KCKKMK(
J:w
(J):Daregarivingu-ruh'munii-mas
uka?Risagai-masu.
(E):Whoisinthelivingroom?Lisa
is.
Case2
e
(K):KK|KCK8K"K:CKKMK(K
JKKKjKKw
KKKK:CKKMK(
J:w
(J):Risagadokonii-masuka?Rivingu-ruh'munii-masu.
(E):WhereisLisa?Sheisintheliv
ingroom.
ThePolitePast
HowtoMakeThePo
litePast
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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Howtousethepolitepastforms
Case1
a
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK&K.
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-mashita.
(E):Aknifewasinthekitchen.
Case1
b
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK*KbK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masende
shita.
(E):Aknifewasnotinthekitchen.
Case1
c
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK&K.K
JK>KJ
KKYKMK&K.
JKKKJKKYKMK*KbK6K&K
.
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniari-mashitak
a?Hi,ari-mashita.Iie,ari-masendeshita.
(E):Wasaknifeinthekitchen?Yes
,itwas.No,itwasn't.
Case1
d
(K):K9K:KCKtKKKK:CKKYKMK&K.K
JKKkK
KCKKYKMK&K.
J:w
(J):Nanigakitchinniari-mashitaka?Naifugaari-mashita.
(E):Whatwasinthekitchen?Aknifewas.
Case1
e
(K):KKkKKCK8K"K:CKKYKMK
&K.K
JKtKKK
K:CKKYKMK&K.
J:w
(J):Naifugadokoniari-mashitaka?Kitchinniari-mashita.
(E):Wherewasaknife?Itwasinth
ekitchen.
Case2
a
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK&K.
J:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mas
hita.
(E):Lisawasinthelivingroom.
Case2
b
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK*KbK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mas
endeshita.
(E):Lisawasnotinthelivingroom.
Case2
c
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK&K.K
JK
>KJKKMK&K.JKKKJKKMK*KbK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mas
hitaka?Hi,i-mashita.Iie,i-masendeshita.
(E):WasLisainthelivingroom?Yes,shewas.No,shewasn't.
Case2
d
(K):K/K[KCKKKjKKwKKKK:C
KKMK&K.K
JK
K|KCKKMK&K.
J:w
dictionary presentparticiplep
oliteverb(past)
politepast
steminflection
affirmative
negative
motionless
aru
ar+i>">">">"
ari+mashita>">">">"
ari-mashitaari-masendeshita
motional
iru
i
>">">">"
i+mashita>">">">"
i-mashitai-masendeshita
(J):Daregarivingu-ruh'munii-mas
hitaka?Risagai-mashita.
(E):Whowasinthelivingroom?Lisawas.
Case2
e
(K):KK|KCK8K"K:CKKMK&K.K
JKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK&K.
J:w
(J):Risagadokonii-mashitaka?R
ivingu-ruh'munii-mashita.
(E):WherewasLisa?Shewasinth
elivingroom.
ThePoliteSubjunctivePresent
Howtousethepolitesubjectivepresentforms
Case1
a
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKKZK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniarudeshou.
(E):Aknifeisprobablyinthekitchen.
Case1
b
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CK9KK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinnina-ideshou.
(E):Aknifeisnotprobablyinthekitchen.
Case2
a
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKZK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'muniirude
shou.
(E):Lisaisprobablyinthelivingro
om.
Case2
b
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK9KK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'muniina-ideshou.
(E):Lisaisnotprobablyinthelivin
groom.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesenten
ceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becau
setheyarenotsimplecorrespondenc
etotheindicativesentences.They
containcourteousnuance.
HowtoMakeThePoliteSubjunctivePresent
dictionary
present
politesubjectivepresent
steminflection
affirmative
negative
affirmative m
otionless
aru
ar+u>">">">"
aruarudeshou
m
otional
iru
i
+ru>">">">"iru
irudeshou
negativem
otionless
na-i
na+i>">">">"
na
-i
na-ideshou
m
otional
ina-i
ina+i>">">">"
ina-i
ina-ideshou
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ThePoliteSubjunctivePast
Howtousethepolitesubjectivepastforms
Case1
a
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CKK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinniattadeshou.
(E):Aknifewasprobablyinthekitc
hen.
Case1
b
(K):KKkKKCKtKKKK:CK9KK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Naifugakitchinnina-kattadeshou.
(E):Aknifewasnotprobablyinthe
kitchen.
Case2
a
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'muniitade
shou.
(E):Lisawasprobablyinthelivingroom.
Case2
b
(K):KK|KCKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK9KK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'muniina-kattadeshou.
(E):Lisawasnotprobablyintheliv
ingroom.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becau
setheyarenotsimplecorrespondenc
etotheindicativesentences.They
containcourte
ousnuance.
ThePoliteIm
perativeandIntentMood
Motionalobjectshavetheirownwill.Theycanhave
imperativeandintentmoods.
HowtoMakeThePoliteSubjunctivePast
dictionary
past
politesubjectivepast
steminflection
>#>#>#>#
affirmative
negative
affirmative m
otionless
aru
ar+ta>">">">"
atta
attadeshou
m
otional
iru
i
+ta>">">">"
ita
itadeshou
negativem
otionless
na-i
na+katta>">">">"na-katta
na-kattadesho
u
m
otional
ina-i
ina+katta>">">">"in
a-katta
ina-kattadeshou
HowtoMakeThePoliteImpe
rativeMood
dictionary
presentparticiple
politeimperativemood
Howtousethepoliteimperativeforms
Case1
a
(K):KK|K$KbJKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK5CKK/K$K
J:w
(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'muniitekudasai.
(E):Lisa,pleasestayinthelivingroom.
Case1
b
(K):KK|K$KbJKKKjKKwKKKK:CKK9KK6CKK/K$K
J:w
(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'muniina-idekudasai.
(E):Lisa,pleasedonotstayinthelivingroom.
Howtousethepoliteintentforms
Case1
a
(K):KK|K$KbJKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK&KVK
J:w
(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'munii-mashou.
(E):Lisa,let'sstayinthelivingroom.
Case1
b
(K):KK|K$KbJKKKjKKwKKKK:CKKMK(KMK
J:w
(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'munii-masu-mai.
(E):Lisa,let'snotstayinthelivingroom.
ASummary
Thefollowingtableshowsyouachartofthetenses
.
steminflection
affirmative
negative
affirmativem
otional
iru
i
+te>">">">"ite
itekudasai
negativem
otional
ina-i
ina+ide>">">">"ina-ide
ina-idekudasai
HowtoMakeThePoliteIn
tentMood
dictionary presentparticiplep
oliteverb(subjunctive)
politeintentmood
steminflection
affirmativenegative
motional
iru
i
>">">">"
i+mashou>">">">"
i-mashoui-masu-mai
Achartofthetensesof"aru"(astrongverb)[KanaTable]
8/7/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar - M. Satou
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(*)colloquialvariants(notusedinformalconversations)
tenses
moods
English
JapanesePoliteRef.JapanesePlain
A
F
FI
R
M
A
T
IV
E p
resent ind
icativecertainam/are/is
ri-msu
ru
uncertainam/are/isprobably
rudeshou
rudarou
subjunctive
wouldbe
pastind
icativecertainwas/were
ri-mshita
ttadesu(*)
tta
uncertainwas/wereprobably
ttadeshou
ttadarou
subjunctive
wouldhavebeen
futureind
icativecertainwillbe
ri-msu
ru
uncertainwillbeprobably
rudeshou
rudarou
N
E
G
A
T
IV
E p
resent ind
icativecertainam/are/isnot
ri-masn
n-idesu(*)
n-i
uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyn
-ideshou
n-idarou
subjunctive
wouldnotbe
pastind
icativecertainwas/werenot
ri-masndeshita
n-kattadesu(*)n-katta
uncertainwas/werenotprobablyn
-kattadeshoun-kattadarou
subjunctive
wouldnothavebeen
futureind
icativecertainwillnotbe
ri-masn
n-idesu(*)
n-i
uncertainwillnotbeprobablyn-ideshou
n-idarou
Achartofthetensesof"iru"(aweakverb)[KanaTable]
tenses
moods
English
JapanesePoliteRef.JapanesePlain
A
F
FI
R
M
A p
resent in
d
icativecertainam/are/is
-msu
r
uncertainam/are/isprobably
rdeshou
rdarou
subjunctive
wouldbe
intent
let'sbe
-mashu
yu
imperative
Be
tekudasi
r
certainwas/were
-mshita
t
(*)colloquialvariants(notusedinformalconversations)
Verbs,A
djectivalVerbs,Auxilia
ryVerbs
Copula
Japanesehas
copulaswhichplaythemostimportantpartinthislanguageaswellasmostotherlanguages.Japanesecopulas
providethesimilarideaswiththe
verbsofexistence,whichareintroducedintheprev
iouschapter.Thecopulasexpresseq
ualityinmostcases.Japaneseprepa
restwotypesofcopulas,oneisthe
plaincopula,theotheristhepolitecopula.Firstly,thischapterintroduceswholethetensesofthepolitecopula,whichprovides
theuniqueformsinordertoexpress
theaffirmative
,whileituses"de"(*1),whichisthep
astparticipleofthecopula,followedbythenegativeoftheverbsofexisten
ceinordertoexpressthenegative.
T
IV
E
pastind
icative
tdesu(*)
uncertainwas/wereprobably
tdeshou
tdarou
subjunctive
wouldhavebeen
futureind
icativecertainwillbe
-msu
r
uncertainwillbeprobably
rdeshou
rdarou
N
E
G
A
T
IV
E p
resent in
d
icativecertainam/are/isnot
-masn
n-idesu(*)
n-i
uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyn
-ideshou
n-idarou
subjunctive
wouldnotbe
intent
let'snotbe
-masumi
rumi
imperative
Don'tbe
n-idekudasairna
pastind
icativecertainwas/werenot
-masndeshita
n-kattadesu(*) n-katta
uncertainwas/werenotprobablyn
-kattadeshoun-kattadarou
subjunctive
wouldnothavebeen
futureind
icativecertainwillnotbe
-masn
n-idesu(*)
n-i
uncertainwillnotbeprobablyn-ideshou
n-idarou
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(*1)"De"isusuallyaddedto"-'wa"orreplace
dby"ja",whichisacontractionof"de-'wa",toexpressthenegative,howev
er,Ipickuponly"de"herebecause
"de"isgramaticallyessentialanditiseasyto
explaintherelationbetweenexistenceverbs,thecopula,adjectivalverbs.
(*)colloquialvariants(notusedinformalconversations)
Particle"'wa"
Beforeintrodu
cingsentenceswhicharecomposited
withcopulas,thischapterintroduceparticle"'wa".Particle"'wa"hasmanyfeaturesasyoureaditfrommany
Achartofthetensesofthepolitecopula[KanaTable]
tenses
moods
English
JapanesePolite
Ref.Japa
nesePlain
A
F
FI
R
M
A
T
IV
E p
resent ind
icativecertainam/are/is
dsu
d
uncertainam/are/isprobably
deshu
daru
subjunctive
wouldbe
pastind
icativecertainwas/were
dshita
dttadesu(*)
dtta
uncertainwas/wereprobably
dttadeshou
dttadarou
subjunctive
wouldhavebeen
futureind
icativecertainwillbe
dsu
d
uncertainwillbeprobably
deshu
daru
N
E
G
A
T
IV
E p
resent ind
icativecertainam/are/isnot
deari-masn
den-idesu(*)
den-i
uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyd
en-ideshou
den-id
arou
subjunctive
wouldnotbe
pastind
icativecertainwas/werenot
deari-masndeshita
den-kattadeshou(*) den-ka
tta
uncertainwas/werenotprobablyd
en-kattadeshouden-ka
ttadarou
subjunctive
wouldnothavebeen
futureind
icativecertainwillnotbe
deari-masn
den-idesu(*)
den-i
uncertainwillnotbeprobablyden-ideshou
den-id
arou
Japanesegrammarbooks.Especially,thisparticleisfamousforthecontraryof"ga"and"'wa".Inthischapter,Idefineparticle"'wa"asasubjectmarkertoexplain
sentenceseasily,althoughIredefineitinthelaterc
hapters.Youcanuse"ga"aswellas"'wa",however,particle"'wa"isgenerallyusedasasubjectmarkerin
sentenceswiththecopulas.Particle"ga"givesastrongnuancetosentenceswhenitisusedwiththecopulas.
ThePolitePr
esent
Howtousethepolitepresentforms
Case1
a
(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K(
J:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'desu.
(E):Williamisadoctor.
Case1
b
(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6C
KKYKMK*Kb
J:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deari-masen.
(E):Williamisnotadoctor.
Case1
c(*1)
(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K(K
JK>KJK,KK6K(JKKKJK,KK6CKKYKMK*Kb
J:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'desuka?Hai,soudesu.Iie,soudeari-masen.
(E):IsWilliamadoctor?Yes,heis.No,heisn't.
Case1
d(*2)
(K):K/K[KCKKvKKK6K(K
JKmKjKKiKKCK,KK6K(
J:w
(J):Daregadokutah'desuka?Wiriamugasoudesu.
(E):Whoisadoctor?Williamis.
Case1
e(*3)
(K):K"K[K>CK9K:K6K(K
JK,K[K>CKKK6K(
J:w
(J):Kore'wananidesuka?Sore'wapendesu.
(E):Whatisthis?Itisapen.
(*1)"Sou"isademonstrativenoun.Inmostcases,Japanesecanomitapronounwhenitisimaginableinacontext.However,ademonstrativenouncannot
beomittedbeforethecopulas.
(*2)Whenthesubjectofsentencesisainterrogativenoun,"ga"mustbeusedasasubjectmarker.becauseainterroga
tivenounisalwaysthemostimportan
t
wordin
sentences.theyshouldbemarkedstrongly.
(*3)Youmustnotuse"(X)Anata'wananidesuka?"inJapanese,aswellas"(X)Whatareyou?"inEnglish,becausethisdirectexpressiontoaskhuman
attributesgivesthelistenerarudenuance.Y
ouuseotherindirectexpressions,forexample,"Anata'wanani'oshitei-
masuka?"inJapanese,aswellas
"Whatdoyoudo?"inEnglish.
ThePolitePa
st
Howtousethepolitepastforms
Case1
a
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(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deshita.
(E):Williamwasadoctor.
Case1
b
(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6CKKYKMK*KbK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deari-masendeshita.
(E):Williamwasnotadoctor.
Case1
c(*1)
(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K&K.K
JK>KJK,KK6K&K.
JKKKJK,KK6CKKYKMK*Kb
K6K&K.
J:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deshitaka?Hai,soudeshita.Iie,soudeari-m
asendeshita.
(E):WasWilliamadoctor?Yes,hewas.No,hewasn't.
Case1
d(*2)
(K):K/K[KCKKvKKK6K&K.K
JKmKjKKiKKCK,KK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Daregadokutah'deshitaka?W
iriamugasoudeshita.
(E):Whowasadoctor?Williamwas.
Case1
e(*3)
(K):K"K[K>CK9K:K6K&K.K
JK,K[K>CKKK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Kore'wananideshitaka?Sore'wapendeshita.
(E):Whatwasthis?Itwasapen.
(*1),(*2
),(*3)Pleaserefertheabovelist.
ThePoliteSu
bjunctivePresent
Howtousethepolitesubjectivepresentforms
Case1
a
(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'deshou.
(E):Williamisprobablyadoctor.
Case1
b
(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6CK9KK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'dena-ide
shou.
(E):Williamisnotprobablyadoctor.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausetheyarenotsimplecorrespondencetotheindicativesentences.They
containcourte
ousnuance.
ThePoliteSu
bjunctivePast
Howtousethepolitesubjectivepastforms
Case1
a
(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK/K2
K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'dattadeshou.
(E):Williamwasprobablyadoctor.
Case1
b
(K):KmKjKKiKK>CKKvKKK6CK9KK2K.K6K&KVK
J
:w
(J):Wiriamu'wadokutah'dena-kattadeshou.
(E):Williamwasnotprobablyadoc
tor.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausetheyarenotsimplecorrespondencetotheindicativesentences.They
containcourte
ousnuance.
ThePoliteIm
perativeandIntentMood
Thecopulasd
onothavethesetypesofinflections,althoughthesubjectofasentenceisamotionalobjectwhichhaswillslikehumanbeings,animalsandsoon.
Whenyouexp
ressthesemoods,youuseordinaryverbs"naru"whichmeans"tobecome
","suru"whichmeans"todo",andsoon.
AdjectivalV
erb
AdjectivalverbisauniquepartofspeechinJapane
se.ThereisnocounterpartinEnglish
.Adjectivalverbisregardedas"tobe
"+adjectiveinEnglish.Ithasthe
tenseformsin
theinflections.Firstly,thischapterintroduceswholethetensesoftheadjectivalverbswhichprovidetheuniqueformsfortheaffirmative,whiletheyus
e
"-ku"+thenegativeoftheverbsofexistenceforthe
negative.Next,theadjectivalverbsp
rovideadjectivalusagesandadverbialusageswiththeirinflections.
However,Iskipexplanationaboutthem.Iwillexplaintheminlaterchapters.
Achartofthetensesoftheadjectivalverbs[KanaTable]
tenses
moods
English
JapanesePolite
Ref.JapanesePlain
A
F
FI
R
M
A
T
IV
E p
resent ind
icativecertainam/are/isbright
kar-idesu
kar-i
uncertainam/are/isbrightprobably
kar-ideshou
kar-idarou
subjunctive
wouldbebright
pastind
icativecertainwas/werebright
kar-kattadesu
kar-katta
uncertainwas/werebrightprobably
kar-kattadeshou
kar-kattadarou
subjunctive
wouldhavebeenb
right
futureind
icativecertainwillbebright
kar-idesu
kar-i
uncertainwillbebrightprobably
kar-ideshou
kar-idarou
N p
resentind
icativecertainam/are/isnotbrigh
t
karu-kuari-masn
karu-kun-idesu(*)
karu-kun-i
uncertainam/are/isnotbrigh
tprobably
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(*)collo
quialvariants(notusedinformalcon
versations)
ThePolitePresent
Howtousethe
politepresentforms
Case1a
(K):KKKKCKKKZKK6K(
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-idesu.
(E):Thelampisbright.
Case1b
(K):KKKKCKKKZKCKKYKMK
*Kb
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuarimasen.
(E):Thelampisnotbright.
Case1c
(K):KKKKCKKKZKK6K(K
JK>KJKKKZ
KK6K(JKKKJKKKZKCKKYKMK*K
b
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-idesuka?Hai,akaru-idesu.Iie,akaru-kuarimasen.
(E):Isthelampbright?Yes,itis.No
,itisn't.
Case1d
(K):K9K:KCKKKZKK6K(K
JKKKKCK
KKZKK6K(
J:w
(J):Nanigaakaru-idesuka?Ranpu
gaakaru-idesu.
(E):Whatisbright?Thelampis.
Case1e
(K):KKKK>CK8KK6K(K
JKKKZKK6K(J:w
(J):Ranpu'wadoudesuka?Akaru-idesu.
(E):Howisthelump.Itisbright.
E
G
A
T
IV
E
subjunctive
wouldnotbebrigh
t
karu-kun-ideshou
karu-kun-idarou
pastind
icativecertainwas/werenotbrigh
t
karu-kuari-masndeshita
karu-kun-kattadesu(*)karu-kun-katta
uncertainwas/werenotbrigh
tprobablykaru
-kun-kattadesho
ukaru-kun-kattadarou
subjunctive
wouldnothavebeenbright
futureind
icativecertainwillnotbebright
karu-kuari-masn
karu-kun-idesu(*)
karu-kun-i
uncertainwillnotbebrightprobably
karu-kun-ideshou
karu-kun-idarou
ThePolitePa
st
Howtousethe
politepastforms
Case1a
(K):KKKKCKKKZKK2K.K6K(
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadesu.
(E):Thelampwasbright.
Case1b
(K):KKKKCKKKZKCKKYKMK
*KbCK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuarimasende
shita.
(E):Thelampwasnotbright.
Case1c
(K):KKKKCKKKZKK2K.K6K(K
JK>KJKK
KZKK2K.K6K(
JKKKJKKKZKCKKYK
MK*KbCK6K&K.
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadesuka?Hai,akaru-kattadesu.Iie,akaru-kuarimasendeshita.
(E):Wasthelampbright?Yes,itwa
s.No,itwasn't.
Case1d
(K):K9K:KCKKKZKK2K.K6K(K
JKKKKCKKKZKK2K.K6K(
J:w
(J):Nanigaakaru-katadesuka?Ra
npugaakaru-kattadesu.
(E):Whatwasbright?Thelampwas.
Case1e
(K):KKKK>CK8KK6K&K.K
JKKKZKK2K.K6K(
J:w
(J):Ranpu'wadoudeshitaka?Akaru-kattadesu.
(E):Howwasthelump.Itwasbright.
ThePoliteSu
bjunctivePresent
Howtousethe
politesubjectivepresentforms
Case1a
(K):KKKKCKKKZKK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-ideshou.
(E):Thelampisprobablybright.
Case1b
(K):KKKKCKKKZKCK9KK6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuna-ideshou.
(E):Thelampisnotprobablybright.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausetheyarenotsimplecorrespondencetotheindicativesentences.They
containcourte
ousnuance.
ThePoliteSu
bjunctivePast
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Howtousethe
politesubjectivepastforms
Case1a
(K):KKKKCKKKZKK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadeshou.
(E):Thelampwasprobablybright.
Case1b
(K):KKKKCKKKZKCK9KK2K.K6K&KVK
J:w
(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuna-kattades
hou.
(E):Thelampwasnotprobablybrig
ht.
Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausetheyarenotsimplecorrespondencetotheindicativesentences.They
containcourte
ousnuance.
ThePoliteIm
perativeandIntentMood
Theadjectivalverbsdonothavethesetypesofinfle
ctions,althoughthesubjectofasentenceisamotionalobjectwhichhaswillslikehumanbeings,animalsandso
on.Whenyouexpressthesemoods,youuseordina
ryverbs"naru"whichmeans"tobeco
me","suru"whichmeans"todo",and
soon.
Arelationb
etweenexistenceverbs,thecopu
laandadjectivalverbs[KanaTa
ble]
English
theexistence
th
ecopula
adjectivalverbs
polite affirm
ativepast
certainwas/were
ari-mashita
deshita
-kattadesu
uncertainwas/wereprob
ably
attadeshou
dattade
shou
-kattadeshou
presentcertainam/are/is
ari-masu
desu
-idesu
uncertainam/are/isprobably
arudeshou
deshou
-ideshou
negative
past
certainwas/werenot
ari-masendeshitadeari-m
asendeshita-kuari-masendeshita
uncertainwas/werenotp
robablyna-kattadeshoudena-kattadeshou-kuna-kattadeshou
presentcertainam/are/isnot
ari-masen
deari-m
asen
-kuari-masen
uncertainam/are/isnotp
robablyna-ideshou
dena-ideshou
-kuna-ideshou
plain affirm
ativepast
certainwas/were
atta
datta
-katta
uncertainwas/wereprob
ably
attadarou
dattada
rou
-kattadarou
presentcertainam/are/is
aru
da
-i
uncertainam/are/isprobably
arudarou
darou
-idarou
negative
past
certainwas/werenot
na-katta
dena-katta
-kuna-katta
uncertainwas/werenotp
robablyna-kattadarou
dena-kattadarou
-kuna-kattadarou
presentcertainam/are/isnot
na-i
dena-i
-kuna-i
uncertainam/are/isnotp
robablyna-idarou
dena-idarou
-kuna-idarou
Verbs,A
djectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs
Voices
ThischapterintroducesJapanesevoices.Japanese
havethreevoices,thecausativevoice,thepassivevoice,thepotentialvoice.Althoughthecausativeandthe
potentialaren
otmembersofvoicesaccordingtoastrictdefinition,LogicalJapaneseGrammardefinethemasmembersofvoices,becausethesethreevoiceare
derivedfromo
rdinaryverbsregularly.Thenthesederivativeverbschangetherulesofparticlesforcases.thesubjectivemarker"ga",theobjectmarker"ni","o",
comparingwiththeoriginalverbs,whileexpressionsforthepoliteandthetensesdonotc
hangetherulesofparticlesforcases.Thederivativeverbsareuniquetoth
e
verbs.Theadjectivalverbsandthecopuladonothavethesederivations.Allthederivativ
everbsareclassifiedintotheweakverbs.
HowToMakeCausativeForms
dictionary
causativeverbs
meaning
stem
derivative
>#>#>#>#
WeakVerb
Eneru
ne+s+aseru>">">">"nesaserutoletsomebodysleep
Imiru
mi+s+aseru>">">">"misaserutoletsomebodysee
StrongVerb
Kkiku
kik+aseru>">">">"
kikaserutoletsomebodyhear
Rnaru
nar+aseru>">">">"
naraserutoletsomebodybecome
Sdasu
das+aseru>">">">"
dasaserutoletsomebodyputout
Tmatsu
mat+aseru>">">">"
mataserutoletsomebodywait
Wiu
iw+aseru>">">">"
iwaserutoletsomebodysay
Byobu
yob+aseru>">">">"
yobaserutoletsomebodycall
Gnugu
nug+aseru>">">">"
nugaserutoletsomebodyundress
Mnomu
nom+aseru>">">">"
nomaserutoletsomebodydrink
Nshinu
shin+aseru>">">">"
shinaserutoletsomebodydie
IrregularVerb Kkuru
k
+os+aseru>">">">"kosaserutoletsomebodycome
Ssuru
s
+aseru>">">">"
saseru
toletsomebodydo
HowT
oMakePassiveForms
dictionary
passiveverbs
meaning
stem
derivative
&
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