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Absolute Monarchs In Europe
Chapter 21: 1500-1800
Vocabulary I Philip II: King during Spain’s Golden Age of Empire (Spanish
Netherlands, American Colonies, Portugal, Africa, Indies) Defended of Catholicism vs. Muslims/Protestants.
Absolute Monarch: Kings/Queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries. Control every aspect of society
Divine Right: Chosen by god, power given by god, acts as a “God’s Representative” earth. (Almost God like…. But doesn’t challenge God)
Edict of Nantes: Declaration of religion toleration in France
Cardinal Richelieu: Strong minister who “ruled” France for the weak king Louis XIII.
Vocabulary II Skepticism: Idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
(critic) attitude of doubt towards churches. “First step in finding the truth”
Louis XIV: The Sun King, “I am the State” Strongest King of his time. King at 4. Grand style
Jean Baptiste Colbert: France’s minister of Finance. Made France Self-Sufficient (no imports) encouraged people to move to French Canada (Fur Trade)
War of the Spanish Succession: War from 1701-1713 in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family control Spain as well as France.
Vocabulary III Thirty Years’ War: European conflict over religion and
territory and for power among ruling families (Hapsburg Dynasty)
Maria Theresa: Austrian Ruler (Female ruler) daughter is Marie Antoinette who is the wife of Louis XVI (religious)
Fredrick The Great: King of Prussia (militaristic)
Seven Years’ War: Conflict in Europe/Americas/India, forces of Britain and Prussia battled Austria, France, Russia and other Countries (French and Indian War)
Vocabulary IV Ivan the Terrible: Absolute ruler of Russia (Czar), Good and
Bad Periods (after his wife Anastasia died) . Rode around and killed “traitors”
Peter the Great: Absolute ruler of Russia, modernized Russia by ending serfdom, “Grand Embassy of Europe” Reforms Russia by Westernizing Russia.
Westernization: Adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western-especially European/American countries.
SPAIN’S EMPIRE AND EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM
CHAPTER 21:1
Questions
1. What was the significance of England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada?
2. Why did the Dutch revolt against the Spanish?
3. Why did absolute monarchs believe that they were justified in exercising absolute power?
4. Identified the causes the Age of Absolute Empire.
A Powerful Spanish Empire
Philip II’s Empire Most Powerful Empire in the World
Gold Mines + Colonies + Encomiendas
Includes Spain, Spanish Netherlands, Americas, parts of Indies
Deeply religions Took over Portugal (no heir to
throne) American Mines
400,000 lbs of Gold 10 years span 16,000 lbs of Silver
Defender of Catholicism Against Muslims (Africa) and
Protestants (Europe)
Philip II’s Palace: The Escorial
Reflection of Wealth and Religion
Monasteries
Built to demonstrate power/prestige of the Spanish Empire
Supported by Gold/Silver from Americas
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Philip II challenged Queen Elizabeth I to a war
Punish England for being Protestant Elizabeth supported Spanish Protestants
who challenged Philip II’s Power/Dutch Rebels
Spanish Armada has the Most powerful Navy Most ships Lacked cannons and trained men British were skilled sailors/private interests Used “Fire Ships”
Results of the Battles Steady decline in Spanish Power. England asserts itself as Powerful Country
Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature
Great Wealth Supported the Arts: Writers/Artists El Greco: Brilliant colors,
distorted the human figure, expressed emotion symbolically (Deep Catholic Faith of Spain) Topics: Martyrs
Diego Velazquez 50 years after Greco Philip IV’s royal painter Portraits of Royal family
and “court life” Used rich colors
Don Quixote de la Mancha
“Birth of the Modern European Novel”
Author: Miguel de Cervantes
Wrote about a poor Spanish nobleman who went crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights
Rusty Suite of Armor/Feeble Horse
Windmills = Giants
Wishbone 1
Wishbone 2
The Spanish Empire Weakens
1. Gold and Silver from Americas made the Spanish rich!!!
1. Lead to Long-Term Problems
2. Severe Inflation (decline in the value of money)
1. Spain's Population growing
2. Merchants raise prices
3. Silver flooded market and value dropped
3. Expelled the Jews/Moors (Muslims)
1. Lost businessmen/Merchants
2. Tax Burden put on the lower classes
3. NO MIDDLE CLASS
1. Guilds (Labor Unions) used old methods of production
1. Cost more to manufacture cloth/goods
2. Bought more from France, England and Netherlands
2. Financing Wars (Barrowed Money)
1. Barrowed from German and Italian Bankers!!
2. Spain declared Bankruptcy 3x’s
3. Dutch Revolt
1. Little in common: Netherlands are “Calvinist”
2. 1,500 Dutch Protestants died
3. 11 year fight
1. Northern States: Netherlands (Protestant)
2. Southern States: Belgium (Catholic)
The Independent Dutch Prosper
United Provinces of Netherlands
Religious toleration/elected governors
Best Art and Banks (Florence of old)
Rembrandt van Rijn The Night Watch
Jan Vermeer Domestic paintings
(everyday life)
Dutch Trading Empire The Merchant class grew
Solid farm production Sold to highest bidder
Control of Trade Routes
Largest Fleet In The World 4,800 ships
Dutch East India Company (Trading company owned by the
Dutch Government) Dominated Spice Trade
$$$$$$$
Absolutism In Europe Theory of Abolitionism
Kings/Queens have complete control over everything in their country!
ABSOLUTE POWER! Control every aspect of
society.
Divine Right Theory
Growing Power of Europe's Monarchs
Centralized Authority Decline of Feudalism Rise of Cities Growth of National Kingdoms Breakdown in Church Power Religious/Territorial battles High tensions (taxes/wars) made
strong rulers
“Their goal was to free themselves of those who challenge their power and authority!”
AbsolutismCauses
Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty
The growth of armies to deal with conflicts cause rulers to raise taxes to pay troops
Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolt
Effects Rulers regulated religious
worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas
Rules increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful
Rulers created bureaucracies (people who work for gov.) to control their countries economies
Absolute Emperors Long Term Effects
Long Term Effects Revolution in France Western European
Influence in Russia English political
reforms influence U.S. Democracy
Questions
1. What was the significance of England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada?
2. Why did the Dutch revolt against the Spanish?
3. Why did absolute monarchs believe that they were justified in exercising absolute power?
4. Identified the causes the Age of Absolute Empire.
The Reign of Louis XIVChapter 21:2
Religious Wars and Power Struggles
France: Religious Wars Create a Crisis (1562-1598) St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in Paris Huguenots vs. Catholics Henry of Navarre
Took the throne of France in 1589 Converted to Catholicism to end religious warfare Edict of Nantes: Allowed to Huguenots (French Protestants)
freedom of religion, ending religious warfare
Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
Weak ruler/king and needed help
Cardinal Richelieu becomes a “Prime Minister”
Catholic Church Official is ruler of France Moved against
Huguenots/Hapsburg Dynasty rulers that surrounded France
Louis XIV: The Sun King
“I Am The State” Louis, the Boy King
King at the age of 5 Real power rested with
Cardinal Mazarin
Louis Takes Control (1661) Was determined to be a
strong leader unlike his father
Excluded nobles from all royal councils
Intendants
Jean Baptiste Colbert Financial Minister Self-Sufficient France
High tariffs on imports
Grand Style 8:30 wake up 100 servants Nobles lived in Palace
The Palace at Versailles
: $2 Billion Dollars
Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
Expanding Boarders
20 Million people
Strongest army
Attacked the Dutch
European Wide alliance against France (why?)
War of the Spanish
Succession Charles II of Spain died. No Heir
Louis XIV’s grandson chosen (Bourbons)
European Countries blocked this (14 years)
Britain Strengthens Gibraltar slave trade rights American Colonies (North
East)
Louis’s Death and Legacy:Pain and Suffering NO more!
Positives
France is the best example of an Absolute Monarch
Powerful
Above all in art, literature, statesmanship
Military leader
Strong colonies (goods/trade)
Negatives
Constant warfare
Palace at Versailles
Staggering debt
High taxes
Abuse of power
Lead to French Revolution
Main Ideas1. How is Louis XIV a great example of an
Absolute Emperor? (5 reasons/examples)
Central European Monarchs Clash
Chapter 21:3
The Hapsburg Family:
Spain, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Italy
The Thirty Years’ War Germany’s Differences in Religion: Catholics vs. Protestants
Caused by Martin Luther and the Reformation
Catholics, Protestants and Calvinists Catholic League and Protestant Union
Causes of The Thirty Years’ War Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II (Catholic) became ruler of a
Protestant area; Bohemia
Two phases of War Hapsburg victories and Hapsburg defeats (You win some….You loose
some…) France Backed the Protestants b/c they did not other European rulers
to be as powerful as the French king!
Effects of the Thirty Years’ War
Destroyed the Central Europe: Germany
4 million died
Germany’s trade, agriculture, economy was ruined (100 years)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648) Weakened Hapsburg Dynasty of Spain and Austria France gained German lands (WWI) Ended religious wars in Europe New Peace Negotiations: Everyone meets in one area to discuss
peace treaty States move away from identity based on religion and more on
Nationalism!!
States Form in Central Europe
Three major Empires Kingdom of Poland, Holy
Roman Empire and Ottoman Empire
Differences in Economy Western European Serfs:
Looser Laws, More Freedom Old Serfs become
capitalists: $$$$ Central European Serfs:
Stronger Laws, Less Freedom Weaker Kings b/c nobility
limited their power
Central Europe: Austria and Prussia
Grow Austria Grows
Hapsburgs in Austria
Won territory during Thirty Years’ War
Centralized Government/Strong Army
Maria Theresa Strong female ruler For the People
Prussia Grows
Unified small kingdoms after the Thirty Years’ War
Frederick William: Great Elector
Strong Army 80,000
Frederick the Great Militaristic and fair
Rulers of Central Europeans
Maria Theresa Frederick The Great
War of Austrian Succession
Maria Theresa takes over Austria: 1740
Frederick the Great takes over Prussia: 5 months later
Frederick Invades Austria War of Austrian Succession
Austria defeated the Prussians Hungary/France/Russia/
Austria England/Prussia
Seven Years War (FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR!!) Europe, North America,
India France lost colonies in
North America England gained sole
possession of India (Jewel In The Crown)
Absolute Rulers of Russia Chapter 21:4
Absolute Rulers In Russia
From Ivan to the Romanovs Ivan The Terrible
Married Anastasia 1st to use “Czar” (Absolute) Competed for power with
Boyars, or landowning nobles
Police Force to find “traitors” killed his son
Rise of the Romanovs In 1613, Michael Romanov
was chosen to be Czar
Peter The Great Comes to Power
PETER THE GREAT (1696) Great Reformer!!!
Tall with a Temper
Russia’s Differences From Europe Russia’s peasants lived as serfs
until the 1800s Had been isolated from the
West after the Mongol Conquest Russia followed Eastern
Orthodox Christianity Russia looked to
Constantinople not Rome! No Seaports!!! (ice)
Peter Visits the West Peter was fascinated by the
“West”
Russia needed a “Warm” Water Port
Grand Embassy to learn about the Western cultures Westernization: To Make
Russia Stronger/Updated
Peter Forces Changes On Russia
“For you know yourself that, though a thing be good and necessary… our people will not do it unless forced to.”
1. Controlled Eastern Orthodox Church
1. Abolished the Patriarch
2. Reduced the Power of the Nobles (Boyers)
3. Hired European soldiers to train his army
1. Lifetime job, 200,000 men
1. Introduced potatoes
2. Established Newspapers
3. Increased the status of women
4. Nobles to dress like westerners
5. Schools: Navigation, science and technology
1. Forced to study abroad
A New Capital St. Petersburg
Fought Sweden for a port on the Baltic Sea “Window to Europe” 21 year war St. Petersburg became
Russia’s new capital Swamp Land 25,000-100,000 serfs
died
Finally….. Warm Water!!
Parliament Limits The English Monarchy
Chapter 21:5
Parliament Limits English Monarchy
Monarchs Defy Parliament Monarchs try to rule absolutely
Strong monarchy built by Queen Elizabeth James I and Charles I attempt to rule absolutely Parliament forces Charles to sign Petition of
Right (see page 614)
English Civil War 1642-1647
Cavaliers (supported King) vs. Roundheads (supported Parliament)
Oliver Cromwell leads Roundheads to victory in 1647
Charles I is beheaded for treason against Parliament
Oliver Cromwell’s Rule Cromwell became a
Puritan dictator, invaded Ireland and passed laws against sports, theatre, and dancing NO FUN PURITANS!
Established Commonwealth (republic)
In 1659, Cromwell died, was replaced by Charles II
Charles II Reigns Replaces Cromwell
and Reestablishes a Monarchy
Signed into law habeas corpus Right to Jury
England’s Catholic Problem
James II Brother of King Charles II of England
Catholic King in a Protestant Country English (Anglicans) did not like him!
Parliament Feared Catholic Kings (Pope)
James II oldest Daughter Mary is married to William of Orange (Netherlands)
In 1688, William of Orange and his wife Mary invaded England
Glorious Revolution James II left England Bloodless Revolution!
Limits on Monarch’s Power
English Bill of Rights William and Mary signed an
agreement with Parliament making England a
Constitutional Monarchy: “Parliament and Monarch were equals” Freedom of Speech No taxes without Parliaments
approval No penalty for petitioning the king King cannot disband Parliament Protects Citizens/Parliament from
Absolute Rulers!
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