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Acids and Bases
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 15–2
Gargoyles on the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris in need of restoration from decades of acid rain.
Source: Witold Skrypczak/SuperStock
A lemon tastes sour because it contains citric acid.
Source: Corbis
The label on a bottle of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Chewing Mad Dawg gum.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 15–6
A hydrochloric acid solution readily conducts electric current, as shown by the brightness of the bulb.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 15–7
Figure 15.1: Graphical representation of the behavior of acids of different strengths in aqueous solution.
Figure 15.2: The relationship of acid strength and conjugate base strength.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 15–9
An acidic solution conducts only a small amount of current as shown by the dimly lit bulb.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 15–10
A wasp lays its eggs on a gypsy moth caterpillar on the leaf of a corn plant.
Source: Agricultural Research Service/USDA
Figure 15.3: The pH scale and pH values of some common substances.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 15–14
Figure 15.4: A pH meter. The electrodes on the right are placed in the solution with unknown pH.
Figure 15.5: Indicator paper being used to measure the pH of a solution. The pH is determined by comparing the color that the solution turns the paper to the color chart.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 15–16
Red blood cells can exist only over a narrow range of pH.
Source: Andrew Syred/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 15–17
Measuring the pH of the water in a river.
Source: David Woodfall/Stone/Getty Images
For goldfish to survive, the pH of the water must be carefully controlled.
Source: Hans Rinehard/Bruce Coleman, Inc.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 15–19
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