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paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti
PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS
saqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecnierosaqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecnierosaqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecnierosaqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero----praqtikuli praqtikuli praqtikuli praqtikuli
konferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebuli
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi Tanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapze
COLLECTION OF MATERIALS OF SCIENTIFIC- PRACTICAL CONFERENCE OF ECONOMISTS OF GEORGIA
Actual Problems of Economic Development
at Current Stage
TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi
TBILISI
2
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti
PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS
saqarTvelos ekonsaqarTvelos ekonsaqarTvelos ekonsaqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecnieroomistTa samecnieroomistTa samecnieroomistTa samecniero----praqtikuli praqtikuli praqtikuli praqtikuli
konferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebuli
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi
Tanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapze
(25 dekemberi 2008 w.)(25 dekemberi 2008 w.)(25 dekemberi 2008 w.)(25 dekemberi 2008 w.)
COLLECTION OF MATERIALS OF SCIENTIFIC- PRACTICAL CONFERENCE OF ECONOMISTS OF GEORGIA
Actual Problems of Economic Development at Current Stage
(25 December, 2008)
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaP PUBLISHING HOUSE OF PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE
OF ECONOMICS Tbilisi Tbilisi Tbilisi Tbilisi Tbilisi 2008
3
UUUUUDK ((((uakuakuakuak)))) 061.62:33(479.22)(063)061.62:33(479.22)(063)061.62:33(479.22)(063)061.62:33(479.22)(063) s s s s –––– 323323323323
winamdebare krebulSi Sewinamdebare krebulSi Sewinamdebare krebulSi Sewinamdebare krebulSi Sesulia 2008 wlis saqarsulia 2008 wlis saqarsulia 2008 wlis saqarsulia 2008 wlis saqarTveTveTveTvelos los los los ekonomistTekonomistTekonomistTekonomistTa samecnieroa samecnieroa samecnieroa samecniero----praqtikul praqtikul praqtikul praqtikul konferenciaze wakonferenciaze wakonferenciaze wakonferenciaze wakkkk----iiiiTTTTxuli moxsenebebis masalebixuli moxsenebebis masalebixuli moxsenebebis masalebixuli moxsenebebis masalebi The present collection of works includes the materials and speaches made at the scientific-practical conference of economists of Georgia in 2008 saredaqcio kolegia: saredaqcio kolegia: saredaqcio kolegia: saredaqcio kolegia: r. abesaZe (r. abesaZe (r. abesaZe (r. abesaZe (mTavari redaqtorimTavari redaqtorimTavari redaqtorimTavari redaqtori), ), ), ), g. berulava,g. berulava,g. berulava,g. berulava, n. bibilaSvili n. bibilaSvili n. bibilaSvili n. bibilaSvili (pasu(pasu(pasu(pasuxisxisxisxismgebeli mdivani), mgebeli mdivani), mgebeli mdivani), mgebeli mdivani), v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, e. kakulia, e. kakulia, e. kakulia, e. kakulia, a. kuraa. kuraa. kuraa. kurataStaStaStaS----vili, T. lavili, T. lavili, T. lavili, T. lazazazazaraSviliraSviliraSviliraSvili,,,, i. i. i. i. nanananaTeTeTeTelauri, T. CxeiZe, lauri, T. CxeiZe, lauri, T. CxeiZe, lauri, T. CxeiZe, vlvlvlvl. . . . papava, n. xaduri, papava, n. xaduri, papava, n. xaduri, papava, n. xaduri, mmmm. . . . xuskivaZexuskivaZexuskivaZexuskivaZe Editor Board: R. Abesadze (editor-in-chief), G. Berulava, N. Bibilashvili (executive secretary), V. Burduli, T. Chkheidze, L. Datunashvili, E. Kakulia, N. Khaduri, M. Khuskivadz e, A. Kuratashvili, T. Lazarashvili, I. Natelauri, V. Papava recenzentebi: e.m.d. g. papava,recenzentebi: e.m.d. g. papava,recenzentebi: e.m.d. g. papava,recenzentebi: e.m.d. g. papava, e.m.d. m. kvaracxeliae.m.d. m. kvaracxeliae.m.d. m. kvaracxeliae.m.d. m. kvaracxelia Reviewers: Doc. of Econ. G. Papava, Doc. of Econ. M. Kvaratskhelia
© paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaP
© PUBLISHING HOUSE OF PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS
2008
ISBN 978-9941-9060-0-8
4
plenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdoma
ramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZe
postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis etapebiganviTarebis etapebiganviTarebis etapebiganviTarebis etapebi
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebidan TiTqmis 16 weli
gavida. am xnis ganmavlobaSi misi ekonomika araerTgvarovnad
viTardeboda. SeiZleba gamoiyos am ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi.
pirveli etapipirveli etapipirveli etapipirveli etapi moicavs periods damoukideblobis mopo-
vebidan 2004 wlis meore naxevramde. es aris periodi, rodesac
qveyanas erTdroulad uxdeboda brZola saxelmwifoebriobis
aRdgenisa da axal ekonomikur wyobaze gadasvlisaTvis. Tanac,
yovelive es xorcieldeboda Sida politikuri daZabulobisa da
teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebisaTvis omis pirobebSi.
qveynis ekonomika sxvadasxva kriminaluri dajgufebebis xelSi
aRmoCnda, ramac aunazRaurebeli danaklisi miayena mas. saxe-
lmwifo, ZiriTadad, mxolod sxva qveynebis daxmarebis, sesxebisa
da kreditebis xarjze axerxebda ukiduresad gamwvavebuli soci-
alur-ekonomikuri problemebis Semsubuqebas.
rac mTavaria, ekonomikur reformebs am etapze ar hqonda
kompleqsuri xasiaTi, daSvebuli iyo ara erTi strategiuli
xasiaTis Secdoma. magaliTad, miRebuli iyo saqarTveloSi "Soku-
ri Terapiis" rusuli modeliT ganxorcielebis gadawyvetileba.
magram, jer erTi, qveyanas am droisaTvis sakuTari fulad-
sakredito sistema ar gaaCnda da, meorec, mas arc samaneTo zo-
naSi yofnis dros da arc Semdeg, kuponis arsebobis periodSi,
myari fulad-sakredito politikis gatareba ar mohyolia.
xorcieldeboda sruliad gaumarTlebeli fuladi da sabiujeto
emisia, sazRvargareTis kreditebis aradaniSnulebisamebr gamo-
yeneba. reformebis gatarebis aseT variants SeiZleba naxevrad
qaosuri vuwodoT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo imdroindeli mravali
obieqturi Tu subieqturi faqtoriT (saxelmwifoebriobis formi-
reba, reformebis gatarebis gamoucdeloba, sxvadasxva politikur
da klanur dajgufebaTa interesebis gaTvaliswineba, Sina omi da
qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis warmoebuli omi, ltolvi-
5
lebisaTvis socialuri daxmarebis gaweva, yaCaRoba, reketi,
korufcia da mravali sxv.), ramac qveyana ekonomikur krizisamde
miiyvana.
miuxedavad amisa, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal ekonomikur
wyobaze gadasvlis TvalsazrisiT, araerTi RonisZieba gatarda:
moxda fasebis liberalizacia, Seiqmna sakuTari fulad-sakredi-
to sistema, moxda sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis da sabinao
seqtoris reforma, ganxorcielda mcire privatizaciis pirveli
etapi da sxv.
meore etapimeore etapimeore etapimeore etapi moicavs periods 1994 wlis meore naxevridan
1999 wlamde.
rogorc qarTvel ekonomistTa, aseve saerTaSoriso orga-
nizaciebis (upirveles yovlisa, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis)
mier SemuSavebul Tvisebrivad axleburad gaazrebuli programis
safuZvelze 1994 wlis me-2 naxevridan iwyeba reformebis axali
politikis gatareba. Sedegad, moxerxda kuponis inflaciis
moTokva, riTac momzadda pirobebi erovnuli valutis _ laris,
SemosaRebad. laris SemoRebis Semdeg kidev ufro Semcirda
inflacia da damyarda stabiluri sacvleli kursi erovnul
valutasa da aSS dolars Soris.
garda amisa, ganviTarebis am etapze:
1. mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda da Seivso sabazro
ekonomikaze gadasvlis sakanonmdeblo baza;
2. ZiriTadad damTavrda mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa
privatizeba;
3. ganxorcielda miwis sakuTrebis transformacia;
4. Semcirda saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti;
5. gaZlierda ucxouri investiciebis mozidva;
6. gaumjobesda fulad-sakredito sistema;
7. gaTavisuflda laris sacvleli kursi da misi regu-
lireba miendo sabazro kanonebs;
8. gaumjobesda sainvesticio pirobebi da sxv.
yovelive amas mohyva warmoebis vardnis SeCereba da zrdis
tendenciis Camoyalibeba _ 1996-1997 wlebSi mTliani Sida
produqti saSualod 11 %-iT izrdeboda myari erovnuli valu-
tisa da inflaciis dabali tempebis pirobebSi.
6
mesame mesame mesame mesame etapietapietapietapi iwyeba 1998 wlidan da grZeldeba 2004 wlamde.
1998 wlidan iwyeba miRweuli ekonomikuri zrdis maRali
tempebis Semcireba, rasac valutis kursis dacema da inflaciis
donis gazrda, sabiujeto, safinanso da energetikuli krizisi
mohyva.
am etapze negatiuri procesebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
mizezi mdgomareobda ekonomikuri reformebis damuxruWebaSi,
rac, TavisTavad, saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciebis ara-
efeqtianobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
meoTxe etapimeoTxe etapimeoTxe etapimeoTxe etapi iwyeba vardebis revoluciis Semdeg da
grZeldeba ruseT-saqarTvelos omamde (ufro zustad, 2003 wlis
23 noembridan 2008 wlis 8 agvistomde).
am periodis ganmavlobaSi aRmoifxvra yvela is aSkara
uaryofiTi movlena, rasac adgili hqonda wina periodSi,
gansakuTrebiT, am periodis bolos. kerZod:
1. moispo sabiujeto da safinanso krizisi (saxelmwifo
biujetis deficiti, gastumrebuli iqna sapensio da
saxelfaso davalianebebi da a.S.);
2. mniSvnelovnad gamyarda erovnuli valuta;
3. aRmoifxvra energetikuli krizisi (qveynis mTel mosax-
leobas da ekonomikas eleqtroenergia da gazi Seufer-
xeblad miewodeboda);
4. mTliani Sida produqtis saSualo zrdis tempebma 9-10
procenti Seadgina. realuri mSp mTlianad 42,6 procentiT
gaizarda;
5. moimata mosaxleobis Semosavlebma, saSualo xelfasi
qveyanaSi 3-jer da metad gaizarda 37,8%-iani inflaciis
pirobebSi;
6. SekeTda saqalaqo da saavtomobilo gzebis udidesi
nawili.
7. kidev ufro stabiluri gaxda makroekonomikuri garemo,
moxda sagadasaxado kodeqsis gamartiveba da liberali-
zacia, licenzirebisa da nebarTvebis gacemis proce-
durebis gamartiveba.
8. gaRrmavda privatizebis procesi, kidev ufro gaZlierda
sabanko seqtori.
7
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nak-
lovani mxareebic, kerZod:
1. Seirya kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis principi, rome-
lic sabazro ekonomikis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens;
2. antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis faqtobrivad gauqmebis
gamo Semcirda konkurenciis done, rac sagangaSoa sabazro
ekonomikis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis;
3. kidev ufro gaizarda sxvaoba eqsportsa da imports
Soris;
4. saerTod, ekonomikis regulirebis formebi da meTodebi
srulyofilad ar Seesabameboda sabazro moTxovnebs.
reformebs ar hqonda sistemuri xasiaTi.
mexuTe etapimexuTe etapimexuTe etapimexuTe etapi iwyeba ruseT-saqarTvelis omis Semdeg, romel-
sac Tan erTvis msoflio safinanso krizisi.
bunebrivia,,,, orive es uaRresad masStaburi movlena did
gavlenas moaxdenda nebismieri qveynis ekonomikaze. saqarTvelos
ekonomikis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom orive dartymas Ziri-
Tadad gauZlo, igi ar gadaizarda farTomasStabian ekonomikur
krizisSi. Tumca gavlenis Sedegebi mainc saxezea:
1. omma, dauzustebeli monacemebiT, 1 miliardi dolaris
zarali mainc miayena saqarTvelos;
2. saxezea ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Semcireba rogorc
Sida, ise ucxouri investiciebis Semcirebis Sedegad;
3. daiwyo laris kursis vardna, ramac gamoiwvia fasebis
zrda importul saqonelze;
4. sabanko seqtorSi warmoSobil Seferxebebs mohyva kredi-
tebisa da, Sesabamisad, investiciebis Sekveca, TiTqmis
gakotrebis pirasaa misuli samSeneblo biznesi;
5. gauaresda qveynis ekologiuri situacia;
6. mniSvnelovani zarali ganicada sakurorto meurneobam da
a.S.
mecnier-mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, dReisaTvis
Cvens qveyanaSi ekonomikuri krizisia. Cven migvaCnia, rom amJamad
saqarTveloSi sistemuri ekonomikuri krizisi ar aris. dReisaT-
vis, omisa da globaluri safinanso krizisis gamo, ZiriTadad
Camoyalibda sakreditosakreditosakreditosakredito----sainvesticiosainvesticiosainvesticiosainvesticio krizisi, Tumca misi daZleva
8
saerTaSoriso daxmarebebis (romelic TiTqmis 4,5 miliardi aSS
dolaris tolia) meSveobiT (Tu es daxmarebebi gonivrulad
iqneba gamoyenebuli) mokle droSia SesaZlebeli, Tuki saomari
moqmedebebi kvlav ar ganaxldeba.
Cveni ekonomikisaTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovania is nega-
tiuri mxareebi, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi reformebis
araswori gatarebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. maTgan mTavaria:
1.1.1.1. sabazro instituciebis ganviTarebis dabali done, sabazro instituciebis ganviTarebis dabali done, sabazro instituciebis ganviTarebis dabali done, sabazro instituciebis ganviTarebis dabali done, rac
ganapirobebs sabazro meqanizmis araefeqtian funqcionirebas.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia fasiani qaRaldebis bazris (safondo
birJis) ganviTarebis dabali done, rac mkveTrad aisaxeba Sida
investiciebis moculobaze. am mimarTulebiT, albaT, aucilebelia
saxelmwifom Tavdapirvelad TviTon gamouSvas fasiani qaRaldebi.
sxvagvarad fulad-sakredito politikis gatareba SeuZlebeli
iqneba.
2.2.2.2. ekonomikis araprogresuli struqturis Camoyaekonomikis araprogresuli struqturis Camoyaekonomikis araprogresuli struqturis Camoyaekonomikis araprogresuli struqturis Camoyalibebalibebalibebalibeba.
es exeba rogorc dargebs (SedarebiT ganuviTarebelia samrew-
velo warmoeba), ise biznessa da socialur sferos (dabalia
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis done, jer kidev ver Camoyalibda
saSualo fena da gamudmebiT izrdeba zRvari mdidrebsa da
Raribebs Soris da a.S.)
3.3.3.3. qveynis dabali konkurentunarianoba samecnieroqveynis dabali konkurentunarianoba samecnieroqveynis dabali konkurentunarianoba samecnieroqveynis dabali konkurentunarianoba samecniero----teqniteqniteqniteqni----
kuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi kuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi kuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi kuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi arasaTaarasaTaarasaTaarasaTanado damokinado damokinado damokinado damoki----
debulebis gamo, rogorc saxelmwifos, ise biznesis mxridan.debulebis gamo, rogorc saxelmwifos, ise biznesis mxridan.debulebis gamo, rogorc saxelmwifos, ise biznesis mxridan.debulebis gamo, rogorc saxelmwifos, ise biznesis mxridan.
qveyanaSi ar arsebobs mxardaWera sakuTari samecniero-teqnikuri
potencialis zrdisa da, amis safuZvelze, inovaciaTa danergvis
mimarTulebiT. bunebrivia, aseT pirobebSi qveynis ekonomika
konkurentunariani verasodes gaxdeba.
4.4.4.4. demografiuli krizisi.demografiuli krizisi.demografiuli krizisi.demografiuli krizisi. qveyanSi Seqmnili socialur-
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo SeiniSneba mosaxleobis ricxov-
nobis Semcireba. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis monacemebiT
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis ricxovnoba SesaZlebelia 2050 wli-
saTvis 2 milionamde Semcirdes, rac qveynisaTvis katastrofa
iqneba.
mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad aucilebelia reformebis
Semdgomi daCqareba. aucilebelia maT hqondeT sistemuri xasiaTi.
9
upirvelesyovlisa, biznesi unda gaTavisufldes saxelmwifos
araekonomikuri xasiaTis Carevebisagan. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda mieqces ekonomikis realuri sferos ganviTarebas, ucxouri
daxmarebebis mniSvnelovani nawili swored am seqtorSi unda
warimarTos. saswrafod unda Seiqmnas mcire da saSualo biznesis
saxelmwifo mxardaWeris infrastruqtura, gatardes garkveuli
zomis proteqcionistuli politika. am etapze aucilebelia
mecnierTa monawileobiT SemuSavdes saqarTvelos ekonekonekonekonomikuri omikuri omikuri omikuri
ganviTarebis programaganviTarebis programaganviTarebis programaganviTarebis programa, romelic gaxdeba safuZveli qveynis
ekonomikis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa.
iuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSvili
wonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxado
ganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis Sesaxeb
dabegvris sistemis optimizaciis problema, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis iseTi sididis gansazRvraze
daiyvaneba, romelic maqsimalur sawarmoo efeqtsa da sabiujeto
Semosavlebs uzrunvelyofs. gadasaxadebisadmi amgvarma midgomam
gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan
laferis Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad SeiZina. am Teoriis mTavari
postulatia mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs saSualo
sagadasaxado ganakveTis ori mniSvneloba da
romelTaganac pirveli maqsimaluri sawarmoo efeqtis miRwevas,
meore ki biujetSi gadasaxadebidan maqsimaluri Semosavlebis
akumulirebas uzrunvelyofs. ekonomikur literaturaSi -s
laferis pirveli gvaris wertili, -s ki meore gvaris wertili
ewoda. rogorc wesi, es wertilebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia
da ekonomikas erTdroulad orive maTganSi yofna ar SeuZlia.
saerTo mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT; ekonomikisaTvis ufro
mniSvnelovans pirveli gvaris wertili warmoadgens, amitom
qvemoT yuradRebas ZiriTadad masze gavamaxvilebT, amasTan, -s
pirobiTad optimalur saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTs vuwodebT.
laferis TeoriasTan KAdakavSirebul gamokvlevaTa umravle-
soba, romlebSic mocemulia -s da -s mniSvnelobebis
10
Sefasebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mcdelobebi, saSualo
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis gamxilvasa da analizs calmxrivad,
mxolod miwodebis Teoriis poziciidan axorcielebs. aseTi
calmxrivi midgoma arasrulfasovan warmodgenas iZleva
ekonomikaSi gadasaxadebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb,
radganac gadasaxadebi ekonomikaze arankleb zemoqmedebas
erTobliv moTxovnis mxridanac axorcielebs. migvaCnia, rom
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis sididis gansazRvra da rolis
Sefaseba erToblivi miwodebisa da erToblivi moTxovnis
modelis farglebSi unda xdebodes. sakiTxis amgvari dayenebis
erT-erTi pirveli cda profesor v. papavas ekuTvnis, romelmac
SemogvTavaza lafer-keinzianuri sinTezis idea. qvemoT moyvanili
Sedegebi am ideis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mcdelobaa.
davuSvaT, samarTliania erToblivi miwodebis Teoria. maSin
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTze damokidebuli erToblivi
miwodebis modeli SeiZleba Semdegi zogadi saxiT CavweroT
, (1)
sadac erToblivi miwodebis funqciaa; warmoebis
teqnologiuri aspeqtis amsaxveli Sedegia. am ukanasknelSi
igulisxmeba produqciisa da momsaxurebis Seqmnis maqsimaluri
mniSvneloba optimaluri sagadasaxado reJimis (anu
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis) pirobebSi. ufro konkretulad,
gamosaxavs potenciuri gamoSvebis moculobas kapitalis da
Sromis sruli gamoyenebis dros; – instituciuri aspeqtis
amsaxveli funqcia, anu funqcia, romelic aRwers gadasaxadebis
jamuri efeqtis gavlenas miwodebaze. es funqcia, misi Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare, Semdeg Tvisebebs unda flobdes: 1. zrdadia
SualedSi da klebadia SualedSi; 2. optimaluri
sagadasaxado ganakveTisaTvis . es metad mniSvnelovani
Tviseba imaze miuTiTebs, rom dabegvris saSualo ganakveTi
iseTi instituciuri garemos Seqmnis saSualebas iZleva, romlis
drosac produqciis gamoSvebis efeqtianobas mTlianad warmoebis
teqnologiuri aspeqtebi gansazRvravs. maSasadame, optimaluri
11
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTisaTvis gamoSveba maqsimaluria
da miwodebis (1) funqcia Semdeg saxes miiRebs: .
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi Tviseba, romelic, sasurvelia, -s
gaaCndes. kerZod, gadasaxadebis ararsebobisas, e.i. -saTvis
, xolo Tu Seqmnili Semosavali mTlianad amoiReba
gadasaxadebis saxiT, e.i. Tu , maSin . funqciis
rolSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT v. papavas mier erTobliv miwodebaze
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis gavlenis dasaxasiaTeblad
SemoTavazebuli entropiuli funqciis ganzogadebuli
varianti
, (2)
romelic mcireoden Secvlili saxiT ( ) ganixila da
gamoikvlia g. lolaZem1. (2)-Si dadebiTi parametria, romlis
Sefasebac ekonometrikulad xorcieldeba; neperis ricxvia.
advilad vaCvenebT, rom (2) funqciisaTvis laferis pirveli
gvaris fiskaluri wertilis -s mniSvnelobaa2 .
garda amisa, samarTliania Semdegi pirobebi: ,
, . amitom miwodebis (2) funqciisaTvis gveqneba
, , .
erToblivi miwodebis (2) funqciasTan erTad ganvixiloT
erToblivi moTxovnis funqcia. martivi keinzianuri modelis
analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom es funqciac
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTzea damokidebuli da Semdegi
saxiT gamoisaxeba3
1 lolaZe g. laferis mrudis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb. mikro-makro ekonomika, 2002, #9. 2 -s misaRebad sakmarisia (2) gavawarmooT -Ti, miRebuli Sedegi gavutoloT nuls da amovxsnaT gantoleba -s mimarT. 3 ixileT: i. ananiaSvili. gadasaxadebis gavlena erTobliv moTxovnaze. ekonomika da biznesi, 2008, #3.
12
, (4)
sadac erToblivi moTxovnis funqciaa; avtonomiuri
gegmuri danaxarjebia; _ Sinameurneobebis moxmarebisadmi
zRvruli midrekilebis, xolo saxelmwifo Sesyidvebisadmi
zRvruli midrekilebis parametri.
makroekonomikuri wonasworobis dros erToblivi moTxovna
da erToblivi miwodeba erTmaneTis tolia, amitom unda
Sesruldes toloba
= . (5)
(5) lafer-keinzianuri wonasworobis pirobaa4. igi gviCvenebs, rom
erToblivi moTxovnisa da erToblivi miwodebis gawonas-
worebisaTvis avtonomiuri xarjebis -s da potenciuri
4 v. papava. mis mier SemoTavazebuli wonasworobis gantoleba Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba CavweroT (ix., magaliTad, wigni: makroekonomikuri regulirebis meTodebi da modelebi. Tbilisi, mecniereba, 2003. gv. 491-518.)
,
sadac , avtoris mosazrebiT, mTliani Sida produqtis is donea, romelic biujetSi maqsimalur sagadasaxado Semosavlebs Seesabameba. am ganmartebidan gamomdinare, laferis meore
gvaris fiskaluri wertilsaTvis gansazRvruli gamoSvebis moculobaa. migvaCnia, rom ufro misaRebi iqneba, Tuki - is rolSi ganvixilavT gamoSvebis moculobas laferis pirveli gvaris fiskaluri wertilis pirobebSi. am SemTxvevaSi Tavisi arsiT igive iqneba, rac (5)-Si Semavali mSp-s potenciuri done .
13
gamoSvebis -s mocemuli mniSvnelobebisaTvis unda arse-
bobdes iseTi ganakveTi , romelic daakmayofilebs (5)
gantolebas. am ukanasknelis specifikidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
arsebobdes saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis ori an erTi
dasaSvebi wonasworuli mniSvneloba5. geometriulad es niSnavs,
rom da mrudebs SeiZleba ori an erTi saerTo
wertili gaaCndes. rodesac (5)-s ori da amonaxsni gaaCnia, am
ganakveTebis roli da mniSvnelovneba imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu
rogor mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan Sinameurneobebis moxmarebisadmi
zRvruli midrekileba da saxelmwifo Sesyidvebisadmi
zRvruli midrekileba . SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom
SemTxvevisaTvis wonasworuli saSuali sagadasaxado ganakveTis
ori sidididan ukeTesia mcire , vinaidan igi uzrunvelyofs met
erTobliv danaxarjebs, met gamoSvebas da dasaqmebis maRal
dones; amave mizeziT SemTxvevisaTvis ukeTesia maRali
sagadasaxado ganakveTi ; SemTxvevisaTvis orive
ganakveTi warmoebisa da erToblivi danaxarjebis TvalsazrisiT
erTi da imave Sedegis miRebas uzrunvelyofs.
wonasworobis SesaZlo wertilebs Soris -sa da -s
nebismieri Tanafardobisas dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri
aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT saukeTesos, bunebrivia, laferis
pirveli gvaris fiskaluri wertili warmoadgens. magram am
wertilSi wonasworoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRweva Tuki,
erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs optimaluri sagadasxado
5amave dros SesaZlebelia, rom (5) araTavsebadi iyos -s mimarT. aseTi ram maSin xdeba, roca avtonomiuri danaxarjebi imdenad didia, rom mis dasakmayofileblad potenciuri gamoSveba sakmarisi ar aris.
14
ganakveTis SemoRebas, meore mxriv ki, avtonomiuri danaxarjebis
sidide Semdeg mniSvnelobas miiRebs6
= .
maSasadame, mTavari daskvna, romelic aq ganxiluli
wonasworobis modelidan gamomdinareobs, isaa, rom marto
optimaluri saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis SemoRebas
TavisTavad ar SeuZlia sruli dasaqmebis Sesabamis
wonasworobaSi gadasvlis inicireba. lafer-keinzianuri sinTezis
pirobebSi ekonomikuri aqtiurobis amaRlebasa da sruli
dasaqmebis miRwevaSi, dabegvris reJimTan erTad, mniSvnelovan
rols erToblivi moTxovna asrulebs.
merab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesiani
qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi
dagvaxrCobs?dagvaxrCobs?dagvaxrCobs?dagvaxrCobs?
ekonomikur saswaulze saubari mxolod drois xangZlivi
monakveTisTvisaa marTebuli. dRes saqarTvelos gauCnda Sansi,
saZirkveli Cauyaros aseT warmatebas. am Sansis gamoyeneba
saTuoa, magram misi arseboba unda dafiqsirdes. misi gamoyeneba
niSnavs ekonomikuri zrdis amowurvadi garewyaroebis gadaqcevas ekonomikuri zrdis amowurvadi garewyaroebis gadaqcevas ekonomikuri zrdis amowurvadi garewyaroebis gadaqcevas ekonomikuri zrdis amowurvadi garewyaroebis gadaqcevas
amouwurav Sidawyaroebad.amouwurav Sidawyaroebad.amouwurav Sidawyaroebad.amouwurav Sidawyaroebad.
iseTi garewyaro, rogoric ucxouri investiciebia, TavisiT
gadaiqceva Sidawyarod. es wyaro ver iqneba uxvi: misgan miRebuli
mogebis kapitalizacia adgilze mxolod nawilobriv xdeba da
arc misi multiplikatoruli efeqtia maRali _ ucxouri
investiciebi umTavresad adgilobrivi ki ara, Semotanili mate-
rialuri resursebiTaa dasaqonlebuli. es investiciebi jer-
jerobiT verc uaxlesi teqnologiebis mozidvaSi asrulebs
mniSvnelovan rols, xolo uamisod xangrZlivi warmatebis
miRweva gamoricxulia.
6 es formula uSualod (5)-dan miiReba, masSi -s CasmiTa da im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom .
15
1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan qarTuli ekonomikis zrdaSi
umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs Cvens emigrant TanamemamuleTa
fuladi gzavnilebi. es roli araa jerovnad Sefasebuli.
marTalia, gzavnilebis saSualo sidide umravles SemTxvevaSi 300-
500 aSS dolaris farglebSia, anu es Tanxa ZiriTadad
sainvesticio ki ara, samomxmareblo miznebiT ixarjeba, magram
misi multiplikatoruli efeqti mainc maRalia: gzavnilis mimRebi
mxolod importul saqonelze ki ar xarjavs am fuls, mas igi
uxdis Cvens mimwodebelsac – samedicino dawesebulebas,
saswavlebels, samSeneblo firmasa Tu sxvasa da sxvas, mokled,
brunavs da mimwodebelTa mTel wyebas amuSavebs da warmoSobs
kidec. bankis gavliT Tu gauvlelad, es fuli uSualodac
gadaiqceva investiciad.
emigraciis zrda da xelsayreli msoflio ekonomikuri
koniunqtura 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan swrafad zrdida
gzavnilebis nakads, magram es wyaro amouwuravi rodia. zrdis
Sewyveta da klebac mxolod krizisul movlenebs ki ar SeuZlia
gamoiwvios, aramed sxva faqtorebsac, maT Soris _ samSobloSi
datovebul axloblebTan emigrantTa kavSirebis Sesustebas.
rogorc Cans, gzavnilebis nakadma 2007 wels gaiara pikuri
wertili. amaSi unda veZioT imis erT-erTi mizezi, rom
saqarTvelos bankebs iafi sakredito resursi SemoakldaT, rom
mSenebloba did nawilSi Seferxda da a.S. jaWvuri reaqciiT, amas
SeuZlia imis ukuefeqti mogvces, rasac gzavnilebis zrda
gvaZlevda.
siZneleTa mTavari mizezi ki is aris, rom saqarTvelos
ekonomika ar aRmoCnda mzad, epasuxa im cvlilebebisaTvis,
romlebic dRes Sromis bazarze xdeba. pirukuc SeiZleba iTqvas:
xelfasis zrdisa da umuSevrobis Semcirebis procesi xelfasis zrdisa da umuSevrobis Semcirebis procesi xelfasis zrdisa da umuSevrobis Semcirebis procesi xelfasis zrdisa da umuSevrobis Semcirebis procesi
mmmmoumzadebeli aRmoCnda ekonomikis Sinagani mdgomareobiT, misi oumzadebeli aRmoCnda ekonomikis Sinagani mdgomareobiT, misi oumzadebeli aRmoCnda ekonomikis Sinagani mdgomareobiT, misi oumzadebeli aRmoCnda ekonomikis Sinagani mdgomareobiT, misi
efeqtiani, inovaciuri zrdiT. efeqtiani, inovaciuri zrdiT. efeqtiani, inovaciuri zrdiT. efeqtiani, inovaciuri zrdiT. umuSevroba kvlav didia, magram
aRaraa im sididisa, romelic am 10-15 wlis win iyo (ufro metad
igi emigraciis xarjze Semcirda). Sromaze moTxovna-miwodebis
Tanafardobis Secvlam maSindel uazro xelfass dRes raRac
azri misca. gamoCnda xelfasebic, romlebic mxolod 3-4-jer
CamorCeba msoflio mijnebs, rac xelfasis saerTo donis
16
momavali zrdis simptomia. Sesabamisad, izrdeba warmoebis
danaxarjebi, bevri firma gascda zRvars. maTi gakotreba
krizisis Seuqcevadi ganviTarebis safrTxes Seqmnida.
am safrTxes da mis mizezs ar eqceva jerovani yuradReba.
aqcenti keTdeba dasaqmebis zrdaze, saubari arcaa mis safuZvlian
momzadebaze. 4,5-miliardiani daxmarebebi da kreditebi (yovel
SemTxvevaSi misi is nawili, romelic warmoebaSi dabanddeba)
uTuod mogvcems multipikatorul efeqts da Seamcirebs
umuSevrobas, magram es mxolod erTjeradi da droebiTi efeqti
iqneba: xelfasi zrdaSi gadaaswrebs Sromis nayofierebas da
gaakotrebs firmebis imdenad did masas, rom Rrma krizisSi
CaiTrevs ekonomikas.
aseve imuSavebs sagdasaxado tvirTis amJamindeli Semsu-
buqeba saxelmwifo da municipalur doneebze. dRes es erTaderTi
da swori gamosavalia Seqmnili viTarebidan: igi amcirebs
ekonomikis zaraliani rgolebis masas da afarToebs kapitalis
gamoyenebis sazRvrebs, magram amiT igi ekonomikis intensiur
zrdas ki ar aZlevs stimuls, aramed eqstensiurs, romelsac
mudam Tan sdevs xelfasis moumzadebeli zrda.
aseTi sagadasaxado politika perspeqtivaSi sxva safrTxesac
warmoSobs: biujetis Semosavlis klebaze saxelmwifo dRes
ucxouri daxmarebebis imediT midis; ras izams maSin, rodesac
amowuravs am wyaros da rodesac, amasTan, Zveli da axali valebi
erTad wauWers yelSi? mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb, rom saqarTvelos
sagareo valma, a.w. 30 ivnisis mdgomareobiT, TiTqmis 6,7 mlrd.
dolari Seadgina, rac didad aRemateba uaxloes wlebSi misaReb
daxmarebebsa da kredits.
xangZlivi ekonomikuri zrdis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos
mxolod inovaciuri ekonomika _ inovaciuri ara mxolod
sawarmoo teqnologiebiT, aramed warmoebisa da, mTlianad,
ekonomikis organizaciiT, maT Soris _ socialuri sferosic,
romelic ekonomikis gareT ki ar dgas, aramed mis Tavsa da
bolos warmoadgens; igia misi Semkvreli da, imavdroulad, misi
amosavali rgoli.
rogor ekonomikas miviRebT 3-5 wlis Semdeg _ krizisulsa
Tu ganuxrelad mzards? es imazea damokidebuli, SevZenT Tu ara
17
mas inovaciur muxts, sworad gamoviyenebT Tu vera CvenTan Tu
sxvagan nacad _ fasebis diferenciaciis, sagadasaxado da sxva _
meTodebs da SemovitanT Tu vera axal meqanizmebs. Tu amas
SevZlebT, ekonomikuri zrdis garewyaroebi, romlis ganlevasac
ramdenime wlis Semdeg unda velodoT, amouwurav Sidawyaroebad
gadaiqceva.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis sastarto done imdenad dabalia,
rom raoden warmatebulic unda gamodges misi 10-15 wliani zrda,
amas Cven saswaulad aravin CagviTvlis, radgan igi ver
uzrunvelyofs cxovrebis donis awevas msoflio mijnebamde.
saswaulad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli mxolod iseTi sistemuri
instituciur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba socialur
sferoSi, romelic gadawyvets or umTavres amocanas: Seuqmnis
Rirseuli arsebobis garantias qveynis TiToeul moqalaqes da
warmoSobs ekonomikuri zrdis axal impulsebs.
sistemuri ekonomikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba gu-
lisxmobs moTxovnis zrdas ekonomikur mecnierebaze, xolo
inovaciuri ekonomika, masTan erTad _ iuridiulsa da teqnikur
mecnierebebze. biznesis, sazogadoebrivi sferosa da mecnierebis
TanamSromloba am ukanasknelSic iTxovs organizaciul
cvlilebebs.
iakob mesxiaiakob mesxiaiakob mesxiaiakob mesxia
monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:
inflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTireba
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic,
sabazro kanonebis damkvidrebisa da msoflio ekonomikuri
globalizaciis gaRrmavebis kvaldakval, mimdinareobs finansuri
stabilizaciis optimaluri modelebis Zieba da praqtikuli
aprobacia.
dRis wesrigSi mwvaved dadga ekonomikisaTvis yvelaze
saSiSi da damangreveli movlenis _ inflaciis zrdis problemis
gadawyveta. `̀̀̀saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb” kanonSi
Setanili cvlilebebiT aqcenti aRebul iqna `samomxmareblo
fasebis miznobriv maCvenebelze~, rac, Tavisi SinaarsiT, sxva
18
araferia, Tu ara sayovelTaod miRebuli da aRiarebuli
kategoria _ `inflaciuri TargeTireba~.inflaciuri TargeTireba~.inflaciuri TargeTireba~.inflaciuri TargeTireba~..
msoflio praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba TargeTirebis sami ZiriTadi
reJimi: gacvliTi kursisgacvliTi kursisgacvliTi kursisgacvliTi kursis,,,, monetaruli monetaruli monetaruli monetaruli da inflaciuri Targeinflaciuri Targeinflaciuri Targeinflaciuri Targe----
TirebaTirebaTirebaTireba. rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve ganviTarebad qveynebSi
gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs inflaciuri TargeTi-
reba, romelic monetaruli politikis SedarebiT axali reJimia.
zogadad, inflaciuri TargeTireba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes,
rogorc monetaruli politikis reJimi, romelic efuZneba
inflaciis prognozs. centraluri banki aprognozebs inflaciis
mosalodnel parametrebs da mis safuZvelze adgens raodenobriv
miznobriv orientirs ((((TargeTs) sagegmo periodisaTvis ise, rom
sakuTar Tavze ar iRebs valdebulebas sxva saxis miznobrivi
orientirebis miRwevaze.
monetaruli politikis sxva cnobili reJimebisgan gansxva-
vebiT, inflaciuri TargeTireba gulisxmobs centraluri bankis
saqmianobis srul Tavisuflebas da moqnilobas. inflaciuri
TargeTirebis gamoyenebis dros centraluri banki Tavis Tavze
iRebs oficialur valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos mxolod mTavari
miznobrivi orientiris miRweva.
im qveynebis gamocdileba, romlebic iyeneben TargeTirebis
reJims, saSualebas gvaZlevs, CamovayaliboT is zogadi mini-
maluri moTxovnebi da pirobebi, romelic aucilebelia am
monetaruli reJimis gamoyenebisaTvis.
upirveles yovlisa, inflaciuri TargeTireba SesaZlebelia
mxolod iq, sadac dabali inflaciis uzrunvelyofa ara mxolod
formalurad, aramed, agreTve faqtobrivad warmoadgens
monetaruli politikis umTavres mizans. qveynis xelisufleba
mkafiod unda acnobierebdes, rom inflacia ekonomikas
aunazRaurebel zians ayenebs, rom monetaruli da fiskaluri
eqspansiiT SeuZlebelia ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganvi-
Tarebis stimulireba da, rom sabiujeto deficitis monetizacia
winapirobebs qmnis ekonomikaSi fasebis zrdis, finansuri
seqtoris stabilurobis moSlisa da grZelvadian periodSi
ekonomikis zrdis SenelebisaTvis.
19
inflaciuri TargeTirebis erT-erTi mTavari moTxovnaa,
centraluri banki flobdes srul sazogadoebriv ndobas da misi
saqmianoba iyos gamWvirvale.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, arsebobs agreTve monetaruli
politikis gansaxilveli reJimis sxva pirobebic: centraluri
bankis avtonomiurobis saTanado xarisxiT uzrunvelyofa da
uaris Tqma sxva maCveneblebis TargeTirebaze, garda inflaciis
prognozisa. centraluri bankis avtonomiuroba gulisxmobs
fiskaluri dominirebis principis, anu monetaruli politikis
fiskalur interesebze daqvemdebarebis uaryofas. praqtikuli
kuTxiT, es niSnavs mTavrobis dakreditebasa da sabiujeto
deficitis monetarizaciaze uaris Tqmas, agreTve, ekonomikaze
pirdapiri kreditebis gacemis akrZalvas. garda amisa, centralur
banks unda hqondes sruli Tavisufleba gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bisas, im monetaruli instrumentebis gamoyenebisas, romelsac is
CaTvlis mizanSewonilad.
aq erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas unda gausvas xazi.
moklevadian periodSi monetaruli eqspansiis meSveobiT SesaZ-
lebelia erToblivi gamoSvebis zrda, umuSevrobis Semcireba,
saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis gazrda, agreTve sxva
moklevadiani xasiaTis amocanebis gadaWra, rac, saboloo jamSi,
mTavrobas didi Zalisxmevis gareSe aZlevs saSualebas, miiRos
politikuri dividendebi. aseTi politikis saboloo Sedegebi
vlindeba ufro gvian, vidre mTavrobis saqmianobis dro kanoniTaa
dadgenili (4-5 weli), ris gamoc garkveuli droiT lagas aqvs
adgili, vidre daiwyeba inflaciis tempebis zrda, finansuri
arastabiluroba da realuri ekonomikis zrdis tempebis Seneleba.
cxadia, moqmedi xelisuflebis mier datovebuli problemebis
gadawyvetaze zrunva mouwevs axal mTavrobas. saboloo jamSi es
niSnavs, rom fiskaluri principebis dominireba monetarul
politikaze droSi Seusabamo da araTavsebadia. moqmedi xeli-
sufleba martiv da moklevadian droSi efeqtis momcemi gadawyve-
tilebebiT, grZelvadian periodSi axal xelisuflebas rTul da
Znelad gadasaWrel problemebs axvedrebs.
inflaciuri TargeTirebis gamoyenebis aucilebeli moTxov-
naa, agreTve, sxva maCveneblebis mixedviT oficialur orien-
20
tirebze uaris Tqma, magaliTad, iseTebis, rogoricaa: gacvliTi
kursis an fuladi masis agregatebis.
zemoxsenebuli meToduri winapirobebis garda, inflaciuri
TargeTirebis gamoyenebisTvis centralurma bankma unda uzrun-
velyos mTeli rigi teqnikuri pirobebis Sesruleba. kerZod,
saWiroa, ganisazRvros centraluri bankis mier kontrolirebadi
maCvenebeli, romelic daaxasiaTebs qveynis ekonomikaSi fasebis
zrdis tempebs. upiratesad, aseT kontrolirebad maCveneblad
centraluri banki irCevs samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss.
Cveulebriv, masSi Sedis im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis jgufebi,
romelTa fasebze zegavlenas axdens faqtorebi, romlebzec
centralur banks ar SeuZlia kontrolis ganxorcieleba: fasebis
administraciuli regulireba, iribi gadasaxadebis zrda, fasebis
zrda importirebul saqonelze da sxv. am mizezebis gamo
centraluri bankis kontrolirebad maCveneblad gamoyeneba
koreqtirebuli (`gawmendili~) indeqsi, saidanac gamoiricxeba
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis is jgufebi, romelTa fasebs aregu-
lirebs mTavroba, anda eqvemdebarebian arsebiT ryevadobas
centraluri bankis monetaruli qmedebebis miuxedavad.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis koreqtireba-gawmendis praq-
tika farTod gamoiyeneba mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris ganviTa-
rebul qveynebSi. garda regulirebadi fasebisa, gamoiricxeba
iribi gadasaxadebis cvlileba, fasebi importirebul saqonelze,
fasebi agrosamrewvelo sawarmoebis produqciasa da sursaTze,
romlebic ganicdian arsebiT ryevas, magram naklebad mgrZnobiare
arian monetaruli politikis mimarT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis
koreqtireba-gawmenda centraluri bankebisTvis Zalian problemu-
ria. erTi mxriv, misi koreqtireba centralur banks aZlevs
saSualebas, ufro srulad gaakontrolos inflacia. meore mxriv,
gauwmendavi indeqsis gamoyenebis pirobebSi, centraluri bankis
mier monetaruli politikis gatarebisas daSvebuli Secdomebi,
SeiZleba ganeitraldes fasebis administraciuli regulirebiT.
magaliTad, Tu Tavisuflad dadgenadi fasebi, romlebic
monetaruli politikis zemoqmedebas eqvemdebarebian, izrdeba
prognozulze ufro maRali tempebiT, xolo administraciulad
21
regulirebadi fasebi gegmiurze ufro naklebad, maSin
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi winaswar dadgenil farglebs ar
gascdeba. magram, SesaZlebelia moxdes piriqiT: mkacri
monetaruli politikis gatarebisas, romelic uzrunvelyofs
Tavisufali fasebis mocemul farglebSi SenarCunebas, centra-
luri banki SeiZleba waawydes mTavrobis mxridan administra-
ciulad regulirebadi fasebis zrdis problemas. Tu centraluri
banki kontrolirebad maCveneblad iyenebs Cveulebriv (gauwmendav)
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss, mas sruli pasuxismgebloba
mouwevs prognozuli inflaciis daucveloba-miuRwevlobaze..
Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, centralur banks, aseve
mTavrobas inflaciis faqtoruli analizis dros mouwevT imis
dadgena, ramdeni procentiT moimata inflaciam fasebis admi-
nistraciuli regulirebis da sxva faqtorebis Sedegad, romle-
bic ar eqvemdebarebian monetaruli politikis instrumentebis
gavlenas. es sakiTxi dakavSirebulia centraluri bankisa da
mTavrobis SeTanxmebul saqmianobasTan, romelsac, SeiZleba
iTqvas, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs inflaciuri TargeTirebis
gamoyenebis dros.
gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi inflaciuri TargeTi-
rebis gamoyeneba bevradaa damokidebuli statistikuri informa-
ciis saimedobasa da inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis
kvlevebis xarisxze, gansakuTrebiT mis prognozirebaSi gamoye-
nebuli meTodologiis gamarTulobaze.
inflaciis prognozirebaSi ganmsazRvrel rols TamaSobs im
faqtorebisa da pirobebis srulad gansazRvra da raodenobriv
maCveneblebSi asaxva, romlebic realur gavlenas axdenen
inflaciis cvlilebaze. es urTulesi problemaa da mas yo-
velTvis ekonomikurad kargad ganviTarebuli qveynebic ver
axerxeben. saqme isaa, rom inflaciaze moqmedi faqtorebis erTi
nawili Znelad an saerTod ar eqvemdebareba prognozirebas. maT
Soris unda aRiniSnos: nedleulsa da masalebze (gansakuTrebiT,
energomatareblebze) fasebis ryeva msoflio bazarze; sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoebis (agrosamrewvelo seqtoris) pirobebis
Secvla; bunebrivi kataklizmebi da sxva forsmaJoruli movle-
nebi, romlebic iwveven Sokebs moTxovna-miwodebaSi; erovnuli
22
valutis gacvliTi kursis gadaxra prognozirebuli maCve-
neblidan, romelic ar warmoadgens Siga ekonomikuri da
monetaruli politikis Sedegs.
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisTvis erT-erTi mTavari
problemaa statistikuri monacemebis droiTi trendebis xarisxi
da xelmisawvdomoba. 7-10 wliani droiTi statistikuri trendebi
sakmarisia inflaciis ekonometrikuli modelebiT prognozire-
bisaTvis, magram aseTi Sesadari mwkrivebis formireba did
sirTules warmoadgens, rac xels uSlis inflaciuri TargeTi-
rebis gamoyenebas. gamomdinare aqedan, centralurma bankebma
inflaciuri orientiris dadgenisas mizanSewonilia, daitovos
raRac garkveuli sivrce manevrirebisaTvis da TargeTi
gansazRvros ara wertilovani, aramed derefnis formiT, anu
SemosazRvros misi maqsimaluri da minimaluri SesaZlo raode-
nobrivi maxasiaTeblebi.
dRevandel etapze saqarTveloSi inflaciuri TargeTirebis
winapirobebi, misi praqtikuli realizaciis winadadebebi da
rekomendaciebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:
1. qveynis saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi da xarjebi
bolo periodSi maRali tempebiT izrdeba. 2008 wlamde
saxelmwifo biujetebi deficitur xasiaTs atarebda, Tumca,
mimdinare wlis biujetis Sedgenas safuZvlad daedo saerTa-
Soriso savaluto fondis meTodologia da igi proficiturad
`gamocxadda~. biujetis Sedgenis teqnologiis analizidan
martivad dgindeba, rom, faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs ara
proficitur, aramed sakmaod didad deficitur biujetTan. (ix.
vl. papava, `es biujeti aris ara ubralod deficituri, aramed
katastrofulad deficituri~, gaz. `rezonansis~ damateba _ `Cveni
biujeti~, #1, 2008; i. mesxia, saxelmwifo biujetis axali
orientirebi: proficituri, Tu deficituri, Jurn. `biznesi da
kanonmdebloba, 2008, #1). Cemi azriT, inflaciuri TargeTirebis
winapirobebis analizisa da miznobrivi orientiris progno-
zirebisas erovnulma bankma mkafiod da principulad unda
Seafasos saxelmwifo biujetis sizustis xarisxi da misi
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi, rac mas moqmedi kanonmdeb-
lobiTac aqvs davalebuli. sul axlaxan, mTavrobam gadawyvita
23
evroobligaciebis formiT naxevarmiliardiani (aSS dolari)
sesxis aReba, rac biujetis proficiturobis ideologias
Tavdayira ayenebs. biujetis xarjviTi politika araxelsayrel
pirobebs qmnis inflaciuri TargeTirebisaTvis.
2. inflaciuri TargeTirebis poziciebidan seriozul
mravalfaqtorul kvlevas saWiroebs laris gacvliTi kursis
sferoSi Camoyalibebuli tendenciebi. erovnuli valutis uwyveti
gamyarebis pirobebSi, inflaciis tempebis zrda da am negatiuri
procesis gamomwvev mizezad mxolod egzogenuri faqtorebis
(navTobis, xorblis da a.S. gaZvireba, dolaris gaufasureba)
dasaxeleba amadamajerebelia. xolo inflaciis endogenur
faqtorebs Soris xilis gaZvireba da bostneulis gaiafeba
civilur qveynebSi didi skandalis safuZveli gaxdeboda.
3. inflaciuri TargeTirebis kuTxiT erovnulma bankma da
mTavrobam unda daakmayofilos sazogadoebis informaciuli
moTxovnileba qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da, gamomdinare
aqedan, mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis droiT
vadebze. im garemoebam, rom xelisufleba gansakuTrebul apeli-
rebas akeTebs ekonomikuri zrdis maRal tempebze, sabiujeto
Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan matebaze da imavdroulad ar uxsnis
sazogadoebas, Tu ratom ar izrdeba maTi cxovrebis done
ekonomikuri warmatebebis kvaldakval, samarTlian ukmayofilebas
da socialur daZabulobas iwvevs.
4. inflaciuri TargeTis prognozirebis mizniT, fiskalur
xelisuflebas mouwevs mecnierulad argumentirebuli meTodikis
SemuSaveba. sazogadoebis moTxovnaa, rom icodes samomxmareblo
saqcielze fasebis dinamikis zusti prognozi. ra Tqma unda,
saWiro gaxdeba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis koreqtireba-
gawmenda, magram inflaciis prognozirebisas gverdi ar unda
auaros msoflioSi mimdinare ekonomikur ryevebs, strategiul
saqonelze fasebis matebas. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes is
garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi stra-
tegiuli produqtis (navTobi, xorbali da sxva) importi uxdeba
da, Sesabamisad, adgili eqneba inflaciis importsac. gasaTva-
liswinebelia is garemoebac, rom saqarTveloSi uaxloes moma-
valSi adgili eqneba samomxmareblo saqonelis msoflio
24
fasebTan miaxloebis process, rac obieqturi movlenaa. am faqto-
rebis Tundac zedapiruli analizi migvaniSnebs, rom inflaciuri
TargeTis zeda zRvari gacilebiT maRali unda iyos, vidre es
dadgenilia dRevandel etapze (8%).
5. inflaciuri TargeTirebis reJimisaTvis miuRebelia
qveynis Sida ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba eiforiis da
piaris fonze. analizi da Sefaseba unda iyos obieqturi da
kritikuli, raTa minimumamde iqnes dayvanili cdomilebebi
TargeTirebaSi.
inflaciuri TargeTis dadgena, anu prognozireba urTulesi
analitikur-kvleviTi da SemoqmedebiTi procesia. igi moiTxovs
inflaciaze moqmedi uamravi faqtorisa da pirobis siRrmiseul
analizs, ekometrikuli da sxva saxis maTematikuri instru-
mentariis gamoyenebas. TargeTis prognozinebisas dauSvebelia
mxolod inerciuli, pasiuri midgomebis gamoyeneba. amasTan erTad,
saWiroa aqtiuri, dinamikuri modelebis gamoyeneba. yovelive es
erovnuli bankis struqturaSi mZlavri kvleviTi samsaxuris
Seqmnis aucileblobas ayenebs dRis wesrigSi.
6. ramdenadac fasebis stabilurobaze ZiriTadi pasuxismge-
belia erovnuli banki, TargeTis prognozirebasa da reali-
zaciaSi cdomilebisas uwyebaTaSorisi `gadabralebis~ Tavidan
asacileblad mizanSewonilia, erovnulma bankma Seqmnas mone-
taruli statistikis mZlavri samsaxuri, romelic, erTi mxriv,
moipovebs da gaaanalizebs inflaciasTan dakavSirebul yvela
informacias da, meore mxriv, uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas gamWvirvale da obieqturi
monetaruli informaciiT.
eeeelguja meqvabiSvililguja meqvabiSvililguja meqvabiSvililguja meqvabiSvili
globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze
zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtizemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtizemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtizemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqti
weliwadze metia msoflio ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT ki misi
finansuri segmenti, seriozul sirTuleebs ganicdis. amis mizezia
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ganviTarebuli ipoTekuri dava-
lianebis krizisi, romelic am qveynis mTavrobis mier gatarebuli
25
seriozuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavad, mTeli ekonomikis recesiaSi
gadaizarda, mogvianebiT ki msoflio finansuri krizisis dawyebis
ZiriTadi mizezi gaxda.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis msoflio meurneobaSi integri-
rebulobis dabali donis miuxedavad, globaluri finansuri
krizisi masze zegavlenas axdens. es aSkarad daetyo saqarTvelos
sabanko sistemas da konkretulad SemdegSi gamoixata:
• komerciuli bankebis kreditebis gaZvireba;
• sesxebis uzrunvelyofaze sabanko moTxovnebis gamkacreba;
• xSir SemTxvevaSi, komerciuli bankebis mier sesxebis
gacemis Sewyveta.
saqarTveloSi fulad-sakredito da sabanko politikaze
msoflio finansuri krizisis zemoqmedebiT nawilobriv SeiZleba
aixsnas mimdinare wlis noembris dasawyisSi laris kursis
naxtomiseburi gaufasureba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo ramdenime
faqtoriT:
• msoflioSi fulis gaZvirebisa da misi deficiturobis
gazrdis gamo qveyanaSi ucxouri valutis Semodinebis
SemcirebiT;
• ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebis mkveTri SemcirebiT,
rac kidev ufro metad gaRrmavda agvistos movlenebis
Sedegad;
• finansuri krizisis gamo Cveni Tanamemamuleebis mier
ucxoeTidan gadmoricxuli Tanxebis aseve mkveTri Semci-
rebiT.
sabanko sferoSi Seqmnili sirTuleebis erT-erTi mizezia
inflaciis zrda, romelsac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs msoflio
bazarze ganviTarebuli finansuri krizisi. katastrofulad
uaryofiTi sagareo savaWro balansi (importis Rirebuleba 4-jer
aRemateba eqsportisas), rac amJamad saqarTvelos axasiaTebs,
laris gacvliTi kursis gauaresebisa da importuli produqciis
gaZvirebiT iwvevs inflaciuri procesebis gaZlierebas. es
ukanaskneli, e.w. “fiSeris efeqtis” Tanaxmad, warmoSobs kreditis
Rirebulebis gazrdis aucileblobas.
26
globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze
zemoqmedebis uaryofiTi efeqtis Sesamcireblad, Cveni azriT,
aucilebelia Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba:
• inflaciis moTokva unda moxerxdes maqsimalurad SemWidro-
vebul vadebSi, raTa is ar gadaizardos ekonomikuri zrdis
tempebis daqveiTebaSi da qveyana ar aRmoCndes stagflaciis
mdgomareobaSi;
• aucilebelia saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis instituciuri
gaZliereba da “aRdgena sakuTar uflebebSi”, rac arsebiTad
Seilaxa e.w. “reformatorebis” voluntaristuli qmedebebis
Sedegad;
• uaRresad aqtualuria erovnuli bankisa da mTavrobis anti-
inflaciur RonisZiebaTa sinqronizacia im garemoebebidan
gamomdinare, rom inflacias, monetarul faqtorTan erTad,
mTavrobis xarjebis politikac gansazRvravs;
• gardauval aucileblobad unda CaiTavlos erovnuli valutis
devalvacia, Tumca es procesi unda ganxorcieldes ara
naxtomebiT, aramed TandaTanobiT, ra mizniTac seb-ma sava-
luto bazarze unda gaagrZelos intervencionistuli poli-
tikis gatareba;
• mniSvnelovan RonisZiebad gvesaxeba parlamentis mier depo-
zitebis dazRvevis kanonis miReba, Sesabamisi meqanizmebisa da
struqturis SeqmnasTan erTad, rac aucileblad Seuwyobs
xels saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis mdgradobis xarisxis
amaRlebas.
ggggiorgi papavaiorgi papavaiorgi papavaiorgi papava
Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli
sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!
1. gavrcelebulia azri imis Taobaze, rom Turme "adamiani-
saTvis damaxasiaTebelia Secdomebis daSveba". amgvari ga-
moTqma dominirebs saerTod. igi amarTlebs adamianis
midrekilebas pasiurobisaken. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es
iwvevs midrekilebas inteleqtis sizarmacisaken ekonomikur
27
realobaTa Secnobis procesSi. amis gamo ekonomikaSi Tavs
iCens uneblie mcdari logikiT mcdar daskvnebze gasvla, e.i.
warmoiqmneba ekonomikuri paralogizmebi. isini adamianis
mxedvelobidan, nawilobriv an mTlianad, gamoricxaven kavSirs
ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da jansaR socialur viTarebas
Soris. amiT irRveva WeSmariti demokratiis safuZvlebi
aranormaluri socialur-ekonomikuri warmonaqmnebiT.
2. ekonomikaSi inteleqtis ganviTarebis kvalobaze Tu
ganxorcielda Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis realobaTa
Tvisebrivi Secnoba saTanado meTodologiiT, maSin SesaZlo
gaxdeba ekonomikur realobaTa srulyofili (unaklo) war-
marTva drois periodebis mixedviT. dReisaTvis ekonomikuri
paralogizmebi Tan sdevs ara marto ekonomikuri subieqtebis
saqmianobas (romlebic met-naklebi zomiT warmoadgenen dile-
tantebs TavianT ekonomikur saqmianobaSi), aramed profe-
sional ekonomistTa saqmianobasac. amis mizezi imaSi imaleba,
rom amJamad ar arsebobs ekonomikur realobaTa drois
periodebis mixedviT Tvisebrivi Secnobis meTodologia.
3. amgvari meTodologia mogvcems drois yoveli periodis
ekonomikur realobaTa Tvisebebis siRrmiseuli Secnobis
SesaZleblobas da isic Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis
pirobebSi. igi daeyrdnoba periodantul-genetikuri da "poli-
foniuri" wyobis ekonomikur azrovnebas. mas wina planze
gadmoaqvs qveynis masStabiT socialur-ekonomikuri wonas-
worobis dacvis aucilebloba, rogorc WeSmaritad
demokratiuli sazogadoebis realizaciis utyuari piroba.
amas igi moaxerxebs Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis funqcio-
nirebis normalur pirobebSi CayenebiT (normalizaciiT). igi
imazea gamiznuli, rom ekonomikuri funqciebis ganxor-
cielebaSi ar dauSvas ekonomikuri paralogizmebis Separva da
warmoqmnadi xarvezebis “post-faqtumi” “kosmetikuri”
mopirkeTebiT Tavis daxsnis aucilebloba. es SesaZlebelia,
Tu davZlevT azrovnebis pasiurobasa da inteleqtis
sizarmaces ekonomikur realobaTa Tvisebrivi Secnobis
procesSi da amiT mivaRwevT saTanado ekonomikur warmatebebs.
28
4. siRrmiseuli intensiuri ekonomikuri azrovneba, romelic
gamagrebulia uSreti wyurviliT, gatacebiT da SemarTebuli
ganwyobiT, SeiWras ama Tu im ekonomikuri realobis Sida
arsSi an problemis siRrmeSi, da romelsac gaaCnia unari,
Tavidan moiSoros ltolva inteleqtis sizarmacisaken
ekonomikuri paralogizmebis Semoparebis Tavidan asacileb-
lad, SeiZens imis unarsac, rom TiTqmis uxarvezod warmarTos
ekonomika (aq mxedvelobaSia misaRebi Semoparuli negatiuri
qcevebis gavlenis gamoricxvac).
5. demokratiuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis ideali moiT-
xovs, rom Tavidan aviSoroT qveynis mosaxleobis interesTa
dapirispirebuli Widili, vinaidan am gziT WeSmariti
demokratiis mSenebloba uxarvezod ver ganxorcieldeba. es
unda ganxorcieldes socialurad jansaRi biznesiT da
damsaxurebuli SromiTi moRvaweobiT, romelic gamoricxavs
amJamad arsebuli fsevdo-demokratiis minarevebs. amis miRweva
SesaZlebelia normalizebuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis
Camoyalibebis niadagze, romelic daeyrdnoba ekonomikuri
interesebis jansaR "polifoniur" SeuRlebas qveynis
ekonomikis saerTo warmatebisaTvis sakuTari miRwevebis
wyalobiT, rom ar aRmovCndeT wyalwaRebulis mdgomareobaSi,
romelic ”xavss eWideboda”. am idealur gzas unda daadges
qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis procesi. ideuri SemarTebis
da praqtikuli alRos aRebis utyuari da socialurad
jansaRi unar-Cvevebis amoqmedeba unda gaxdes welSi
gamarTuli ekonomikis teqnologiis safuZvelTa safuZveli.
6. praqtikam gviCvena, rom adamianTa da maTi jgufebis
gansxvavebul socialur interesTa dapirispirebaze dayrdno-
biT ver ganxorcieldeba WeSmariti demokratiis mSenebloba.
piriqiT, saWiroa maTi interesebis "polifoniuri" SeuRleba
qveynis ekonomikaSi saTanado rolebis SesrulebiT, romlebic
saerTo miznisaken mimaval gzaze ubiZgeben yvelas da
yvelafers, raTa ekonomika Camoyalibdes, rogorc mTliano-
biTi sistema da ara, rogorc ekonomikuri paralogizmebiT
dakvalianebuli jumlobrivi warmonaqmni. maTi saqmianobis
urTierTTavsebadi SeuRleba ki warmoqmnis qveynis norma-
29
lizebul da WeSmaritad demokratiul Sereul sabazro
ekonomikas, rogorc mTlianobiT sistemas. am garemoSi
Camoyalibdeba qveynis normalizebuli Sereuli sabazro
ekonomikis formirebis biznesteqnologia. amave dros, unda
gvesmodes, rom biznesmeni unda iyos biznesmogebis mkeTebeli.
igi ekonomikis formirebis teqnologiaSi unda iyos CarTuli,
rogorc inteleqtis sizarmacisagan Tavisufali, moqnili
moazrovne.
vvvvladimer papavaladimer papavaladimer papavaladimer papava
omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi
ekonomikuri problekonomikuri problekonomikuri problekonomikuri problemebiemebiemebiemebi
1. 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos xuTdRiani omis
Semdeg, globaluri finansuri krizisis gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-
qarTvelos winaSe axali ekonomikuri problemebi dadga. kerZod,
esenia – omiT miyenebuli ekonomikuri zaralis likvidacia,
sabanko krizisis Tavidn acileba, inflaciis SedarebiT maRali
donis Semdgomi zrdis prevencia, erovnuli valutis – laris
gacvliTi kursis stabilurobis SenarCuneba. omis Semdgomi
saqarTvelosaTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania aSS-isa da evro-
kavSiris mier SemoTavazebuli Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze
gadasvala. am gamowvevebze drouli da swori reagireba imis
sawindaria, rom saqarTvelom warmatebiT daZlios misi eko-
nomikis winaSe arsebuli sirTuleebi.
2. 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos xuTdRian oms
saqarTvelos ekonomikam mTlianobaSi gauZlo, Tumca mniSvne-
lovani sirTuleebi Seeqmna. saxezea uSualo ekonomikuri zarali,
rac, uwinares yovlisa, gamoixata saomaro moqmedebebis dros
dasaxlebuli punqtebisa Tu infrastruqturis obieqtebis
ngrevaSi, qveynis ekologiisadmi miyenebul zianSi. 2008 wlis
oqtomberSi msoflio bankis egidiT briuselSi gamarTul
konferenciaze gadawyda omis Semdgomi saqarTvelosaTvis 4,5
mlrd dolaris daxmarebis gamoyofa, saidanac 2 mlrd grantia,
xolo 2,5 mlrd ki krediti. saqarTvelo am daxmarebas 2008-2010
wlebSi miiRebs da misi mniSvnelovani nawili im uSualo
30
ekonomikuri zaralis aRmosafxvrelad wava, rac saqarTvelos
rusuli samxedro agresiis Sedegad miadga.
3. safrTxe Seuqmna saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis
mdgradobas, erovnuli valutis – laris gacvliTi kursis
stabilurobas. kerZod, 2008 wlis 11 agvisto yvelaze mZime dRe
iyo saqarTvelos sabanko sistemisaTvis, roca, rusuli okupaciis
masStabebis zrdis safrTxis gamo, mosaxleobam da kerZo
kompaniebma bankebidan daiwyes kuTvnili depozitebis gatana, ris
gamoc sabanko sistemidan, jamSi, naxevari miliardi aSS dolaris
depozitebi gavida. omis dasrulebis erTi Tvis Tavze
saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi ukan dabrunda am gatanili
Tanxebis mxolod 30 procenti, ramac sabanko sistema krizisis
winaSe daayena. sabanko krizisis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,
saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma, rogorc qveynis centralurma
bankma, swori gadawyvetileba miiRo, roca komerciul bankebze
refinansirebis operaciebi ganaaxla, riTac bankebs SedarebiT
iafi sakredito resursis arxi gauxsna. imavdroulad,
erTkviriani sadepozito sertifikati 12 procentidan 10
procentamde Camoiyvana (komerciuli bankebisaTvis naklebad
mimzidveli rom yofiliyo erovnuli bankis fasiani qaRaldebis
yidva), xolo komerciuli bankebis savaldebulo rezervebi 15
procentidan 5 procentamde daiyvana. aseTi qmedebebiT erovnulma
bankma, erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos aacila sabnko krizisi, Tumca,
imavdroulad, xeli Seuwyo mimoqcevaSi fulis masis gazrdas,
rac, saboloo jamSi, zrdis inflaciis dones. sxva sityvebiT,
erovnulma bankma arCevani cudsa da uaress Soris cudis
sasargeblod gaakeTa, radganac sabanko krizisi mTeli ekonomikis
damangreveli SeiZleba Seiqmnes, maSin, roca maRali inflaciis
pirobebSi Seqmnili ekonomikuri problemebi SedarebiT ufro
advilad mogvarebadia.
4. rusuli agresiis Sedegad konfliqturi regionebidan
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa socialur problemebTan
dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos mTavroba iZulebulia, gaswios
damatebiTi xarjebi. uwinares yovlisa, mTavroba am adamianebs
droebiT sacxovrebel saxlebs uSenebs, rac, erTi mxriv, ekonomi-
kas acocxlebs – Cndeba damatebiTi moTxovna samSeneblo
31
masalebze, dasaqmdeba muSaxeli, magram mSeneblobaze gaweuli
xarjebi, saboloo jamSi, moklevadian periodSi mainc inflaciu-
ria, radganac am saxlebs mTavroba yidulobs da ara kerZo
pirebi. mTavroba am adamianebs daurigebs vauCerebs gazis Tu
eleqtroenergiis xarjebis dasafarad, rac aseve inflaciis
zrdas Seuwyobs xels. miuxedavad amisa, mTavrobas sxva arCevani
ar aqvs. ase rom, maRali inflacia gardauvalia.
5. omis Semdgom saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis Semodineba Semcirda, rac, uwinares yovlisa, imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom, globaluri finansuri krizisis pirobebSi,
investorebi cdiloben ufro metad usafrTxo qveynebSi
ganaxorcielon investiciebi vidre es rusuli agresiis qveS
myofi saqarTveloa. globaluri finasuri krizisis pirobebSi
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis
mier Tavis naTesavebTan gadmoricxuli fuladi gzavnilebi. Tuki
imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelos ukiduresad uaryo-
fiTi sagareo savaWro balansi aqvs, sadac importi eqsports
oTxjer aRemateba, gasakviri ar unda iyos laris gacvliTi
kursis stabilurobis SenarCunebas safrTxe rom daemuqra.
6. agvistos omis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma
saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad,
Stand-By-s programiT, 750 mln. aSS dolaris krediti gamouyo,
romlidanac 250 mln. ukve 2008 wlis Semodgomaze Cairicxa
erovnuli bankis rezervebSi. qarTuli laris TandaTanobiTi,
mcocavi gaufasurebis nacvlad saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
cdilobda, am rezervebis xarjviT uzrunveleyo laris TiTqmis
SeumCneveli gaufasureba. kerZod, erT Tvis ganmavlobaSi
erovnuli bankis rezervebidan daixarja 300 mln aSS dolari,
xolo lari dolarTan mimarTebaSi gaufasurda mxolod 2,5
procentiT. saqarTvelosaTvis avbediT 7 noembers bankTaSoris
savaluto birJaze komerciuli bankebis moTxovnam aSS dolarze,
maTi mxridan nulovani miwodebis pirobebSi (rogorc es iyo
bolo erT Tveze meti drois ganmavlobaSi), 31 mln-s gadaaWarba.
erovulma bankma am moTxovnidan mxolod 270 aTasi daakmayofila
da Semdeg sabirJo vaWroba Sewyvita viTomda teqnikuri mizezebis
gamo. aman ki imave dResve Seqmna panika: bankomatebi fulisagan
32
myisve dacarielda, xolo gadamcvlelma jixurebma dolaris
kursi mniSvnelovnad awies, Tanac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, uars
ambobdnen dolaris gayidvaze. ase rom, saqarTvelos erovnulma
bankma qveyanas “mwvane paraskevi” mouwyo. saqarTvelos savaluto
bazarze panikuri dabneuloba SabaT-kvirasac gagrZelda, xolo
orSabaTs, 10 noembers, roca bankTaSoris savaluto birJaze
vaWroba ganaxlda, erovnulma bankma gayida 47 mln. dolari da
daafiqsira laris axali gacvliTi kursi, romlis Tanaxmadac,
“mwvane parskevis” dilasTan SedarebiT, lari dolarTan
mimarTebaSi 15 procentiT gaufasurda. mxolod amis Semdeg
gaakeTa erovnuli bankis xelmZRvanelobam gancxadeba imis
Sesaxeb, rom is, rac 7 noembers moxda, TiTqosda winaswar iyo
dagegmili. Sedegad ki Seiqmna iseTi situacia, rom “mwvane
paraskevis” Semdeg mosaxleoba gaurbis lars, komerciuli bankebi
eridebian larSi kreditebis gacemas da, saboloo jamSi,
ekonomikis dolarizacia gaizarda. radganac samomxmareblo
bazris 80 procenti importul saqonels uWiravs, aman xeli
Seuwyo fasebis avardnas. ase rom, inflacia omis Semdgomi
saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT seriozul problemad rCeba.
7. saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebis
stimulirebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs aSS-sa da evro-
kavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvalas. Tuki aSS-Tan
es sakiTxi mxolod ganxilvis sawyis etapzea, evrokavSirTan
Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvla, rogorc es 2008 wlis 1
seqtembers briuselSi gamarTul evrokomisiis sagangebo sxdomaze
gadawyda, dakavSirebulia im pirobebis Sesrulebaze, rasac
evrokavSiri saqarTvelosagan iTxovs evrokavSirTan samezoblo
politikis formatSi. kerZod, esenia iseTi Sromis kodeqsis
miReba, sadac, iseve, rogorc evrokavSirSia, daculi iqneba
daqiravebulTa uflebebi, agreTve antimonopoliuri reguli-
rebisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli tipis
kanonmdeblobis miReba. marTalia, saqarTvelos mTavroba zoga-
dad miesalmeba evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis
damyarebas, Tumca evrokavSiris mier dayenebuli pirobebi,
romelTa Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosTan damyardeba
Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimi, saqarTvelos mTavrobam, samwuxarod,
33
ugulebelyo. kerZod, 2008 wlis 9 seqtembers saqarTvelos
mTavrobis saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisadmi gazavnil
ganzraxulobaTa werili da 2008-2009 wlebSi saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri da finansuri politikis memorandumi cxadyofs, rom
saqarTvelos mTavroba uaxloes periodSi ar apirebs arc Sromis
kodeqsis Secvlas da arc antimonopoliuri Tu momxmarebelTa
uflebebis evropuli tipis kanonmdeblobis miRebas. sxva
sityvebiT, saqarTvelos mTavroba sulac ar Cqarobs evro-
kavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvlas.
8. saerTaSoriso daxmarebis miRebiT saqarTvelos
ekonomikisadmi miyenebuli zaralis aRmofxvris procesSi didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba Sesabamisi xarjebis gawevis monitorings,
xarjvis procesi maqsimalurad gamWvirvale rom iyos.
9. omis Semdgom saqarTveloSi laris devalvaciis pro-
cesi gardauvalia, magram makroekonomikuri stabilurobis
SesanarCuneblad aucilebelia, devalvacia ganxorcieldes Tanda-
TanobiT, rom savaluto bazarze gamoiricxos panika, rogorc es
“mwvane paraskevs” moxda. 2008-2010 wlebSi saqarTvelosaTvis 4,5
mlrd. dolaris daxmareba imis obieqtur safuZvels qmnis, rom
laris SesaZlo naxtomiseburi vardna gamoiricxos, Tumca, Tu
“mwvane paraskevis” momwyobTa mimarT Tundac politikuri
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ra dadga, ar aris gamoricxuli misi
gameoreba. larisadmi ndobis aRdgenisaTvis ki didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba devalvaciis procesis mxolod da mxolod TandaTanobiT
reJimSi warmarTvas.
10. evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis damyareba
saqarTvelosaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa da es ar unda
iyos mTavrobis mxridan politikuri spekulaciis sagani, roca is
qmnis imis iluzias, rom iswrafvis evrokavSirisaken, Tumca es
swrafva mxolod artikulaciis doneze aqvs dafiqsirebuli,
xolo realuri qmedebebiT ki sulac ar apirebs evrokavSiris
pirobebis Sesrulebas. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba evrokavSirsa da breton vudsis institutebs Soris
TanamSromlobas, maT programebs Soris ufro met SeTanxme-
bulobas, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobas aiZulebs, ufro metad
Tanamimdevruli iyos Tavis qmedebebSi.
34
Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia ekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobani saqarTveSesaZleblobani saqarTveSesaZleblobani saqarTveSesaZleblobani saqarTveloSiloSiloSiloSi
Tanamedrove etapze saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari priori-
tetuli amocanebis ricxvSi umTavresia ucxouri kapitalis mo-
zidva da am TvalsazrisiT Sesabamisi instituciuri garemos
Seqmna.
msoflio bankis 2008 wlis monacemebiT, ekonomikuri zrdis
maCvenebelebiT saqarTvelom msoflios qveynebs Soris 118-dan me-
18 adgilze gadmoinacvla. amave organizaciis eqspertebis Sefa-
sebiT msoflios arc erT qveyenas 2005-2008 wlebSi reformebi ar
Cautarebia ise Tanmimdevrulad, rogorc es SeZlo saqarTvelom.
msoflio bankis da EBRD-is gamokvlevaSi _ `biznesis garemo
da warmoeba~ _ asaxulia, rom saqarTveloSi 2004-2008 wlebSi
korufciis yvelaze masStaburi Semcireba moxda, gardamavali
ekonomikis qveynebs Soris.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsiT saqarTvelo 161 qveynis
maCveneblebSi aRmoCnda 21-e adgilze, evropis 41 qveynidan _ me-20
adgilze.
biznesis, savaWro, fiskaluri, mTavrobisagan damoukideb-
lobis, monetaruli, sainvesticio, finansuri, Sromis Tavisuf-
lebis indeqsebi meryeobs 60-dan 99 procentamde.
Cvens qveyanaSi biznesis esoden swrafi tempiT ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi mizezebi aris Semdegi: masSi Catarebuli reformebi
sistemur xasiaTs atarebs, ris gamoc, is am dargSi lideris
adgils imkvidrebs, strategiuli geografiuli mdebareoba mas am
metad mniSvnelovani resursis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs;
stabilizacia ganicada makroekonomikurma garemom; Seiqna
xelsayreli savaWro reJimi; Catarda efeqturi sagadasaxado
reforma; Camoyalibda korufciisagan Tavisufali garemo da
biznesSi amoqmedda kanonierebis meqanizmi.
konvergenciis Teoriidan gamomdinare ekonomikuri refor-
mebi da maTi Sedegebi droSi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, radganac
reformebis Sedegebi grZelvadian perspeqtivazea orientirebuli.
35
amis gamo, kvlavindeburad aradamakmayofilebeli mdgomareobaa
qveyanaSi xalxis cxovrebis donis amaRlebis, umuSevrobisa da
inflaciis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT.
xelisuflebis gaazrebuli, Tanmimdevruli ekonomikuri
politika, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegebis likvidaciis mizniT
donori qveynebis mier gamoyofili finansuri daxmarebis efeq-
turi gamoyeneba, SeiZleba saqarTvelos Semdgomi ganviTarebisa
da winsvlis sawindari gaxdes.
lllleo Ciqavaeo Ciqavaeo Ciqavaeo Ciqava
demologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistema
1. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb
mecniereba "demografiad" iwodeba, rac gamarTlebuli iyo manam,
sanam igi mniSvnelovanwilad aRwerilobiT xasiaTs atarebda da
empiriul mecnierebad iTvleboda, magram dReisaTvis, roca
fundamentur mecnierebad warmogvidgeba da Camoyalibda
demografiul mecnierebaTa (demografiis zogadi Teoria, demo-
grafiul mecnierebaTa istoria, istoriuli demografia, demo-
grafiuli statistika, maTematikuri demografia, demografiuli
prognozireba, demografiuli modelireba, regionuli demogra-
fia, gamoyenebiTi demografia, genetikuri demografia, sociolo-
giuri demografia, eTnikuri demografia, samedicino demografia,
samxedro demografia da a.S.) sistemad, Cemi azriT, upriania
iwodebodes "demologiad", anu mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanon-
zomierebaTa Sesaxeb moZRvrebad. amiT mecnierebis es specifikuri
dargi Tavisi realuri Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis adekvatur
saxelwodebas miiRebs.
2. mecnierebis yvela dargi Tavisi Seswavlis sagnis
amsaxvel kategoriebsa da kanonebs moicavs. am mxriv arc demo-
logiaa gamonaklisi.
demologiur movlenebsa da procesebs Soris mizezSede-
gobriv aucilebel, myar, mudmivganmeorebad, arsebiT kavSirsa da
urTierTganpirobebulobas demologiuri kanoni ewodeba.
3. demologiuri kanonebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: moqmedebis
obieqturi xasiaTi; subieqtTa neba-survilis mixedviT SemoReba-
36
gauqmebisa da gardaqmnis SeuZlebloba; moqmedebis realizaciaSi
adamianiseuli faqtoris monawileobis aucilebloba; pirdapiri
kavSiris uqonloba sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formaciebTan da
sxva.
bunebis ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri kanonebis analo-
giurad, ara marto SesaZlebeli, aramed aucilebelicaa demo-
logiuri kanonebis aRmoCena, Secnoba da, mosaxleobis aRwar-
moebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadasaWrelad, gonivruli
gamoyeneba.
4. demologiuri kanonebi moqmedebs ara izolirebulad,
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, aramed urTierTorganul
kavSirSi, rac am process sistemur xasiaTs aniWebs.
5. demologiuri kanonebi SeiZleba davyoT saerTo (zogad),
specifikur da kerZo kanonebad. aseT klasifikacias safuZvlad
udevs demologiur kanonTa moqmedebis xangrZlivoba da masStabi
(moqmedebis kanonzomierebaTa gancalkevebuloba).
6. saerTo demologiuri kanonebi moqmedebs kacobriobis
arsebobis mTel manZilze, Tumca gzadagza garkveul transfor-
macias ganicdis. aseTebia: TaobaTa ganaxlebis, anu mosaxleobis
aRwarmoebis kanoni; demologiuri gadasvlis, anu mosaxleobis
aRwarmoebis tipebis Tanmimdevruli cvlis kanoni; mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis ganuxreli matebis kanoni; sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobis zrdis kanoni; sqesTa raodenobrivi Tanafardobis
kanoni da sxva.
7. specifikuri demologiuri kanonebi moqmedeben sazo-
gadoebis ganviTarebis calkeul etapebze. aseTi kanonebia:
Sobadobis klebis kanoni; ojaxebSi bavSvTa ricxovnobis Tanda-
TanobiT gamoTanabrebis kanoni; demologiuri daberebis kanoni
da sxva.
8. kerZo demologiuri kanonebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
gancalkevebul demologiur kanonzomierebaTa asaxva. maT Semad-
genlomaSi SeiZleba movaqcioT: mosaxleobis gafarToebuli aR-
warmoebis kanoni; mosaxleobis martivi aRwarmoebis kanoni; mosax-
leobis Sekvecili aRwarmoebis kanoni; demografiuli kompen-
saciis kanoni da sxva.
37
9. TaobaTa mudmivi ganaxlebis, anu, rac arsebiTad igivea,
mosaxleobis uwyveti aRwarmoebis demologiuri kanonis mTavar
niSnebsa da moTxovnebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: jer erTi, is, rom
moqmedebs kacobriobis dasabamidan da imoqmedebs manam, sanam
kacobrioba iarsebebs; meore, gamoirCeva abstraqtulobiT,
ramdenadac gamoxatavs mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis ara romelime
calkeul kanonzomierebas, mis konkretul mxares (gafarToebul,
martiv an Sekvecil aRwarmoebas), aramed zogad kanonzomierebas _
TaobaTa ganaxlebis process saerTod; da mesame, rac
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, asaxavs demologiis centraluri
problemis _ mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis TiTqmis yvela mTavar
mxaresa da mTavar process, mis arss. amitom, Tavisi am
gamorCeulobis gamo, SeiZleba mas ZiriTadi demologiuri kanoni
vuwodoT.
10. demologiuri kanonebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvne-
lovani Taviseburebaa is, rom isini asaxaven mTeli msoflios da
ara calkeuli regionebis, kontinentebisa Tu qveynebis mosaxle-
obis ganviTarebis tendenciebsa da kanonzomierebebs.
nodar xadurinodar xadurinodar xadurinodar xaduri
saqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTis
“liberaluri” imperia“liberaluri” imperia“liberaluri” imperia“liberaluri” imperia
omi, romelsac yvela velodiT, magram mainc yvelas
gvjeroda, rom ar daiwyeboda, 2008 wlis agvistos 5 dRis
ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda, magram sakmarisi aRmoCnda, saqarTve-
los ekonomikaSi (da ara mxolod saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi)
mimdinare procesebis katalizatori rom yofiliyo. cxadia, Cven
ar vapirebT konkretulad ganvixiloT yvela is problema,
romelic omma gamoaCina, Tumca sakiTxTa wre, romelTa gadaWris
gzebis Zieba imis Semdeg ufro garTulda, gacilebiT farToa,
vidre Cven warmogvidgenia.
sabanko sfero, mSenebloba, transporti, turizmi, tran-
zituli gadazidvebi, soflis meurneoba, infrastruqtura – omis
pirdapiri msxverpli aRmoCnda. samwuxarod, yvela is uaryofiTi
Sedegi, romlis motanac oms SeeZlo, jer ar damdgara, magram man
38
bevri iseTi problemac gamoaCina, romelic xelisuflebis
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ugunurma, xSirad ki danaSaulebrivma
qmedebam gamoiwvia.
saubari, upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebis doqtrinis ararsebobas da ruseTis mxridan omis
realuri safrTxis pirobebSi strategiuli aqtivebis rusul
saxelmwifo kapitalze privatizebas Seexeba.
omamde 5 wliT adre, 2003 wlis 25 seqtembers sanqt-
peterburgis sainJinro-ekonomikur universitetSi “sapatio
doqtoris” wodebis miniWebis ceremoniaze gamosvlisas, ruseTis
erTiani energosistemis, e.w. “РАО ЕЭС Россий”-s xelmZRvanelma,
anatoli Cubaisma Camoayaliba e.w. liberaluri imperiis
ideologia, romlis mTavari amosavali wertilia post-sabWour
sivrceSi ekonomikuri berketebis gavleniT ruseTis liberaluri
imperiis Seqmna.
es ideologia sakmaod farTod aitaces ara mxolod rusma
politikosebma. samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel-
ma ekonomistebma, politikosebma, politologebma droulad mia-
niSnes xelisuflebas, rom ruseTi ar apirebs saqarTvelodan da
sxva postsabWouri qveynebidan gasvlas da rom ekonomikuri
berketebi gamoyenebuli iqneboda politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
Cubaisi aRiarebda rom win, anu ukan sabWoTa kavSirisaken,
mxolod ekonomikuri berketebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleboda miRwe-
uliyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTma ekonomikurTan erTad
samxedro Zalis gamoyenebazec ar Tqva uari, misTvis saqarTvelos
mier mniSvnelovani (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT strategiuli)
obieqtebis gadacema am imperiis aRdgenaSi seiozuli daxmareba
iyo.
2006 wlis martSi gazeT The Iordan Times-Si gamoqveynda
cnobili qarTveli ekonomistis lado papavasa da hopkinsis
universitetis (aSS) Sua aziisa da kavkasiis institutis
direqtoris frederik staris statia “ruseTis ekonomikuri
imperializmi”, romelSic, empiriuli masalis analizis safuZ-
velze, gaanalizebuli iyo rusuli liberaluri imperiis
gafarToeba da msoflio gaafrTxila, rom rusuli imperializmi
saxes icvlis, magram ar icvlis Sinaarss.
39
ruseTma, romelic mdidaria energetikuli resursebiT,
araerTxel daadastura, rom ver egueba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas
da orpolusiani samyarodan misi polusis amogdebas. amdenad,
imas, rasac ver axerxebs politikuri gzebiT, miaRwevs sxva, maT
Soris ekonomikuri da samxedro instrumentebiT.
pirveli nabiji, saqarTvelos rusul imperiaSi SesaTrevad
gadaidga ara saqarTveloSi, aramed somxeTSi, maSin, rodesac
rusulma saxelmwifom valebis sanacvlod xelSi Caigdo som-
xeTis ekonomikuri infrastruqtura. ruseTma somxeTis rkinigzac
daiqvemdebara da mas Sorsmimavali saxeli “samxreTis rkinigza”
uwoda. gasagebia, rom somxeTi ar aris ruseTis sarkinigzo
mezobeli, mas minimum saqarTvelos rkinigzis xelSi Cagdeba
sWirdeboda, rom somxeTis rkinigza marTlac samxreTisa
gamxdariyo.
am mosazrebis gagrZelebaa ruseTis gadawyvetileba,
vladikavkazi daakavSiros cxinvals sarkinigzo magistraliT. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom cxinvali gorTan rkinigziT aris
dakavSirebuli, miviRebT, rom ruseTi qmnis “samxreTis rkinigzis”
Semoklebul versias, da somxeTisas ufro mokle gziT.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam arc imas miaqcia yuradReba,
rom ruseTma amerikelebisagan SeiZina Tbilisis energosadistri-
bucio qseli – Telasi da, realurad, swored “РАО ЕЭС Россия”
gaxda energodistribuciis monopolisti, da energogeneraciaSi
sabazro Zalauflebis mqone.
erTi mxriv ruseTis mier saqarTvelosa da somxeTis, da,
nawilobriv, azerbaijanis ekonomikis dauflebis process meore
mxriv qarTuli biznesaqtivobis Semcireba ruseTSi, da ruseTis
mxridan saqarTvelos ekonomikuri embargos gamocxadeba mohyva.
gaurkveveli da absoluturad TiTidan gamowovili mizezebiT
moxda saqarTvelodan Rvinis, mineraluri wylebis, soflis
meurneobis produqciis Setanis akrZalva. Tu 10-12 wlis win
ruseTi saqarTvelos nomer pirveli partniori iyo sagareo
vaWrobaSi, dRes saqarTvelodan ruseTSi ganxorcielebuli eqs-
porti saqarTvelos mTeli eqsportis mxolod 1,8%-ia, rac
nominalur gamosaxulebaSi 2-jer naklebia 1995 wlis Sesabamis
40
periodTan, maSin, rodesac, imave periodTan SedarebiT,
saqarTvelos eqsporti aSS dolarebSi 10-jer gaizarda.
am monacemebis analizi imis safuZvels iZleoda, rom
qveyanaSedarebiT frTxilad mopyroboda saxelmwifo qonebis im
nawilis gansaxelmwifoebriobas, romlis gamoyenebac saqarTve-
los winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda.
Tumca, rogorc ruseTis poltbizneselitis, aseve saqar-
Tvelos politelitis mier gadadgmuli nabijebi mowmobs, rom an
aravin seriozulad ar aRiqvamda rusuli liberaluri imperia-
lizmis safrTxes, an uaresi, xels uwyobda am imperiis gafar-
Toebas.
amas unda davumatoT ruseTis ukve premier-ministris,
vladimer putinis gancxadeba, rom ruseTis saxelmwifo yvela
formiT daicavs ara mxolod mis moqalaqeebs msoflios nebismier
wertilSi (risi sababiTac cxinvalis regionSi samxedro Zala
gamoiyena), aramed daicavda ruseTis moqalaqeTa sakuTrebasac.
amiT man seriozuli gancxadeba gaakeTa da preveciulad
gaafrTxila saqarTvelo da msgavs situaciaSi myofi qveynebi, rom
rusul kapitals problemebi ar Seuqmnan.
samwuxarod, dRes saqarTvelos ekonomika rusuli saxel-
mwifo kapitalis seriozul zegavlenas ganicdis. gzebi am
zegavlenisagan Tavis dasaRwevad ar Cans. es ki ekonomikuri
politikis ganxorcielebis berketebs mkveTrad amcirebs. umar-
tivesad, erT-erT rusul banks SeuZlia saqarTvelos ekonomikaze
seriozuli zegavlenis moxdena da erovnuli banki ver SeZlebs
am riskis ganeitralebas.
amdenad, omma, ruseTis mier gacxadebulma survilebma,
minimum sabWoTa kavSiris yofil teritoriaze liberaluri impe-
ria Seqmnas, ekonomikuri politikis formirebis procesi ufro
metad pragmatuli unda gaxados.
ekonomekonomekonomekonomikuri Teoriis seqciaikuri Teoriis seqciaikuri Teoriis seqciaikuri Teoriis seqcia
41
alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvili
xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da
institucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmi
WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
Seqmnisa da efeqtiani funqcionirebis da, Sesabamisad, xalxis
interesebis realizaciisaTvis principuli mniSvneloba aqvs
sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi kanonis uzenaesobis problemaze
Tanamedrove civilizebul msoflioSi tradiciuli da damkvid-
rebuli Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs, romelic Tanamedrove
mecnierebasa da politikaSi faqtobrivad gadawyvetilad iTvleba,
romlis samarTlianoba TiTqosda eWvs ar badebs (?!).
sinamdvileSi ki, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, rogorc mecnierul
kvlevaSi, ise sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi, Cem mier
SemuSavebuli xalxis interesebis uzenaesobis Teoriidan gamom-
dinare, aucilebelia vxelmZRvanelobdeT ara kanonis uzenae-
sobiT, ara saSualebaTa, aramed miznis uzenaesobiT _ socialuri
miznis, adamianis interesebis uzenaesobiT, rac principulad
axal mecnierul mimarTulebas warmoadgens filosofiur,
iuridiul, politikur da ekonomikur mecnierebebSi, romelic
gamomdinareobs miznis filosofiidan da socialuri miznis
filosofiidan (da ara filosofiidan, romelsac Cven saSuale-
baTa filosofias vuwodebT), agreTve, socialur-ekonomikuri
kanonebis Teoriidan, socialur-ekonomikuri marTvis Teoriidan
da a. S.
amrigad, kanonis uzenaesoba, rogorc cnobilia, sayovel-
Taodaa aRiarebuli Tanamedrove civilizebul msoflioSi.
magram kanonis uzenaesoba, arcTu iSviaTad, seriozul
dabrkolebebs qmnis xalxis interesebis realizaciisas adamianis
uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis da interesebis dacvaSi, xolo
zogjer xalxis ekonomikur genocids da damonebas iwvevs.
Tumca zemoaRniSnuli sulac ar niSnavs sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos marTvaSi kanonebisa da sxva samarTlebrivi aqtebis
gamoyenebis aucileblobis uaryofas.
zemoaRniSnuli ar niSnavs agreTve ukanonobis winaaRmdeg
umkacresi brZolis aucileblobis uaryofas.
42
maSasadame, msjeloba aq mxolod imaze midis, Tu vis an ras
unda ekuTvnodes uzenaesoba sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi,
rasac principuli mecnierul-Teoriuli, politikuri da praq-
tikuli mniSvneloba aqvs da rac uSualod aris dakavSirebuli
yoveli adamianis uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis da socialur-
ekonomikuri interesebis dacvis problemasTan.
kanonis uzenaesobis problema, kanonSemoqmedebisa da
kanonebis gamoyenebis problema sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi
gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTs Rebulobs bazris, fulis, mogebis,
kapitalis batonobis pirobebSi, rodesac yidva-gayidvas eqvemdeba-
reba yvela da yvelaferi.
amitom, xalxis interesebis uzenaesobis Teoria, Cemi azriT,
umniSvnelovanesi politikur-samarTlebrivi da socialur-ekono-
mikuri Teoriaa, romelic sabazro urTierTobebis srulyofis
umniSvnelovanes samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens da
romelic gansazRvravs adamianis adgils WeSmaritad adamianur
sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi.
adamianis interesebis dacvis, agreTve, sabazro urTierTo-
bebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos efeqtiani
funqcionirebis erT-erT ZiriTad mecnierul mimarTulebas da
aucilebel inteleqtualur safuZvels warmoadgens aseve Cem mier
SemuSavebuli Tanamdebobis pirTa uflebebisa da pasuxismgeb-
lobis balansirebis Teoria.
Tanamdebobis pirTa uflebebTan dabalansebuli iuridiuli
pasuxismgeblobis politikur-samarTlebrivi da socialur-ekono-
mikuri safuZvlebis, agreTve, samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis Seqmna
socialuri samarTlianobis damkvidrebisa da sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos efeqtiani funqcionirebis aucilebeli pirobaa.
adamianis pirovnuli potencialis realizacia, mimarTuli
TviT adamianisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis socialur-ekono-
mikuri interesebis realizaciaze, obieqturi aucileblobiT
moiTxovs misi praqtikuli ganxorcielebis Sesabamisi Teoriul-
samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis Seqmnas.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, principuli mniSvneloba aqvs, upir-
veles yovlisa, saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis filosofiur-samar-
Tlebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri safuZvlebis gaxsnas.
43
maSasadame, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, upirveles yovlisa,
vgulisxmob ara sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos marTvis orga-
nizaciis formas, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Sinagan
miznobriv mimarTulebas _ mizans, romelsac is emsaxureba.
Tu saxelmwifo, miuxedavad misi marTvis organizaciis
formisa, emsaxureba yoveli adamianis interesebis realizacias
da, maSasadame, Tu igi qmnis adamianis pirovnuli potencialis
gaxsnisa da realizaciis politikur, samarTlebriv, organi-
zaciul da socialur-ekonomikur safuZvlebs da meqanizmebs,
maSin aseTi saxelmwifo WeSmaritad adamianuri saxelmwifoa.
kerZod, WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebis Teoriisa da
WeSmaritad adamianuri saxelmwifos Teoriis Sesabamisad: WeSma-
ritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobisa
da funqcionirebis saqmeSi yvela gza, forma da meTodi
gamarTlebulia, Tu isini emsaxurebian socialur mizans _
adamianis interesebs (sazogadoebis yvela wevris socialur-
ekonomikur interesebs) da Tu, amave dros, isini gamoricxaven
antisocialur, antihumanur, antizneobriv movlenebs.
amasTan erTad, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom socialuri
miznis realizacia avtomaturad _ TavisTavad _ ar xdeba. is
cxovrebaSi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod Sesabamisi samar-
Tlebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri safuZvlebisa da meqanizmebis
Seqmnis meSveobiT, rac xels Seuwyobs socialuri miznis
realizacias; aseve is SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos marTvis Sesabamisi organizaciis meSveobiT.
amrigad, xalxis interesebis realizacia urTules prob-
lemas warmoadgens, romlis praqtikuli gadaWra kompleqsur
midgomas saWiroebs. es moiTxovs institucionalur uzrunvel-
yofas, risTvisac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieniWos
saxelmwifos, kanonmdeblobis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis da
a. S. rols socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebaSi.
44
alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilkurataSvilkurataSvilkurataSviliiii
ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad adamianuri ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad adamianuri ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad adamianuri ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad adamianuri
sazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzaze
msoflio ganviTareba obieqturad midis WeSmaritad
adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gziT.
amasTan, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, arsebobs WeSmaritad adamianuri
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis sami gza, da,
Sesabamisad, _ xalxis interesebis uzenaesobis praqtikuli
realizaciisa da damkvidrebis sami gza, romlebsac unda Seesaba-
mebodes ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofis ZiriTadi mimar-
Tulebebi.
WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis pirveli da, amasTanave, yvelaze ufro mokle gza _
es aris administraciuli socializmis (rogorc Cven mas
vuwodebT, romelSic igulisxmeba stalinuri tipis socializmi)
evoluciuri, Tavisi formiT, magram revoluciuri Tavisi
SinaarsiT, ganviTarebis gza.
administraciuli socializmis swori gziT _ WeSmaritad
adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gziT _
ganviTarebis TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTi, romelsac, arcTu
iSviaTad SecdomiT Tvlian postkomunistur kapitalistur
saxelmwifod. Tumca mimaCnia, rom CineTSi, araviTari kapitalizmi
da sociokapitalizmic ki ar aris.
CineTis aseTi Sefasebis mcdaroba zogierTi mecnierisa da
politikosis mxridan imiT aris gamowveuli, rom am SefasebaTa
avtorebi, Tavis Tavs antimarqsistebad Tvlian, faqtobrivad ki,
cnobierad an qvecnobierad, marqsizmis tyveobaSi imyofebian, ris
Sedegadac saxelmwifoSi kerZo sakuTrebisa da sabazro urTi-
erTobebis arsebobas kapitalizmTan aigiveben.
kerZod CineTSi, kerZo sakuTrebis da sabazro urTier-
Tobebis arseboba am mecnierTa da politikosTaTvis am saxelmwi-
fos kapitalisturobis kriteriums warmoadgens (?!).
sinamdvileSi ki, sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi sistemebi
miznis filosofiis da socialur-ekonomikuri kanonebis Teoriis
Sesabamisad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ara maTSi sakuTrebis
45
ama Tu im formis arsebobiT an ararsebobiT, ara sabazro
urTierTobebis arseboba- ararsebobiT da a. S., anu sazo-
gadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi sistemebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvav-
deba ara saSualebebiT, aramed am sistemebis Sinagani miznobrivi
mimarTulebiT _ mizniT, romelsac isini emsaxureba.
maSasadame, kapitalisturobis kriteriums warmoadgens ara
kerZo sakuTrebisa da sabazro urTierTobebis arseboba, aramed
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos funqcionirebis ekonomikuri
miznobrivi mimarTuleba _ fulis, bazris, kapitalis batonoba
sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi, iseve, rogorc WeSmaritad
adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobisa da
funqcionirebis kriteriums warmoadgens ara kerZo sakuTrebisa
da sabazro urTierTobebis ararseboba, aramed am sazogadoebisa
da saxelmwifos funqcionirebis socialuri miznobrivi mimar-
Tuleba _ xalxis interesebis uzenaesoba da misi praqtikuli
realizacia.
WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis meore da, amasTanave, bevrad ufro grZeli, magram
bunebrivi, evoluciuri gza _ es aris gza klasikuri
kapitalizmidan sociokapitalizmisaken da iqidan WeSmaritad
adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaken, radganac socio-
kapitalizmi warmoadgens Sualedur rgols kapitalizmidan _
WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisaken mimaval gzaze, e. i.
sociokapitalizmi _ es jer kidev kapitalizmia, magram, amasTan
erTad, es ukve Tvisebrivad axali kapitalizmia, romelic wavida
kapitalizmidan WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gziT.
swored am gziT midian mTeli msoflios Tanamedrove
ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebi, romlebic amJamad Tavis
ganviTarebaSi sociokapitalizmis stadiaze imyofebian.
rac Seexeba mesame gzas, es moZraobis maxinji gzaa
WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisaken, radgan es ar aris
administraciuli socializmis moZraobis gza win _ uSualod
WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaken.
46
mesame gza _ es agreTve ar aris klasikuri kapitalizmis
moZraobis gza win sociokapitalizmisaken da iqidan WeSmaritad
adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaken.
sxva normaluri gza ki WeSmaritad adamianuri sazoga-
doebisa da saxelmwifosaken ar arsebobs.
amitom, mesame gza _ es aris maxinji, siRrmiseulad mcdari
gza administraciuli socializmis kontrrevoluciuri
moZraobisa ukan _ veluri, mZarcveluri, kriminaluri kapitaliz-
misaken, romelsac Tan sdevs adamianis uflebebis, Tavisuf-
lebebis da interesebis klasikuri kapitalizmisaTvisac ki
gaugonari Selaxva, romelsac Tan sdevs xalxis ekonomikuri da
moralur-fsiqologiuri genocidi da misi damoneba.
magram es aris gza, romelsac misi momxreebi ratomRac
uwodeben `moZraobas win~ (?!).
Tumca zogierTisTvis, kerZod ki maTTvis, vinc isargebla
ekonomikisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sxva sferos
ngrevis procesebiT da gamdidrda xalxis Zarcvis xarjze _ es
namdvilad aris moZraoba win (?!). aseTi pirobebi maTTvis savsebiT
xelsayrelia, radgan, rogorc cnobilia: `mRvrie wyalSi Tevzs
kargad iWeren~.
amasTan, mesame gza _ es ar aris ubralod gza
administraciuli socializmis moZraobisa ukan, mxolod adre
cnobili Cveulebrivi veluri, mZarcveluri, kriminaluri
kapitalizmisaken, aramed es aris moZraoba ukan iseTi
kapitalizmisaken, romelSic gaCnda agreTve xalxis damonebis
sruliad axali formebi da meTodebi, romlebic daibada
aRniSnuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi fsevdosocializmis niadagze.
amasTanave, miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame gza iwyeba
administraciuli socializmis dabrunebiT ukan _ veluri,
mZarcveluri, kriminaluri kapitalizmisaken, rac aranairad ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos dadebiT movlenad, _ es, saboloo jamSi,
mainc aris gza (magram grZeli SemovliTi gza), romelsac
logikuri aucileblobiT unda mohyves axali revoluciuri
gardaqmnebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, wagviyvans WeSmaritad adamianuri
sazogadoebisaken.
47
maSasadame, mesame gza _ es aris xelovnurad gagrZelebuli
da xalxisaTvis umZimesi gza administraciuli socializmidan
yvelaze progresuli sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi siste-
misaken _ WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-
fosaken, radgan mesame gza iwyeba sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
moZraobiT ukan, romelsac xalxisaTvis didi materialuri da
moraluri danakargebi sdevs Tan. mxolod am stadiidan, xalxis
mravali wlis umZimesi cxovrebis Semdeg, daiwyeba jer kidev im
kapitalizmis mSenebloba, romlidan gaqceviTac uSvela Tavs
Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma kapitalizmma.
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis garkveuli donidan ki daiwyeba
sociokapitalizmis mSenebloba, romelic Soreul momavalSi
gadaizrdeba WeSmaritad admianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-
fos mSeneblobaSi.
Tumca, saxelmwifo xelisuflebaSi saTanado donis li-
deris, saTanado inteleqtualuri bazis, SemoqmedebiTi azrov-
nebis da saTanado organizatoruli unaris mqone patiosani
adamianebis arsebobis pirobebSi, romlebic Tavisi qveynis
patriotebi da xalxis interesebisaTvis mebrZolni iqnebodnen,
mesame gza WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-
fosaken ukve zedmeti iqneboda.
anzor kuranzor kuranzor kuranzor kurataSviliataSviliataSviliataSvili
sabazrosabazrosabazrosabazro ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis institucionalizacia da institucionalizacia da institucionalizacia da institucionalizacia da
samarTlebrivi faqtorisamarTlebrivi faqtorisamarTlebrivi faqtorisamarTlebrivi faqtori
sabazro urTierTobebis institucionalizacia, Cveni azriT,
gulisxmobs, upirveles yovlisa, samarTlebrivi faqtoris
efeqtian gamoyenebas ekonomikuri sistemis progresuli ganvi-
Tarebis saqmeSi, radgan saTanado iuridiuli bazis Seqmnis da
efeqtiani gamoyenebis gareSe socialurad orientirebuli
sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdegobaTa daZleva da mbrZaneblur-
administraciuli ekonomikidan socialurad orientirebul sabaz-
ro ekonomikaze gadasvlis mTavari miznis _ ekonomikis efeqtiani
48
funqcionirebis safuZvelze xalxis cxovrebis maRali xarisxis
uzrunvelyofis praqtikuli realizacia SeuZlebelia.
amrigad, samarTlebrivi faqtoris mniSvneloba gansakuT-
rebiT izrdeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom, jer erTi,
mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikidan socialurad orien-
tirebul sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis pirobebSi, faqtobrivad,
socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa funqcionirebis Tvisebrivad
axali sabazro meqanizmebi iqmneba, rasac win unda uswrebdes
saTanado samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis Seqmna; da, meorec, sabazro
ekonomikis socialuri orientacia SesaZlebelia mxolod
samarTlebrivi faqtoris mizandasaxuli da efeqtiani gamoyenebis
meSveobiT, ris gareSec TavisTavad sabazro ekonomikis soci-
aluri orientacia ganuxorcielebadia.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi
meqanizmebis meSveobiT sabazro urTierTobebis mizandasaxuli
gamoyeneba am urTierTobebis socialuri orientaciisa da
sazogadoebis efeqtiani socialur-ekonomikuri funqcionirebis
aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aq is faqti imsaxurebs, rom
sabazro urTierTobebis formirebis mamoZravebeli mizania
maqsimaluri mogebis miReba, rac sabazro ekonomikis mkveTrad
gamoxatul ekonomikur orientaciaze miuTiTebs.
amasTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom momgebiani
ekonomika TavisTavad ar niSnavs mis socialur orientacias, rom
mxolod samarTlebrivi faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis saSuale-
biT aris SesaZlebeli am winaaRmdegobis da, saerTod,
socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmde-
gobebis daZleva da am sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis efeqtiani
funqcionireba.
maSasadame, aq msjelobaa ara imaze, rom mxolod momgebiani
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli, saboloo jamSi, misi
socialuri orientacia, rac gulisxmobs, am SemTxvevaSi,
socialuri problemebis gadaWris SesaZleblobas, aramed
msjelobaa imaze, rom sabazro ekonomikis Sinagani ekonomikuri
mimarTuleba, misi Sinagani ekonomikuri mizani ar SeiZleba
winaaRmdegobaSi ar iyos mis socialur orientaciasTan.
49
cxadia, momgebiani ekonomikis gamoyeneba SeiZleba socialu-
ri problemebis gadasaWrelad, magram ekonomikis Sinagani
mimarTuleba ekonomikuri miznis realizaciaze da, Sesabamisad,
mogebis gamocxadeba ekonomikis mamoZravebel miznad, aSkarad
ewinaaRmdegeba sabazro ekonomikis realur socialur orien-
tacias, radgan sabazro urTierTobebis ekonomikuri Sedegebi
ekonomikis socialuri orientaciis praqtikuli realizaciis
aucilebel saSualebas unda warmoadgendes da ara TviTmizans.
amrigad, realurad, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro
ekonomikis mamoZravebel Zalas swored ekonomikis socialuri
orientacia unda warmoadgendes, rac sulac ar amcirebs sabazro
ekonomikis ekonomikuri Sedegebis mniSvnelobas, romlebic, ro-
gorc ukve aRiniSna, sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientaciis
realizaciaze unda iyos gamiznuli.
samarTlebrivi faqtoris _ rogorc socialurad orien-
tirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis saSua-
lebis mniSvnelobas, gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs am sabazro
ekonomikuri sistemis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis daZlevis saqmeSi.
kerZod, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis
ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis daZleva _ winaaRmdegobisa aRniSnuli
sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis ekonomikur mizansa da mis soci-
alur orientacias Soris _ SesaZlebelia mxolod samarTlebrivi
faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis saSualebiT.
amasTan erTad, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro
ekonomikis sxva winaaRmdegobebis daZleva, anu im winaaRmde-
gobebisa, romlebic gamomdinareobs am sabazro ekonomikuri
sistemis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobidan, SesaZlebelia agreTve
samarTlebrivi faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebiT, radgan samar-
Tlebrivi faqtori warmoadgens socialurad orientirebuli
sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis aucilebel
saSualebas.
socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmde-
gobebTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom, erTi
mxriv, sabazro urTierTobebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis aucilebeli
pirobaa maTi Tavisufali funqcionireba, magram, meore mxriv,
sabazro urTierTobebis Tavisufali funqcionireba, faqtobrivad,
50
TiTqmis gamoricxavs sabazro ekonomikis socialur orientacias
da amiT winaaRmdegobaSi modis mis realur socialur
orientaciasTan.
amrigad, sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientacia, am
ekonomikuri sistemis Tavisufal funqcionirebasTan erTad,
moiTxovs sabazro urTierTobebis Sesabamis regulirebas, Tumca
gonivruli adgilobrivi iniciativisa da Semoqmedebis SezRudvis
gareSe.
amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sabazro ekonomikis
saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba da misi socialuri orientacia
warmoudgenelia samarTlebrivi faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis
gareSe, kidev erTxel aSkara xdeba samarTlebrivi faqtoris,
rogorc socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis,
winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis aucilebeli saSualebis mniSvneloba.
amrigad, sabazro ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionirebisa da
erTdroulad misi socialuri orientaciis aucilebel pirobas
warmoadgens Tavisuflad funqcionirebadi sabazro urTierTo-
bebisa da saxelmwifos maregulirebeli rolis optimaluri
Sexameba Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri
meqanizmebis, agreTve, saTanado organizaciuli formebisa da
meTodebis gamoyenebiT, romelTa Soris samarTlebrivi faqtori
warmoadgens sabazro ekonomikis Tavisufal funqcionirebasa da
saxelmwifos maregulirebel rols Soris arsebuli winaaRmde-
gobebis daZlevis aucilebel saSualebas.
rac Seexeba institucionalizmis rols da mniSvnelobas
socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdegobaTa
daZlevaSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom am saqmeSi samarTlebrivi da
organizaciuli meqanizmebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia institu-
ciuri midgomis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
amrigad, zemoaRniSnuli adasturebs socialurad orienti-
rebuli sabazro sistemis winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevaSi institu-
ciuri midgomis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas.
anzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSviliiii
socialuradsocialuradsocialuradsocialurad orientirebuliorientirebuliorientirebuliorientirebuli sabazrosabazrosabazrosabazro ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis arsiarsiarsiarsi
51
dadadada misi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSi
sabazro ekonomikisa da misi socialuri orientaciis
problemebis kvleva gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria Tanamedrove
pirobebSi, rodesac mimdinareobs civilizebuli sabazro urTi-
erTobebis Camoyalibebis procesi da am urTierTobebis efeqtiani
gamoyenebis gzebis Zieba.
ekonomika, rogorc cnobilia, faqtobrivad yvelgan sabaz-
ro ekonomikas warmoadgens, radgan realurad ekonomika ar arse-
bobs saqonelwarmoebis gareSe, xolo saqonluri warmoeba warmo-
udgenelia bazris gareSe.
amasTan erTad gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom
terminSi `sabazro ekonomika~ igulisxmeba, erTi mxriv, ekonomika,
romlis mizania maqsimaluri mogebis miReba da, meore mxriv,
ekonomika, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikuri urTi-
erTobebis subieqtTa sruli Tavisuflebis arseboba, sakuTrebis
formaTa pluralizmi, samewarmeo saqmianobis saxeobaTa da orga-
nizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebis mravalferovneba, romlebsac
ganviTarebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia.
sabazro ekonomika _ es aris ekonomika, romlis marTva
ZiriTadad bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebis ZalTa gavleniT
xdeba, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis SezRudvis pirobebSi.
maSasadame, terminSi `sabazro ekonomika~, Cveni azriT,
unda igulisxmebodes, erTi mxriv, maqsimalurad SesaZlo moge-
baze gamiznuli ekonomika, misi sabazro organizaciis mraval-
ferovani formebis gamoyenebiT, xolo, meore mxriv, _ ekonomika,
romelSic mTavari roli sabazro meqanizmebs eniWeba.
amrigad, sabazro ekonomika _ es aris mogebis miRebis
maqsimizaciaze gamiznuli ekonomika masSi sabazro meqanizmebis
gadamwyveti maregulirebeli roliT.
amasTan, sabazro ekonomikaSi faqtobrivad igulisxmeba
bazris _ sabazro urTierTobebis _ kapitalizmisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli sayovelTao xasiaTi. e. i. terminSi `sabazro ekono-
mika~, Tanamedrove gagebiT, faqtobrivad igulisxmeba kapitalis-
turi sabazro ekonomika, radgan sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia aixsnas
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis Sinaarsi, maSin, rodesac bazari
52
_ sabazro urTierTobebi da, Sesabamisad, sabazro ekonomika
mxolod kapitalizmisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sabazro ekonomikas, im
gagebiT, rac am terminSi Tanamedrove gagebiT realurad igu-
lisxmeba, Cveni azriT, unda ewodebodes upiratesad bazriT
regulirebadi ekonomika.
amasTan erTad yuradRebas imsaxurebs is garemoeba, rom
socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika gansxvavdeba
rogorc mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikisagan, ise Tavi-
sufali bazrisagan _ Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikisagan _ kidev
imiT rom, Tu sabazro ekonomika aris ekonomika, romlis mizania
maqsimaluri mogebis miReba mravalferovani formebisa da
saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rac sabazro ekonomikis arsis
ganmsazRvrel kriteriums warmoadgens, socialurad orienti-
rebuli sabazro ekonomika aris ekonomika, romlis arsi
ganisazRvreba misi, rogorc sabazro ekonomikis, mogebisadmi
swrafvis paralelurad socialuri problemebis gadaWraze
orientaciiT; ufro zustad ki _ socialuri orientaciiT, radgan
realurad ekonomikurad efeqtiani ekonomikis da, amave dros,
socialuri orientaciis mqone ekonomikis pirobebSi socialuri
problemebis arsebobis albaToba Zalian dabalia.
maSasadame, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekono-
mikis arsi iseTi sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebaSia, romli-
saTvisac erTdroulad damaxasiaTebelia mogebis miRebisadmi
swrafva da socialuri orientacia.
kerZod, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sabazro ekonomikis mizania
maqsimalurad maRali mogebis miReba.
rac Seexeba socialurad orientirebul sabazro ekono-
mikas, is agreTve mogebis misaRebad aris mimarTuli, magram,
gansxvavebiT socialurad araorientirebuli sabazro ekonomi-
kisagan, sabazro ekonomikis socialurad orientirebuli modeli,
Tavisi arsis ganmsazRvrel kriteriumad mogebisadmi swrafvasTan
erTad, socialur orientacias da mis praqtikul realizacias
Seicavs.
socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis arsis
zemoaRniSnuli gansazRvra, anu misi arsis gansazRvris Cveneuli
53
kriteriumi mecnierul siaxles warmoadgens, radgan samecniero
literaturaSi socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis
sxva aseTi gansazRvra, rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, ar arsebobs,
Tumca, cxadia, sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientacia
TavisTavad xalxis keTildReobaze orientacias gulisxmobs,
rasac ludvig erxardis socialuri sabazro ekonomikis
problemisadmi miZRvnili cnobili wignis saxelwodebac _
`keTildReoba yvelasaTvis~ _ adasturebs.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom socialurad orienti-
rebuli sabazro ekonomikis arsis gansazRvra, romelic daafiqsi-
rebda am tipis ekonomikis mTavar ganmsazRvrel kriteriums,
samecniero literaturaSi faqtobrivad TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba,
radgan socialurad orientirebul sabazro ekonomikaSi
igulisxmeba Cveulebrivi sabazro ekonomika, romelsac soci-
aluri orientacia aqvs. Tumca socialurad orientirebul
sabazro ekonomikas, misi socialuri orientaciidan gamomdinare,
Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli arsi da aqedan gamomdinare speci-
fikuri niSnebi gaaCnia.
kerZod, Tu sabazro ekonomikis arsis gansazRvrisas
yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvilebulia sabazro urTierTobebis
funqcionirebis formebsa da meTodebze: sakuTrebis formaTa
mravalferovnebasa da maT Tanasworuflebianobaze, ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis subieqtTa srul Tavisuflebaze, bazris maregu-
lirebel rolze da a. S., socialurad orientirebuli sabazro
ekonomikis arsis gansazRvrisas, Cveni azriT, upirveles yovlisa
yuradReba unda gamaxvildes, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, sabaz-
ro ekonomikis ekonomikur mizanze _ mogebaze, da, amave dros, mis
socialur orientaciaze _ xalxis keTildReobaze.
nazira kakulianazira kakulianazira kakulianazira kakulia
nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis SesaZleblobani nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis SesaZleblobani nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis SesaZleblobani nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis SesaZleblobani
postkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSipostkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSipostkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSipostkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSi
makroekonomikuri politikis umTavresi mizani _ stabi-
luri ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis da regulirebis
problema, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa postkomunisturi qveyne-
54
bisaTvis, sadac transformaciis procesi jer kidev ar
dasrulebula da sadac ar arsebobs wina wlebSi dagrovili
erovnuli Semosavlisa da ucxouri investiciebidan miRebuli
Semosavlis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobani. ekonomikuri zrda,
rogorc is mraval samecniero gamokvlevaSia ganxiluli, ar aris
mxolod Sedegi an qveyanaSi arsebuli cxovrebis donis
maCvenebeli. postkomunistur garemoSi ekonomikuri zrda bevrad
ufro rTuli movlenaa da mas gansxvavebuli analizi sWirdeba.
sabazro sistemaSi zrda warmoadgens yvela ekonomikuri
institutebis moqmedebis Sedegs, anu im organizaciebis,
dawesebulebebis moqmedebebis principebs moicavs, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen mis dacvasa da funqcionirebas. ramdenadac
institutebi uzrunvelyofen arsebul mdgomareobas ekonomikur
sistemaSi da SeaqvT masSi cvlileba, amitom isini SeiZleba
ganixilos, rogorc `meqanizmebi~.
vinaidan jerjerobiT ar aris srulyofili da bolomde
ganviTarebuli sabazro instituciebi, SeuZlebelia myari
ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva. aqedan SeiZleba Tavisuflad
davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis gadasvla myar
ekonomikur zrdaze sakmaod rTulia instituciuri reformebis
mniSvnelovani gaRrmavebis gareSe, xolo ekonomikuri zrdis
miRweva ukve TavisTavad niSnavs nekrosawarmoebis transfo-
rmaciis periodis damTavrebas da normaluri konkurentuli
garemos uzrunvelyofas.
savsebiT naTelia, rom saxelmwifo ver gansazRvravs
bazarze ekonomikuri subieqtebis qcevis wesebsa da maTi
funqcionirebis pirobebs. amitom, aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi
saxelmwifom izrunos Tavisi saxelisuflebo funqciebis Sesru-
lebaze, Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtebis, qcevis wesebis SemuSa-
vebiTa da SesrulebiT, biznesis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofiT.
imavdroulad, korufciasTan aqtiuri brZoliT da Crdilovani
ekonomikis daZleviT, saxelmwifom unda SeZlos qveyanaSi konkre-
tuli atmosferos Camoyalibeba, romelic bunebrivad gadaWris
nekrosawarmoebis problemas ekonomikis transformaciis piro-
bebSi.
55
Cveni reformisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, droSi gawelili
intervalebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikur zrdaze. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, droiTi faqtoris gaTvaliswineba, reformebis tempi
da siCqare aucilebeli instumentia, romelic uzrunvelyofs
myari ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevas, rac, upirvelesad, nekrosa-
warmoebis gamoaSkaravebiTa da maTi Semdgomi restruqturizaciiT
iqneba SesaZlebeli. am etapze nekrosawarmoebis arseboba, maTi
aRmofxvrisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobebi aferxebs maT gamoaSka-
ravebas da xels uSlis ekonomikis zrdis maRali tempebis
miRwevas. konkurentuli garemo TavisTavad STanTqavs nekrosa-
warmoebs, magram imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas konkurentuli garemo,
saxelmwifos keTili neba mimarTuli unda iyos mkveTri
socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gverdiT ekonomikuri zrdi-
saTvis aucilebeli institutebis Seqmnasa da maTi funqcio-
nirebis uzrunvelyofisaken.
mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis aRdgena dRes saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikis ZiriTadi prioritetia,
romlis miRwevis gareSec SeuZlebelia mosaxleobis Semosavlebis
zrda, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis normaluri uzrunvelyofa,
investiciebis zrda jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sistemaSi,
siRaribis problemis daZleva. am amocanis Sesasruleblad
reformebis fokusireba, upirveles yovlisa, unda moxdes
ekonomikuri saqmianobis efeqtiani sabazro meqanizmis Seqmnaze.
Tanamedrove etapze efeqtiani sabazro ekonomikis strategiis
umTavres mimarTulebas warmoadgens sabazro institutebis Seqmna,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorebis
yvelaze efeqtian kombinacias, rac waaxalisebs investiciebis
mozidvas warmoebis sferoSi da sabolood aRmofxvris
orientacias rentaze. saubaria institutebze, romlebic uzrun-
velyofen sakuTrebis uflebebs, daaregulireben urTierTobebs
mewarmeTa Soris da Seqmnian bazarze Sesvlisa da gamosvlis
civilizebul formebs.
vinaidan sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi kerZo sakuTrebis
instituti gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs, misi meqanizmebis
amoqmedeba, ZiriTadad, mainc xdeba efeqtiani da daculi sakon-
traqto urTierTobebis, kapitalis likviduri bazrebis,
56
normaluri konkurenciis damcavi institutebis Seqmnis safuZ-
velze. aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo garkveuli pirobebis Seqmna
axali, kerZo sawarmoebis Camosayalibeblad. saxelmwifos mxridan
pasiurobam transformaciis periodSi gamoiwvia kerZo sakuT-
rebisa da misi Sesabamisi infrastruqturis, sakanonmdeblo da
samarTlebrivi uflebebiT uzrunvelyofis ararseboba. priva-
tizaciis procesi ki maSin aris warmatebuli, Tu arseboben
Sesabamisi institutebi, romlebic daaregulireben kontraqtebis
Sesrulebis dacvas da garantad daudgebian kerZo sakuTrebas.
aseTi institutebis Seqmna da gakontroleba mxolod saxelmwi-
fos prerogativaa.
ekonomikuri transformaciis procesSi moTxovnileba Zlier
saxelmwifoze gamomdinareobs sazogadoebaSi saWiro institu-
ciuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis aucileblobidan, romelTa
Catareba SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos monawileobis gareSe.
privatizaciis procesis warmatebiT uzrunvelyofa Sesabamisi
institutebis Seqmnis safuZvelze sawarmoTa restruqturizaciis
procesis ganxorcielebis erTaderTi saSualebaa. restruqturi-
zaciis gareSe ki SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove, mogebaze orien-
tirebuli sabazro tipis sawarmoTa Camoyalibeba. restruqturi-
zaciis procesis araswori Catareba ki, Cveni azriT, nekrosa-
warmoebis arsebobis safuZveli, misi sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebis
bunebrivi saSualebaa.
Cveni azriT, saqarTveloSi restruqturizaciis procesis
warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia, aqcenti gakeTdes
mZlavr instituciur ganviTarebaze da am mimarTulebiT unda
Seiqmnas da xeli Seewyos im organizaciebis saqmianobas da im
sistemebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, srulyofil da
Tanamedrove biznesgaremos Seqmnian sabazro sistemaSi funqcio-
nirebadi sawarmoebisaTvis.
murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia
ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi
da Tanamedroveobada Tanamedroveobada Tanamedroveobada Tanamedroveoba
57
msoflio TanamegobrobaSi yvela qveyanas Tavisi ganmasxva-
vebeli niSnebi da Taviseburebebi gaaCnia. am TaviseburebaTa
gaTvaliswineba aucilebeli faqtoria Tanamedrove srulyofili
ganviTarebuli sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis rTul
procesSi.
ekonomikurad da socialurad maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis
msgavsad, saqarTvelos, rogorc ganviTarebad qveyanas, iseTi
niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCnia, romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebeli
winapirobaa swori ekonomikuri strategiis SemuSavebisaTvis,
vinaidan am Taviseburebebs SeuZlia garkveuli saxis konkretuli
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebaze.
am problemas didi ilia WavWavaZe eris inteleqtualuri
Zalebis kardinalur problemad aRiqvamda. mis Semoqmedebas
yovelTvis wiTel xazad gasdevda misi brZnuli Teza – “warsuli
mkvidri saZirkvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo - momavlisa!”. am
maradiuli sibrZnis gamoZaxilia swored “... daviwyeba istoriisa,
Tavisis warsulisa da yofilis cxovrebis aRmofxvra xsovnisagan
– momaswavebelia suliT da xorciT moSlisa, darRvevisa da
mTlad warwymedisaca... es sami sxvadasxva xani, sxvadasxva Jami
eris cxovrebisa, isea erTmaneTzed gadabmuli, rom erTi umeorod
warmoudgeneli, gaugebari da gamoucnobia... es samTa JamTa
erTmaneTzed damokidebuleba kanonia iseTive Seuryeveli da
garduvali, rogorc yovelive bunebiTi kanoni”... (i.W. Txz., Tb.,
1989, gv. 608-609).
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania dRevandel epoqaSi ilias
Sexedulebebi erovnuli ekonomikis strategiis Sesaxeb. didi
ilia gvaswavlis, rom “TviTon cxovreba aRmoSobavs xolme
TavisaTvis wessa, gansazRvravs xolme Tavis rjulsa da kanonsa,
_ mxolod am kanonsa gageba unda, gamofena saqveynod da
SeZlebisamebr gzis gaxsna, rom misi warmoeba ar Seayenos”(i.W.
Txz., t. 3, gv. 66-67).
aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom qarTuli cxovrebis wesma,
maT Soris sameurneo ganviTarebam da qveynis saerTo geopo-
litikurma viTarebam saukuneebis manZilze TviTon “aRmoSoba”
iseTi wesi da kanonebi, romelTac Cvengan gageba da axal
istoriul pirobebSi gamoyeneba unda.
58
ase Tu mivudgebiT dRevandel Cvens socialur-ekonomikur
problemebs, Cveni qveynis winsvla-ganviTarebisaTvis arsebobs
seriozuli rezervebi da SesaZleblobebi. aqedan, Cveni azriT,
SeiZleba gamoiyos sami globaluri problema:
1. saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
zogadi kanonzomierebebi;
2. qveynis xelsayreli geopolitikuri viTareba, rac
msoflio kavSirurTierTobaTa gaaqtiurebaSi
gamoixateba;
3. swori ekonomikuri strategiis SemuSaveba.
msoflio praqtika adasturebs, rom qveynis progresis gziT
wasayvanad sakmarisi araa marto misi mdidari materialuri
resursebi, misi eris xelmZRvanelTa movaleobaa“ kacTa
urTierTSorisi ganwyobileba” ise aawyon, rom qveyanas katastro-
fa Tavidan aacilon. sxvanairad qveynis simdidre wyalSi
gadaiyreba.
iliasTvis aqsioma iyo is, rom erovnuli ekonomikis
ganviTareba erovnuli interesebis dacviT unda warmarTuliyo.
ucxo eTnosis burJuazia amas, bunebrivia, naklebad gaakeTebda da
verc mosTxovdi. samwuxarod, dRes ucxo qveynis eTnosi aqtiurad
eufleba qarTul kapitals es samomavlod sad migviyvans Zneli
warmosadgenia. ilias kargad esmoda erovnuli kapitalisa da
burJuaziis formirebis didi mniSvneloba da misi warmomavlobis
faqtori qveynis samomavlo winsvlis erT-erT mTavar berketad
miaCnda.
jemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvili
gardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi sazogadoebagardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi sazogadoebagardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi sazogadoebagardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi sazogadoeba
Tanamedrove periodSi friad aqtualuria gardamavali
ekonomikis problemebi. am periodSi sul ufro arsebiTi xdeba
Cveni sazogadoebis sicocxlisunarianobis miRwevis gzebis Ziebis
amocana. igi gardauvals xdis im ekonomikuri koncefciebis gamo-
yenebas, romlebic, garkveul periodSi, warmatebiT emsaxu-
rebodnen ama Tu im sazogadoebas.
59
bevri magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba imis sailustraciod, rom
gansazRvruli ekonomikuri ideebi axali ZaliT da formebiT
warmoCndeba xolme sxvadasxva situaciaSi. aqedan gamomdinare,
gardamaval periodSi did mniSvnelobas iZens Zveli da axali
ideebis saTanado codna. igi saSualebas iZleva sxvadasxva
dasaSvebi variantidan SeirCes esa Tu is modeli, romlis
saTanado realizaciiT moxdeba sakacobrio progresis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba.
gardamavali periodis seriozuli siZneleebis dasaZlev
realur gzad warmoCindeba, Sereuli tipis mravalwyobiani
ekonomikis safuZvelze pluralisturi sazogadoebis Camoya-
libeba da Semdeg misi svla civilizebuli bazrisaken.
pluralizmi [pluralizmi _ (laT. –Pluralis) mravlobiTi]
is Tvalsazrisia, romlis mixedviT saxelmwifo gardaiqmneba
organizebuli jgufebis gaerTianebebis (mewarmeTa kavSirebi,
profkavSirebi, saeklesio organizaciebi, politikuri partiebi da
sxv.) koleqtiuri Zalauflebis gamoxatulebad, sayovelTao
socialur demokratiad.
Cven ar veTanxmebiT zogierTi Tanamedrove politikosisa da
ekonomistis qadagebas ’’wminda kapitalizmis’’ Sesaxeb da migvaCnia,
rom nebismieri gardamavali periodi gverds ver auvlis
mravalwyobianobas, Sereul ekonomikas. Cveni poziciis gasaZlie-
reblad moviSveliebT cnobili amerikeli ekonomistebis p.
samuelsonis da u. nordhausis miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
amerikis Seertebuli Statebic ki Sereuli ekonomikiT viTardeba.
igi warmoadgens Sereul ekonomikas, sadac kerZo da sazo-
gadoebrivi institutebi axorcieleben kontrols: kerZo sistema –
uxilavi warmarTveli sabazro meqanizmis saSualebiT, sazoga-
doebrivi institutebi - administraciuli regulirebiT da
sagadasaxado stimulebiT [samuelsoni p., nordhausi u. ekonomiksi,
Tb., 1992, gv. 19.].
nobelis premiis laureatma v. leontievma arasworad miiCnia
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa (dsT) teritoriaze amerikuli tipis
Tavisufalfunqcionirebadi kapitalisturi ekonomikis danergva.
’’eWvs gareSea - aRniSna man - rom, rac ar unda moindomon, amis
gakeTeba SeuZlebelia. gardaqmnis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, misi
60
idealuri Sedegi Soreuli perspeqtivisaTvis, SeiZleba misaRebi
gaxdes evropuli tipis Sereuli ekonomika, romelSic sabazro
meqanizmi, marTalia, emyareba konkurencias, magram, amave dros,
angariSs uwevs mkacr kontrols saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis
socialuri momsaxurebis yovelgvari sistemis mxriv, rasac
xmardeba mTeli erovnuli Semosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili’’
[samuelsoni p., nordhausi u. ekonomiksi, Tb., 1992, gv. 19.].
iaponiis dadebiTi gamocdilebis magaliTze v. leontievi
aRniSnavs, rom centralizebuli mkacri dagegmvis nacvlad
SeiZleba daveyrdnoT indikatorul, maorientirebel samrewvelo
dagegmvas. es ukanaskneli uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo xomaldis
svlas SemuSavebuli kursiT ise, rom individebis pirad
dainteresebas qaris roliRa darCa Sesasrulebeli [leontievi v.
bazrisaken saxelmwifo kontrolis gziT. J. “ekonomisti”, #10,
1990, gv. 41.].
komunisturi reJimis dros CvenSi kerZo iniciativa ugule-
belyofili iyo. Semdeg mas farTo gasaqani mieca, magram man
iseTi gaqaneba miiRo, lamisaa mTeli sazogadoeba walekos.
amitom, aseTi mdgomareobidan gamosavals vxedavT Sereuli eko-
nomikis im modelSi, romelic gulisxmobs kerZosa da sazogado-
ebrivis SeTanawyobas, konkurenciisa da proporciulobis
Sexamebas.
miznis misaRwevad SeiZleba sazRvargareTuli gamocdileba
gamoviyenoT.
ekonomikur azrSi arsebobs pluralisturi sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva modeli.
pluralistuli sazogadoebis koncefcia 1965 wels
wamoayenes amerikelma ekonomistebma: e. ginzbergma, d. saistendma
da b. rubensma. isini realistur modelad Tvlian ara Sereuli
ekonomikisaTvis Cveul orseqtorovan models _ kerZo sawar-
moebis SerwymiT saxelmwifoebriv institutebTan, aramed
samseqtorovan models romelic, saxelmwifo da kerZo sawar-
moebis garda, kidev iseTi saxis organizaciebs moicavs,
rogorebicaa saavadmyofoebi, universitetebi, saqvelmoqmedo
fondebi da sxva iseT institutebs, romlebsac mogebis mocema ar
61
SeuZliaT [j.xaritonaSvili, ideaTa sesxebis sakiTxi plura-
lizmis TeoriaSi, J. ’’ekonomisti’’, №3, 1990, gv. 35-37].
germaneli neoliberalebis l. erhardis, e. fogelinis, g.
brifsis, a. moleris da sxvaTa formirebuli sazogadoebis
koncefciaSi ganxilulia pluralistuli sazogadoebis sainte-
reso modeli.
formirebuli sazogadoebis Teoretikosebis mtkicebiT,
germaniaSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebam sami faza ganvlo, esenia: 1.
XIX saukunis klasobrivi sazogadoeba; 2. pluralisturi
sazogadoeba; 3. formirebuli sazogadoeba. maTi azriT, pirvel
fazaSi jer kidev arsebobs mowinaaRmdege klasebi da klasobrivi
brZola. meore - pluralisturi sazogadoebis fazaSi, romelic
germaniaSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg dadga, klasebs Soris
brZola wydeba. klasobrivi sazogadoebis adgilze warmoiSoba
pluralisturi sazogadoeba, romelSic mowinaaRmdege klasebis
nacvlad iqmneba kavSirebSi organizebuli ganmtkicebuli jgu-
febi, romlebic mewarmeTa organizaciebisa da profkavSirebisagan
Sedgeba [Wolf-Dieter Narr, Pluralistische Gesellschaft, Hannover, 1969, s. 19]. am organizaciebs Soris warmoebs brZola, magram igi mimdinareobs
erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawilebisaTvis. ganmtkicebuli
jgufebi eswrafvian xelSi Caigdon sazogadoebrivi produqtis
rac SeiZleba meti wili [’’Gesellschaftspolitische Kommentare’’, Bonn,
1965, №13/14, s.158]. formirebuli sazogadoebis etapze ki qreba
winaaRmdegoba sxvadasxva jgufis interesebs Soris, xolo
pluralizmi adgils uTmobs formirebis process. e.i. iseTi
sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelSic sayovelTao keTildReobas
eqvemdebareba yvela klasi, fena da jgufi.
pluralisturi sazogadoebis modeli Camoyalibda CineTSi.
iq arsebobs sakuTrebis mravalmxrivi formebi _ saerTo-saxal-
xodan kerZomde da aqedan gamomdinare mravalmxrivi interesebi.
amasTan, CineTSi Seucvlel principad rCeba saxelmwifo
sakuTrebis dominirebuli roli. masze modis sakuTrebis 63
procenti, danarCeni kerZo da Sereuli formebia. didia sxvada-
sxvagvari gardamavali da Sereuli formebis roli. ekonomikuri
reformis Semdeg gaZlierda kerZo da koleqtiuri sakuTrebis
formebi. agreTve aRiares saSualo da mcire sawarmoTa ekono-
62
mikuri upiratesoba. amave dros, saxelmwifo seqtoris wili
mrewvelobis mTlian produqciaSi mcirdeba, arasaxelmwifo seqto-
rebis wili ki Sesabamisad izrdeba. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom
mkveTri winaaRmdegoba saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebs Soris ar
arsebobs.
pluralisturi sazogadoebis saintereso modeli funqcioni-
rebs egvipteSi. misi gacnobis saSualeba momeca 1996 w. kairoSi
Catarebul saerTaSorisi seminarSi monawileobis dros.
egvipteSi mimdinare sameurneo reformis gacnobam dagvanaxa,
rom iq funqcionirebadi privatizaciis koncefcia gulisxmobs
saxelmwifo seqtoris efeqtianobis gaZlierebas, marTvis xarisxis
gaumjobesebas. egviptelebs gacnobierebuli aqvT azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo seqtoridan kerZoSi sakuTrebis
gadasvla mizani ki ara, aramed saSualebaa. es RonisZieba
gulisxmobs konkurenciis principis danergvas, rasac gamoric-
xavda saxelmwifo seqtorSi Seqmnili adrindeli monopolizmi.
egvipteSi moqmedi kanoni saerTo kompaniebis Sesaxeb gulisxmobs
sxvadasxva seqtorebis gamijvnas. amasTan, igi iTvaliswinebs
saxelmwifo da kerZo kompaniebis erT pirobebSi yofnas. am
kanonis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo seqtoris sawarmoebi iseTive
modeliT imoqmedeben, rogorc kerZo seqtorSi. kanonma SezRuda
saxelmwifos Careva am kompaniebis muSaobaSi. egvipteSi 17
holdingkompaniaa, romelTac eqvemdebareba qaliSvili kompaniebi.
maTi Seqmnis mizania konkurenciis principis danergva, rasac adre
saxelmwifo seqtorSi arsebuli monopolizmi gamoricxavda.
egvipteSi saxelmwifo qonebis gayidvisas Zalian mniSvne-
lovani sakiTxi dgas. esaa sakuTrebis bazis gafarToeba.
pluralisturi sazogadoebis ganxiluli modelebi sainte-
reso unda iyos dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis. maTi saTanadod
arCeva da saqmiani gamoyeneba dadebiTad waadgeba Cveni ekonomikis
ganviTarebas.
Cvenma sazogadoebam marto fexebiT ki ara TaviTac unda
iaros, rom gavigoT ra xdeba samyaroSi. ganviTarebis iseTi
modeli unda davnergoT, romliTac warmatebas movipovebT am
saukuneSi.
63
revaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvili
CrdiCrdiCrdiCrdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi lovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi lovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi lovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi
• Crdilovani ekonomika Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi aqtu-
aluri problemaa, romelic msoflioSi met-naklebi zomiT yvela
qveynisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Crdilovani ekonomika erovnuli
ekonomikis nawilia, romelic moicavs samewarmeo saqmianobis
aRuricxav da kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebaTa erTobliobas.
Crdilovani ekonomikis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqtiani meTodebis
SemuSavebisa da gamoyenebisaTvis saWiroa misi gamomwvevi mize-
zebis Rrma mecnieruli analizi, romelic saxelmwifos iseTi
politikis gatarebis saSualebas miscems, rac saTanado niadags
gamoaclis Crdilovani ekonomikis aRmocenebas da ganviTarebas.
aseTi gamomwvevi mizezebi SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri, socialuri
da samarTlebrivi xasiaTis, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
• gadasaxadebiT dabeggadasaxadebiT dabeggadasaxadebiT dabeggadasaxadebiT dabegvris maRali done.vris maRali done.vris maRali done.vris maRali done. Tanamedrove etapze
msoflioSi sagadasaxado datvirTvis done zrdis tendenciiT
xasiaTdeba. Tu gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi evropul qveynebSi
xelfasidan anaricxebSi igi udrida 27%-s, sadReisod es
maCvenebeli 42%-ze metia. saberZneTSi, italiaSi, belgiasa da
SveciaSi yvelaze maRali gadasaxadebia evropaSi (72 _ 78%). amave
qveynebSi sakmaod maRalia ekonomikis Crdilovani seqtori
(saberZneTSi _ 29%, italiaSi _ 27,3%, portugaliasa da espaneTSi
_ 23,1%. Zalze maRalia Crdilovani ekonomikis done azerbaijanSi
_ 59,3%, somxeTSi _ 60%, saqarTveloSi _ 63%. rac Seexeba
SedarebiT mcire sagadasaxado datvirTvis qveynebs _ aSS-sa da
Sveicarias (41,4% da 39,7%), Sesabamisad, ufro dabali Crdilovani
ekonomikis maCveneblebi aqvT (8,9 da 8,1%) [Ж: ,,Экспрес”, №7, 2001, с.17.].
mogebis 50%-ze meti sagadasaxado amoRebis SemTxvevaSi ki
arsebiTad ispoba sawarmos aqtiuri saqmianobis stimulebi da
maTi mTliani raodenobis 55% ekonomikis Crdilovan seqtorSi
gadadis.
• Eekonomikuri arastabiluroba, misi krizEekonomikuri arastabiluroba, misi krizEekonomikuri arastabiluroba, misi krizEekonomikuri arastabiluroba, misi krizisuli mdgomaisuli mdgomaisuli mdgomaisuli mdgoma----
reoba. reoba. reoba. reoba. ekonomikis Crdilovan seqtorSi gadasvla misi saerTo
mdgomareobis pirdapiri Sedegia. rac ufro Zlieria legaluri
64
ekonomika, miT ufro sustia Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabebi da
piriqiT. Ooficialuri ekonomikis daqveiTebisa da sistemuri
krizisis pirobebSi, misi didi nawili ,,CrdilSi” gadadis, sadac
is Tavisi upiratesobebis praqtikul realizacias axdens.Amas
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs is garemoebac, rom ekonomikis
krizisuli mdgomareoba aiZulebs mewarmeebs, moZebnon saqmianobis
maTTvis xelsayreli niSebi, romelTagan erT-erTs ekonomikis
Crdilovani seqtori warmoadgens. Eekonomikis sistemuri krizisi
mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs, warmoebasTan erTad, sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sxva sferoebsac _ politikas, Zalovani struqturebis
saqmianobas, ganaTlebas, mecnierebas, jandacvas, kulturas,
xelovnebas, sportsa da sxv., rac ufro Seuqcevads xdis
Crdilovani ekonomikis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebas.
• saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli
Secdomebi.Secdomebi.Secdomebi.Secdomebi. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizeba, misi personificireba
unda ganixilos, rogorc sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis
centraluri rgoli. rogorc mTlianad postsabWour sivrceSi,
ise saqarTveloSi, privatizeba didi xarvezebiT Catarda. kerZod,
ar arsebobda amisaTvis saTanado sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli
baza, ris gamoc igi ganxorcielda ara kanonis moTxovnis
gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed, ufro metad saxelmwifo Cinovnikebis
neba-survilze dayrdnobiT. parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis gamo-
kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom mosaxleobis 10%-ze gadanawilebiT
moxda mTeli saxelmwifo qonebis 50%, faruli privatizebis 90%,
xolo kerZo da aqcionerul sakuTrebaSi gadasuli ZiriTadi
fondebis Rirebulebis 75 _ 80%. aman seriozuli ziani miayena
qveyanaSi sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis safuZvelis _ kerZo
sakuTrebis samarTliani formirebis process.
• sakuTrebis uflebis daucvelsakuTrebis uflebis daucvelsakuTrebis uflebis daucvelsakuTrebis uflebis daucveloba. oba. oba. oba. mewarmeebSi igi
,,medroveobis” fsiqologias iwvevs. aseTi sameurneo qceva efuZ-
neba Semdeg garemoebas: Tu sakuTrebis ufleba, adre Tu gvian,
SeiZleba dairRves da arsebuli kanonmdebloba da samarTal-
gamoyenebiTi praqtika ar iZleva misi dacvis garantias, maSin
maqsimalurad unda iyos gamoyenebuli arsebuli SesaZleblobebi.
sxvanairad, Tu SesaZlebelia gadasaxadebis Tavis arideba da
65
mogebis maqsimizacia, aseTi SesaZlebloba xelidan ar unda iqnes
gaSvebuli.
• ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris masStabebis zrda da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris masStabebis zrda da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris masStabebis zrda da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris masStabebis zrda da
ekonoekonoekonoekonomikis reglamentaciis amaRleba. mikis reglamentaciis amaRleba. mikis reglamentaciis amaRleba. mikis reglamentaciis amaRleba. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo
seqtoris didi masStabebi ganapirobebs sabiujeto resursebis,
SeRavaTiani kreditebisa da sxv. saxsrebis saxelmwifo sawarmoTa
sasargeblod gadanawilebas. aseTi viTareba xels uwyobs
resursebis gadanawilebasTan dakavSirebuli kriminaluri urTi-
erTobebis warmoSobas. saboloo jamSi, am mimarTulebiT
saxelmwifos saqmianobis gaaqtiureba iqceva Crdilovani ekono-
mikis masStabebis zrdis mniSvnelovan faqtorad. ekonomikis
reglamentaciis amaRleba ZiriTadad saxelmwifos iseTi saxis
qmedebaSi gamovlindeba, rogoricaa: sxvadasxva saxis saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis mimoqcevis akrZalva; faswarmoqmnis procesSi
administraciuli Careva; biurokratiis SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba
da susti kontroli.Yyovelive amas Sedegad mosdevs Crdilovani
ekonomikis masStabebis zrda, rac, uwinares yovlisa, gamoixateba
sxvadasxva saxis aralegaluri bazrebis (Sromis, sasaqonlo,
safinanso, savaluto) warmoqmniT, romelTa meSveobiT xorciel-
deba sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebis gverdis avla.
• Aaraxelsayreli socialuri foni.Aaraxelsayreli socialuri foni.Aaraxelsayreli socialuri foni.Aaraxelsayreli socialuri foni. mzardi umuSevroba,
Sromis anazRaurebisa da sapensio uzrunvelyofis dabali done
saukeTeso pirobebs qmnis Crdilovani ekonomikis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis. Ooficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, saqarTve-
loSi 2008 wlis dasawyisSi Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobaSi
umuSevrobis done Seadgenda 18,9%-s [saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
tendenciebi, kvartaluri mimoxilva, Tebervali, 2008, gv. 40.].
faqtobrivad, es monacemebi, ra Tqma unda, ufro metia da igi sul
ufro izrdeba saxelmwifo-sabiujeto struqturebSi muSakTa
didi Semcirebis Sedegad. saqarTveloSi xelfasis wili mSp-Si
3_4-jer naklebia civilizebul qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac
anazRaurebis qveda zRvarad iTvleba TveSi 300 _ 400 aSS dolari,
saqarTveloSi ki is ar aRemateba 160 dolars.
• politikuripolitikuripolitikuripolitikuri arastabilurobaarastabilurobaarastabilurobaarastabiluroba. sakuTrebis uflebis da-
ucvelobis faqtorTan erTad, igi mniSvnelovnad astimulirebs
Crdilovani ekonomikis ganviTarebas. politikuri arastabilu-
66
robis pirobebSi aseTi ekonomika Zalze dinamiurad viTardeba da,
Sesabamisad, oficialuri ki muxruWdeba. swored aseT viTarebaSi
mwvavdeba brZola politikur elitaSi TanamSromlobis, Zalauf-
lebis mopovebisa da Crdilovani Semosavlebis gadanawilebi-
saTvis. yovelive amas Tan axlavs xelisuflebis zeda eSelonebSi
dapirispireba da intrigebi, korumpirebuli fenebis aRzeveba da
xelisuflebis organoebis mier maTi interesebis dacva. dausje-
lobis sindromis zrda ki iwvevs disciplinisa da wesrigis moS-
las, mosaxleobis mxriv xelisuflebis organoebisadmi undob-
lobis gaZlierebas, rasac Sedegad mosdevs nihilizmi da xvalin-
deli dRisadmi rwmenis dakargva.
Давлашеридзе Ната ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЗАНЯТОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЧЕРЕЗ СОЗДАНИЕ СВОБОДНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗОН (МИРОВОЙ ОПЫТ)
1. Свободные экономические зоны образованы и успешно действуют во многих странах мира. Они функционируют как в промышленно развитых странах, таких, как США, Япония, Германия, Англия, Канада и других, так и в развивающихся странах. Многолетняя позитивная мировая практика зару-бежных стран по созданию и функционированию свободных экономических зон свидетельствует об эффективности применения подобного метода оздоровления экономики и проведения в жизнь новых экономических идей на изолированных участках территории принимающих их стран. 2. Цели создания свободных экономических зон варьируются в широких пределах в зависимости от экономических, социальных, иногда политических условий той или иной страны. Одной из главных целей создания СЭЗ является повышение уровня занятости населения и качественного состояния рабочей силы как непосредственно в экономической зоне, так и за ее пределами. В развитых капиталистических странах свободные экономические зоны создаются, как правило, в застойных районах, страдающих безработицей, с недоразвитой инфраструктурой. Придавая таким районам статус зон, правительства этих стран не делают акцента на привлечении иностранных инвестиций, а стараются создать условия, максимально стимулирующие развитие имеющихся производств, интегрированных во внутренний рынок, а также обеспечения дополнительных рабочих мест.
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3. В развивающихся странах, имеющих невысокий уровень экономического развития при создании свободных экономических зон в первую очередь ставятся задачи привлечения иностранного капитала, передовой технологии и управленческого опыта, улучшения его структуры с целью увеличения занятости и подготовки квалифицированных кадров (квалифицированных рабочих, инженеров, хозяйственных и управленческих кадров), обеспечения так называемого «эффекта обучения» для национальных кадров. 4. С 70-е годов наблюдался наибольший расцвет СЭЗ. Темпы занятости в этих зонах превышали ежегодно 20%.В 90-х годов по разным оценкам в мире насчитывалось уже свыше тысячи таких свободных экономических зон и через них проходило 1/10 мирового торгового оборота и занято было более 3 миллионов человек. Сейчас в мире существует порядка 25 разновидностей и функционирует около 2000 свободных экономических зон, в том числе более 400 зон свободной торговли, столько же научно-промышленных парков, более 300 экспортно-производственных зон, 100 зон специального назначения (эколого-экономических, оффшорных, туристических и т.д.). Есть зоны, ориентированные на внешний рынок, есть - на внутренний.
Число СЭЗ в экономически развитых странах Запада, по-видимому, уже превышает 250. Примерно 90 из них находятся в Западной Европе. В большинстве своем это свободные торговые (беспошлинные) зоны в морских портах для осуществления погрузочно-разгрузочных операций с транзитными грузами. Примером такого рода могут служить шесть «свободных портов» ФРГ – Гамбург, Киль, Эмден, Куксхафен, Бремерхафен и Бремен. «Вольная гавань» в Гамбурге специализируется также на судостроении, судоремонте, нефте-переработке; в ней занято 60 тысяч человек. Для Великобритании более характерны предпринимательские зоны, для Швейцарии – страховые и банковские. В некоторых странах региона возникли также научно-внедренческие зоны и экспортно-промышленные (ирландское изобретение, связанное с аэропортом Шеннон). В таких зонах функционирует около трети мировых банковских депозитов развитых стран.
В странах Восточной Европы свободные экономические зоны стали возникать в конце 70-х – начале 80-х годов. К концу 80-х годов их было уже более 40, в основном в Югославии и Венгрии, но также в Польше, Болгарии. Как и в Западной Европе, это были преимущественно зоны свободной торговли, расположенные в морских и речных портах (Риека, Силит, Белград, Будапешт, Русе, Щецин).
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В США общее число СЭЗ превышает 200. В ближайшее время в США планируется создать до 1000 СЭЗ. Объем инвестиций должен при этом составить более 3 млрд. долл., а число дополнительных рабочих мест - 100 тысяч. Такие же зоны характерны и для Японии. наибольшее число СЭЗ существует в Северной Америке - 320 и Азии - 225. Однако все большее их число возникает в развивающихся регионах. В развивающихся странах первые свободные экономические зоны возникли в середине 60-х годов; примером такого рода может быть СЭЗ «Кондла» в Индии. Хотя существующие оценки числа таких зон в развивающихся странах очень противоречивы (от 100 до 300), в любом случае они свидетельствуют об их весьма широком распространении. В этих зонах занято около 1,5 млн. человек. 5. Общепринято, что эффективность зон оценивается по таким критериям, как занятость, инвестиции и экспорт. При этом, появление 5 рабочих мест в СЭЗ косвенно приводит к возникновению еще 8 мест вне зон, среднегодовой темп роста занятости составляет 20-30%. В результате эффекта мультипликатора доход, полученный служащими и потраченный на продовольствие, одежду, жилье и т. д., увеличивает занятость и доходы в соответствующих отраслях, которые удовлетворяют потребности тех, кто работает в зонах.
В связи с тем, что развитие регионов через предпринимательство и занятость является основной целью всех программ по функционированию зон для каждого уровня отдельно разрабатываются государственные, штатные и местные льготы. К примеру, в США на федеральном уровне налоговые скидки бизнес-предприятиям на каждое дополнительно созданное рабочее место составляют сумму в размере около 2000 долларов США. Около 70% всех налоговых льгот в предпринимательских зонах предоставляется с целью создания новых возможностей для увеличения занятости населения. Решения социально-экономических проблем, в частности проблемы занятости, удалось добиться в эстонских свободных зонах в Силламяэ (преодолена 12%-ная безработица) и в Нарве, а также в СЭЭЗ «Сиваш» (Украина). 6. Хотя СЭЗ являются несомненно мощными "генераторами занятости", особенно для женщин в развивающихся странах, их репутация страдает от обвинений в низком уровне заработной платы, плохих условий труда и неразвитости трудовых отношений. Для большинства таких зон характерна занятость - как мужчин, так и женщин - на низкооплачиваемых рабочих местах, не требующих квалификации. На них смотрят как на рабочую силу, которую легко заменить: их желания в плане трудовых и социальных отношений учитываются недостаточно. Часто они не хотят или не могут вкладывать
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средства в профессиональную подготовку или в новые технологии и меры по повышению производительности. Очень немногие правительства смогли проводить политику, ведущую к переливанию технологии и профессиональных навыков из СЭЗ в национальную промышленность, в результате чего базовый человеческий капитал остается там неразвитым. Слабая нацеленность на развитие необходимых человеческих ресурсов ограничивает потенциал СЭЗ по повышению производительности и качества рабочих мест. Трудовые отношения и развитие человеческих ресурсов остаются двумя самыми проблемными областями деятельности этих зон.
Чтобы СЭЗ полностью использовали свой экономический и социальный потенциал, правительства должны разработать ясную комплексную стратегию в области промышленного развития и инвестиций, которая бы содействовала экономическому росту и соблюдению основных прав трудящихся. 7. При создании СЭЗ целесообразна ориентация вновь создаваемых зон на решение не только внешнеэкономических, но и общехозяйственных задач, особенно учитывая состояние грузинской экономики, характеризующееся спадом производства и ростом безработицы. В этих условиях заслуживает внимания мировой опыт образования зон развития отсталых районов и технологических парков. Зоны развития отсталых районов благодаря предоставлению предпринимателям большей свободы деятельности и определенных экономических льгот могли бы способствовать развитию малого и среднего бизнеса в депрессивных районах, а также уменьшению размеров безработицы.
makroekonomikismakroekonomikismakroekonomikismakroekonomikis seqciaseqciaseqciaseqcia
nanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZe Sromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiSromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiSromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiSromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSi
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Sromis bazris ganviTarebuloba iseTi maxasiaTeblebiT
gamoixateba, rogoricaa: Sromis anazRaurebis done kvalifika-
ciisa da ganaTlebis Sesabamisad da anazRaurebaSi dargTaSorisi
gansxvavebulobis sidide, rac imas niSnavs, rom maRali
kvalifikaciisa da SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis mqone samuSao
Zalis Semosavali saarsebo minimums mniSvnelovnad unda aRema-
tebodes da aseve mcire unda iyos anazRaurebis dargTaSorisi
gansxvavebulobis sidide. am mxriv saqarTveloSi arsebuli
Sromis bazari ganviTarebis metad dabali doniT xasiaTdeba,
ramdenadac misTvis Tanamdevi ar aris arc Sromis maRali
anazRaureba kvalifikaciisa da ganaTlebis Sesabamisad da arc
mcire gansxvaveba xelfasebSi dargebis mixedviT. maSin, roca
xelfasi warmoadgens ara ubralod fasis nairsaxeobas, aramed
muSakisa da misi ojaxis keTildReobis ganmsazRvrels, sazoga-
doebaSi socialuri klimatisa da socialuri daZabulobis
xarisxis Semqmnelsa da Camomyalibebels.
2000 - 2007 wlebSi Cvens qveyanaSi SeimCneva umuSevrobis
donis zrdis tendencia, ZiriTadad, Sromisunariani asakis mosax-
leobaSi da dasaqmebulTa zrda TviTdasaqmebis mimarTulebiT.
dasaqmebis done soflad bevrad aRemateba analogiur
maCvenebels qalaqad, umuSevrobis done ki qalaqSi 4-jer da ufro
metad aRemateba am maCvenebels soflad, rasac ganapirobebs iq
TviTdasaqmebulTa maRali xvedriTi wili.
pensionerTa daaxloebiT mexuTedi iZulebulia isev imuSaos,
ZiriTadad, TviTdasaqmebis mimarTulebiT, sakuTari Tavic da
ojaxis sxva umuSevari axalgazrda wevrebic rom Seinaxos.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 65 wlis da meti asakis momuSaveTa
nawilSi upiratesia qalTa xvedriTi wili – 53,7%, m.S.
daqiravebiT momuSaveTa Soris – 54,1% da TviTdasaqmebulTa
Soris – 53,4%.
qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebma da axlad miRebulma
zogierTma kanonma Tu normatiulma aqtma ganapiroba rogorc
SromiTi resursebis gadanawilebis aucilebloba sxvadasxva
dargSi, ise samuSao adgilebis Semcireba. Tu imasac gaviTva-
liswinebT, rom zogierTi marto erT adgilze ar muSaobs, gamo-
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dis, rom umuSevarTa realuri cifri, SesaZlebelia, aRricxul
261.0 aTas kacze bevrad meti iyos. rogorc Cans, umuSevarTa
aRricxvis meTodebi gadaxedvas saWiroebs.
Cveni azriT, dasaqmebulad SeiZleba mxolod is piri
CaiTvalos, romelic daxarjuli Sromis safasurad TveSi sul
cota, saarsebo minimumis tol Semosavals iRebs. aqve unda iTqvas
imazec, rom saarsebo minimumis gamoTvla realuri fasebis
Sesabamisad, Semdgom dazustebas moiTxovs.
dasaqmebulTa aRricxvis sizustisaTvis SeiZleba mizanSe-
wonili iyos dasaqmebis dargebis konkretizacia, gansakuTrebiT
mrewvelobaSi.
amJamad Sromis bazarze arsebul situaciaze zemoqmedebs
ekonomikuri, politikuri, demografiuli da socialuri faqto-
rebis erToblioba, ris Sedegadac umuSevroba sul ufro
struqturul da ciklur xasiaTs iRebs da SesamCnevi xdeba misi
xangrZlivobis zrda. iZulebiTi umuSevrobis zrda ufrosi asakis
qalebsa da axalgazrdebs Soris mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT
unars _ xelaxla CaerTon SromiT procesebSi da sul ufro
zrdis samuSaos moZebnis drois saSualo xangrZlivobas. yove-
live es ki gamanadgureblad moqmedebs rogorc samuSao Zalis
xarisxze, ise TiToeul pirovnebasa da mTlianad ojaxebis
keTildReobaze.
ramdenadac qveyanaSi aRar funqcionirebs dasaqmebis
samsaxurebi (calkeuli programebis garda), xolo axlad-
miRebuli Sromis kanonmdebloba ar Seesabameba evropul standar-
tebs, saWirod vTvliT dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurebis
gafarToebuli masStabiT aRdgenas ara mxolod qveynis, aramed
regionebis mixedviTac da Sromis kanonmdeblobis evropul
standartebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas, Tu gvinda mapi da
evropasTan sasurveli integracia, raTa es procesi, rogorc
CvenTvis, ise, gansakuTrebiT, evropisaTvis, naklebad mtkivneuli
iyos.
xaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvili
lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis moculoba, lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis moculoba, lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis moculoba, lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis moculoba,
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struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebistruqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebistruqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebistruqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebi
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
lizinguri bazris brunvaSi aerTianebs rogorc finansur da
operatiul lizings, ise Cveulebriv arendas, rac, Cveni azriT,
arasworia. aseTi midgomiT lizinguri momsaxurebis moculoba
xelovnurad iyo gazrdili da is Seadgenda: 2000 wels _ 12573,5,
2001 wels _ 20982,4, 2002 wels _ 21959,9 aTas lars, 2003 wels _
26585,4 da 2006 wels _ 33237,7 aTas lars. Tu aqedan uZravi,
sakuTari qonebis gaqiravebis Rirebulebas gamovaklebT, romelic
Cveulebriv arendas warmoadgens da ara lizings, maSin viRebT
lizingur garigebaTa namdvil sidides, anu lizingis bazris
moculobas. is, Sesabamsad, Seadgens: 3567.1, 4225.2, 4949.8, 7079.2, 9400
aTas lars.
zemoT aRniSnuli wesiT gamoTvlili lizingis bazris
saerTo saqonelbrunvaSi 2006 wels pirvel-meore adgilze idga
msubuqi avtomobilebis (45,5%) da satvirTo da samgzavro
avtomanqanebis (30,8 %) lizingi. mesame adgili _ 15,1%-iani wiliT
ekava samSeneblo manqana-mowyobilobas. sxvaTaSoris, unda aRvniS-
noT, rom 2000 wels samSeneblo manqana-mowyobilobis lizingis
operacia saerTod ar ganxorcielda. Semdeg wlebSic (2001 _ 2003)
igi mcire xvedriTi wiliT iyo warmodgenili. 2006 wels
dafiqsirebuli misi aseTi maRali procenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom
es dargi swrafad viTardeba, rac vizualuradac etyoba qveyanas.
Semcirebis tendencia gamoikveTa samrewvelo aRWurvilobis
lizingis wilSi (3,8%, nacvlad 2000 wlis 6,8%-sa), orgteqnikis da
kompiuterebis lizingis wilSi (1,7%, nacvlad 2000 wlis 4,7%-sa)
da sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis xvedriT wilSi (0,1%, nacvlad
2000 wlis 0,7%-sa). Cven gansakuTrebiT arasasurvel faqtad
miviCnevT sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis lizingis da samrewvelo
aRWurvilobis lizingis wilebis Semcirebas. migvaCnia, rom
dauSvebelia qveyanaSi, romlis privatizebuli sasoflo-
sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis 50% da ufro meti ar muSavdeba,
lizingis bazarze sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebi mxolod 12,8 aT.
laris RirebulebiT iyos warmodgenili.
saqarTvelos bazarze samrewvelo mowyobilobis lizingis
wilic Semcirebulia. arada, samTo-mopovebiTi mrewveloba Tu
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ara, gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba xom is dargia, romelsac
prioriteti aqvs miniWebuli saqarTveloSi. maS, ratom unda
mcirdebodes misi mowyobilobis lizingiT gacemis xvedriTi
wili? etyoba, aqac gadamamuSavebeli samrewvelo sawarmoebis
finansuri gaWirvebaa mizezi. isini xom ZiriTadad mcire an
saSualo sididis sawarmoebi arian, romelTa finansuri SesaZ-
leblobebi, msxvil sawarmoebTan SedarebiT, Zalze mokrZa-
lebulia. yvela qveyanaSi, da, miT ufro, Cvennair ganviTarebad
qveyanaSi, mcire (da saSualo) sawarmoebs saxelmwifo exmareba _
aZlevs teqnologiebs, teqnikas, umcirebs gadasaxadebs da a.S.
saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs saxelmwifos
mxridan aranairi msgavsi daxmareba ar aqvT. Cveni winadadebaa,
rom saqarTvelos gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis mcire sawar-
moebs saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi myofi salizingo kompaniebidan
gadaeceT teqnika lizingiT msxvil sawarmoebTan SedarebiT ufro
iafad, anda sulac ufasod.
lizingis saqarTvelos bazris klient-sawarmoTa saerTo
ricxvidan mcire sawarmoebze modioda brunvis metad mcire
nawili, kerZod, 2000 wels _ 17%, 2001 wels _ 54,6%, 2002 wels _
28,4%, 2003 wels _ 8,6% da 2006 wels _ 14,8 %. qonebis lizingiT
SemZenebi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad msxvili sawarmoebia. maTze
2006 wels modioda brunvis 70%. es imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos
msxvili sameurneo subieqtebic ki jerjerobiT finansurad ise
ver gaZlierdnen, rom maT Tavisi sakuTari saxsrebiT an bankis
kreditiT iyidon teqnika, amitom isini lizingiT miRebas aZleven
upiratesobas.
Tu lizinguri brunvis geografiul struqturas dinamikaSi
ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom masSi q. Tbilisis wili SesamCnevad
aris gazrdili (83,1%-dan 94,5%-mde), yvela danarCeni regionis
isedac mcire wili ki 2000 _ 2006 wlebSi kidev ufro
Semcirebulia, rac imas niSnavs, rom regionebSi ganTavsebul
sameurneo subieqtebs qonebis lizingiT SeZenis araviTari
finansuri SesaZlebloba ar aqvT. Cveni azriT, am mdgomareobiT
yvelaze metad unda dainteresdnen marTvis regionuli organoebi
da municipaluri struqturebi, romelTac SeuZliaT wilobrivi
wesiT daafinanson regionSi lizinguri operaciebi. rogorc adre
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aRvniSneT, gansakuTrebiT regionebSi, es unda Seexos sasoflo-
sameurneo daniSnulebis teqnikas.
xaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvili
lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:
arsebuli mdgomareobaarsebuli mdgomareobaarsebuli mdgomareobaarsebuli mdgomareoba,,,, srulyofis gzebisrulyofis gzebisrulyofis gzebisrulyofis gzebi
saqarTveloSi salizingo saqmianobas aregulirebs
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos kanoni `Sali-
zingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~ da sagadasaxado kodeqsi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsidan Tavi meoTxe _
`lizingi~ _ xuTi muxli (576 _ 580) daTmobili aqvs mTlianad
lizings, Tumca iqve gansazRvrulia, rom danarCeni sakiTxebis
regulireba moxdeba qiravnobis urTierTobis maregulirebeli
muxlebis Sesabamisad. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom salizingo
saqmianoba bevr iseT niuanss Seicavs, romelic qiravnobas
saerTod ar axasiaTebs (Tundac is, rom finansuri lizingis
SemTxvevaSi xdeba lizingis obieqtis saboloo gamosyidva da
sakuTrebaSi gadacema).
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi lizings daTmobili
aqvs erTi muxli (muxli 21 _ lizingi (finansuri ijara),
romelSic ganmartebulia, Tu rodis iTvleba lizingi finansur
ijarad. amisaTvis masSi CamoTvlilia 4 piroba: 1) ijaris vadis
dasrulebis Semdeg gaTvaliswinebulia qonebis sakuTrebis
uflebis gadacema an ijaris mimRebs ufleba eqneba, SeiZinos
qoneba fiqsirebuli an ijaris xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli
fasiT; 2) ijaris vada aRemateba ZiriTad saSualebaTa
ekonomikuri samsaxuris vadis 75%-s; 3) ijariT aRebuli qonebis
mosalodneli narCeni Rirebuleba ijaris vadis dasrulebisas am
vadis dasawyisSi qonebis sabazro Rirebulebis 20 procentze
naklebia. 4) minimaluri saijaro gadasaxdelis mimdinare
diskontirebuli Rirebuleba lizingis (finansuri ijaris) mTeli
periodisaTvis qonebis sabazro Rirebulebis 90 procentia an
aRemateba mas. am pirobebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi finansuri
lizingis vada unda aRematebodes lizingis obieqtis ekonomikuri
samsaxuris vadis 75%-s, aSS-Si misi sasicocxlo periodis 80%-s,
75
aSS-Si finansuri lizingis gamcemma damatebiT unda ganaxor-
cielos misi Rirebulebis 20% investicia, saqarTveloSi
lizingis gamcems es aRar moeTxoveba da a.S.
metad gansxvavebulia lizingisadmi moTxovnebi dsT-s
qveynebSic. am qveynebs Soris lizingis kanonmdebloba Seqmnilia
ruseTSi, belorusiaSi, ukrainaSi, moldaveTSi, yazaxeTSi,
azerbaijanSi, uzbekeTsa da saqarTveloSi. maTgan lizinguri
urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebulia ruseTSi, ukrainasa
da belorusiaSi. Tumca am qveynebSic ki, lizingis Sesaxeb
erTidaigive normatiuli debulebebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvne-
lovnad gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, belorusiaSi lizingis obieqti
SeiZleba iyos aramaterialuri aqtivebi, romlebic ruseTis da
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ar Sedis salizingo obieqtis
CamonaTvalSi; uzbekeTsa da saqarTveloSi qoneba lizingiT
SeiZleba gaices mxolod samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis; azerbai-
janSi ar SeiZleba erTi da igive piri iyos lizingis obieqtis
mwarmoebeli da lizinggamcemi; ruseTis da saqarTvelos
salizingo kanonmdeblobiT ki es dasaSvebia da a.S. rogorc Cans,
sxvadasxva qveyana lizings, maT Soris finansur lizings,
sxvadasxva moTxovnebs uyenebs. ase udgeba am sakiTxs saqarTve-
loc. Tumca, Cven vfiqrobT, rom es xels SeuSlis saerTaSoriso
lizingis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi.
aris meore, da SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro mniSvnelovani
sakiTxi. es aris lizingis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo
aqtebis urTierTSeusabamoba. im 4 pirobis nacvlad, romlidan
erT-erTis dacvis SemTxvevaSi lizingi finansur lizingad
iTvleba, romelic saqarTvelos sagadasaxados kodeqsSia moce-
muli da romlebzec Cven zeviT visaubreT, saqarTvelos kanoni
`salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~ iTxovs 6 pirobas.
ratomaa am pirobebsa da sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mocemul
pirobebs Soris gansxvaveba? romelia maT Soris sarwmuno:
kanonSi `salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~ mocemuli,
Tu saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mocemuli pirobebi?
roca qveynis SigniT erTi da imave sakiTxis dasaregulireblad
Seqmnil or dokumentSi aseTi Seusabamobaa, cxadia, pirvel rigSi,
saWiroa es Seusabamoba gaswordes. amis garda, saWiroa kanonSi
76
`salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~ calke gamoiyos
finansuri lizingi (radgan arsebobs operatiuli lizingic),
anda, ruseTis analogiurad, saqarTvelos mTavrobamac miiRos
calke kanoni `finansuri lizingis Sesaxeb~.
arasrulyofilia da Casworebas moiTxovs TviT samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis meoTxe Tavi (Tavi IV. lizingi). mas lizingi ki
ara `finansuri lizingi~ unda ewodos, radgan misi 576 _ 580
muxlebis Sinaarsidan Cans, rom igi exeba finansur da ara
operatiul lizings.
amrigad, lizingis nawilSi srulyofas saWiroebs samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis meoTxe Tavi da mTlianad kanoni `salizingo
saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~. amis garda, Tu am sakiTxSi
saqarTvelos ruseTs SevadarebT, misaRebia kanoni `finansuri
lizingis Sesaxeb~, `salizingo gadasaxdelis gaangariSebis erTi-
ani meTodika~, kanoni `saerTaSoriso safinanso lizingis
unificirebul wesebTan misaerTeblad~ da sxv.
saqarTveloSi finansuri lizingis mimarT moTxovnebi
gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis moTxovnebisagan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
am sakiTxSi qveynebi `sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben~. aseT dros
lizingi, miT ufro finansuri, scildeba erTi qveynis farglebs.
lizingis mTeli rigi obieqtebi – TviTmfrinavebi, axali Taobis
manqana-mowyobiloba, kompiuteruli teqnika da a.S., saerTaSoriso
lizingur brunvaSia moqceuli. ganviTarebad qveynebs m.S.
saqarTvelos sul ufro da ufro sWirdebaT, miiRon isini
lizingiT ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. aseT dros, lizingis
kanonmdebloba maTTan `sxvadasxva enazea dawerili~. aseTma
mdgomareobam karga xniT Seaferxa saerTaSoriso lizingis
ganviTareba. marTalia, aseTi operaciebi sruldeboda, magram
mTeli rigi sakiTxebi iwvevda davas da maT gadasawyvetad saWiro
xdeboda saerTaSoriso arbitraJis Careva. 1988 wels Seiqmna
konvencia _ `saerTaSoriso finansuri lizingis Sesaxeb~
(SemoklebiT mas unidruas konvencias uwodeben). am konvenciiT
moxda lizingis internacionalizacia da lizingur SeTanxmebaTa
pirobebis da iuridiuli cnebebis unifikacia. sasurvelia,
saqarTvelom sabolood moiwesrigos lizingis sakiTxebze
Seqmnili mTeli erovnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da amisaTvis
77
saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyenos zemoT dasaxelebuli unidruas
konvencia.
Nnana bibilaSviliNnana bibilaSviliNnana bibilaSviliNnana bibilaSvili dasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi aspeqtidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi aspeqtidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi aspeqtidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi aspeqti
postkomunistur qveynebSipostkomunistur qveynebSipostkomunistur qveynebSipostkomunistur qveynebSi
dasaqmebis procesTa regulireba Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da socialuri problemaa. swored
amgvar procesTa regulireba TamaSobs ganmsazRvrel rols ama
Tu im qveynis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebis,
TiToeuli moqalaqis profesiuli SesaZleblobebis formireba-
ganviTarebisa da pirovnebis Camoyalibebasa da mis gamovlenaSi.
dasaqmebas, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikuri movle-
naa, gaaCnia rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve demografiuli da
socialuri Sinaarsi. es, umTavresad, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom
ramdenadac dasaqmeba damokidebulia ekonomikur da demografiul
procesebze, is gvevlineba, rogorc socialuri politikis na-
wili.
cnobilia, rom ama Tu im qveynis dasaqmebis mdgomareoba,
garkveulwilad, axasiaTebs misi ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da xal-xis keTildReobis doneebs.
dasaqmeba iseTi urTierTobebis erTobliobaa, romelic
gansazRvravs mosaxleobis SromiT saqmianobaSi monawileobis mas-
Stabebs. igi gvevlineba, rogorc Sromis bazris regulirebis
umniSvnelovanesi faqtori da mosaxleobis Sromis procesSi
CarTvis ganzomilebis daxasiaTebasTan erTad, gamoxatavs ara
marto muSakebze arsebuli sazogadoebrivi, aramed iseTi piradi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis xarisxs, rogoricaa anazRaure-badi samuSao adgilebis povnisa da Semosavlebis miRebis survi-lebi.
specialur literaturaSi dasaqmebis cnebis qveS igu-
lisxmeba moqalaqeTa iseTi sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli saqmia-
noba, romelic dakavSirebulia piradi da sazogadoebrivi moT-
xovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan da romelsac, rogorc wesi, mo-aqvs SromiTi Semosavali.
saqarTveloSi dasaqmebis Sesaxeb amJamad arsebuli kanonis
mixedviT, dasaqmebulad iTvleba yvela is fizikuri piri,
78
romelic, piradi da sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-
lebis mizniT, eweva kanoniT aukrZalav saqmianobas da anazRau-
rebas iRebs fuladi an naturaluri formiT.
ekonomikaSi, dasaqmebulebis SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabmis we-
sis mixedviT, dasaqmebulTa simravle iyofa Semdeg jgufebad:
a) daqiravebuli pirebi. maT miekuTvnebaT sakuTari samuSao
Zalis gayidvis Sedegad dasaqmebuli pirebi;
b) samuSaos mimcemi. maT miekuTvnebaT mewarmeebi, romlebic
sakuTari samewarmeo unaris realizebas axdenen;
g) TviTdasaqmebulebi. maT miekuTvnebaT pirebi, romlebic
muSaoben sakuTar sawarmoSi an sakuTar meurneobaSi mogebis an
ojaxuri Semosavlis (fuliT an naturiT) miRebis mizniT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos gadayvanam administraciul-
mbrZanebluri ekonomikidan sabazro urTierTobebze, dasaqmebis
sferoSic moiTxova reformebis gatareba. msoflio gamocdilebis
gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavda dasaqmebis ZiriTadi principebi,
romlebic Taviseburad aisaxa saqarTvelos konstituciasa da
Cveni qveynis mosaxleobis dasaqmebis Sesaxeb miRebul specialur
kanonSi.
pirveli principis pirveli principis pirveli principis pirveli principis mixedviT, Sroma saqarTveloSi nebayof-
lobiT xasiaTs atarebs. es imas niSnavs, rom Cveni qveynis moqa-
laqeebs gaaCniaT ufleba, Tavisuflad gankargon warmoebrivi da
SemoqmedebiTi Sromis sakuTari unari.
meore principimeore principimeore principimeore principi gulisxmobs saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas
qveyanaSi iseTi pirobebis Seqmnaze, romlebic aucilebelia moqa-
laqeTa SromiTi uflebebis realizaciisaTvis.
mesamemesamemesamemesame principiprincipiprincipiprincipi dasaqmebis problemebis gadawyvetisadmi
kompleqsur midgomas gulisxmobs. igi asaxavs yvela donis
saxelisuflebo organoebis qmedebaTa koordinacias; saxelmwifo
regulirebisa da sabazro TviTregulirebis meqanizmebis
urTierTqmedebas; biujetebis finansuri SesaZleblobebis, arasa-
biujeto fondebis, agreTve, sawarmoTa, sazogadoebriv gaerTiane-
baTa da moqalaqeebis saxsrebis gamoyenebas; ekonomikuri da soci-
aluri efeqtianobis miRwevas specialuri programebis xarjze.
dasaqmebisa da Sromis bazris regulirebis procesebma spe-
cifikuri niSnebi SeiZina postkomunistur qveynebSi.
79
am qveynebis mosaxleobis dasaqmebis sferoebSi bolo aTwle-
ulSi sruliad axali situaciebi Seiqmna: SromiTi resursebis Ta-
visufali wesiT daqiravebisa da daTxovnis safuZvelze formir-
deba dasaqmebis axali modelebi; SromiTi resursebis gamoyenebis
sferoSi viTardeba sabazro urTierTobebi; mwvave socialur-eko-
nomikuri krizisis pirobebSi adgili aqvs umuSevrobis donis
zrdis tendencias, Cndeba Sromis siWarbe da sxvadasxva saxeobis
umuSevroba. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveynebSi mimdinare reformebma
gamoiwvia SromiTi resursebis stiqiuri gadanawileba, romlis-
Tvisac ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia TviTdasaqmebulebis, forma-
lurad an komerciul seqtorSi dasaqmebulebisa da umuSevrebis
odenobis gazrda, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxov-
nobis mudmiv SemcirebasTan erTad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Sromis bazris marTva (rogorc dasaq-
mebaze moqmedi RonisZiebebis organizebuli sistema) unda war-
moadgendes postkomunistur qveynebSi mimdinare radikaluri eko-
nomikuri reformebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas.
cnobilia, rom saxelmwifo politikisadmi konkretuli mid-
gomis gansazRvra dasaqmebis sferoSi iTvaliswinebs Sromis ba-
zarze Tavmoyrili tendenciebis kvlevas, maTi formirebis mizez-
Ta analizs, agreTve, Zalze mwvave da damangreveli umuSevrobis
formebis gamovlenas.
imisaTvis, rom Sromis bazarze pirobebi gaumjobesdes da
moxdes sazogadoebis yvelaze daucveli fenebis gadarCena, Cveni
azriT, aucilebelia saxelmwifo mizanmimarTulad Caerios dasaq-
mebisa da Sromis bazris sferoebSi (anu ganxorcieldes am
sferoebis saxelmwifo regulireba). amitom migvaCnia, rom rac
ufro male moxdeba Cvens qveyanaSi dasaqmebis sferos marTvis ga-
aqtiureba swori saxelmwifo politikis gatarebis gziT, miT
ufro meti iqneba imis albaToba, rom SesamCnevad aRmoifxvras
respublikaSi amJamad arsebuli masiuri umuSevroba.
madona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvili
ekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebi
80
saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis safuZvlebi gansazRvru-
lia ganviTarebis erovnuli programiT. igi iTvaliswinebs qveynis
grZelvadiani, saSualovadiani da moklevadiani ganviTarebis
prognozebs. prognozebi da koncefciebi ki gamoiyeneba erovnuli
ekonomikis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebis dasad-
genad, romelSic aisaxeba Semdegi sakiTxebi: makroekonomikuri,
instituciuri, socialuri, regionuli, investiciuri, struqtu-
ruli, agraruli, ekologiuri, socialuri, saerTaSoriso.
saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi Semadgeneli
nawili swored ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebaa. igi war-
moadgens sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da makontrolebeli
xasiaTis RonisZiebebs, romelsac Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebebi
da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi axorcieleben qveynis stabili-
zaciisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
Teoriulad, cneba _ ”saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politika”
ufro farToa, vidre cneba _ ”ekonomikis saxelmwifo regu-
lireba”, radgan pirveli SeiZleba dafuZnebuli iyos agreTve
saxelmwifos Caurevlobis principze sameurneo cxovrebaSi. Tumca
dResdReobiT saxelmwifos Caurevloba socialur-ekonomikur
procesSi warmoudgenelia. Tanamedrove etapze sakiTxi ganixileba
ara imdenad, ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis aucileblobis,
aramed regulirebis masStabebis, formebisa da intensivobis
Sesaxeb. saxelmwifo regulirebis obieqturi SesaZlebloba
iqmneba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, warmoebisa da kapitalis
koncentraciis garkveuli donis miRwevisas, xolo aucilebloba,
romelic am SesaZleblobas realobad aqcevs, aris is problemebi
da siZneleebi, romelic ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis
gadasawyvetia.
dReisaTvis saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politika ekonomikuri
kvlavwarmoebis Semadgenelia. misi saSulebiT SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxva amocanis gadawyveta, rogoricaa: ekonomikuri zrdis
stimulireba, dasaqmebis regulireba, dargobrivi da regionuli
struqturebis progresireba, eqsportis mxardaWera. ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulirebis konkretuli mimarTulebebi, formebi,
masStabebi ganpirobebulia konkretul periodSi, konkretuli
81
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis xasiaTiTa
da simZafriT.
ekonomikuri politikis saxesxvaobebis erTiani, sayovelTaod
miRebuli klasifikacia ar arsebobs. Tumca, pirobiTad, igi iyofa
liberalur, regulirebad da mobilizaciur saxeebad.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifom Tavis Tavze
unda aiRos da ekonomikuri politikis mTavar miznad daisaxos is
problemebi da amocanebi, romelsac bazari damoukideblad ver
wyvets. am midgomiT, saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis miznebi
emTxveva sabazro ekonomikis regulirebis saxelmwifo miznebs.
sakmaod konstruqciulia pragmatuli midgoma, romlis
safuZvelzec saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis mizani mdgoma-
reobs ekonomikuri situaciis stabiluri da gawonasworebuli
pirobebis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebaSi, ekonomikur Tavisuflebasa
da ekonomikur TanasworobaSi, socialur daculobasa da
socialur-ekonomikur efeqturobaSi, fasebis donis stabilu-
robasa da SromiTi dasaqmebis maRal doneSi, ekonomikur zrdasa
da sagareo savaWro operaciebis dabalansebaSi.
miuxedavad yvela zemoT CamoTvlili miznebis aucileblo-
bisa da safuZvlianobisa, SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo ekonomikuri
politikis mTeli sistemis damaxasiaTebeli amocanebisa da
problemebis amowurva. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom arsebobdes
sxva miznebic, romelic am statiaSi ar ganvixileT da romelic,
garkveuli qveynis ekonomikis specifikidan gamomdinare, xeli-
suflebis mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens.
Mmarine gumberiZeMmarine gumberiZeMmarine gumberiZeMmarine gumberiZe
Tanamedrove msoflios demografiuliTanamedrove msoflios demografiuliTanamedrove msoflios demografiuliTanamedrove msoflios demografiuli
politikapolitikapolitikapolitika
ganviTarebadi qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
sirTuleebma prioritetuli gaxada demografiul politikaze
zrunva.Ddemografiuli politika aris demografiuli procesebis
regulirebis sferoSi mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba.Eekonomikuri
ganviTarebis done, garkveulwilad, gansazRvravs aRniSnuli
politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. dasavleTis ganviTarebuli
82
qveynebis poziciis mixedviT mosaxleobis ricxovnobaze
kontroli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis auci-
lebeli pirobaa. 1990 wels qalaq hiustonSi miRebul erTobliv
komunikeSi calsaxadaa aRniSnuli, rom rig ganviTarebad
qveynebSi aucilebelia, mosaxleobis ricxvi ekonomikur resur-
sebTan balansSi imyofebodes. aRniSnuli, ra Tqma unda, ar unda
gavrceldes saqarTveloze, sadac isedac sagangaSo demo-
grafiuli situaciaa.
demografiuli politika _ es aris saxelmwifo organoebisa
da sxva socialuri institutebis mier mosaxleobis kvlavwarmo-
ebis regulirebis sferoSi mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba. demogra-
fiuli situaciidan gamomdinare, igi ori mimarTulebiT SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes, _ pirveli mimarTulia Sobadobis gazrdisken,
rac damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis,
xolo meore _ Sobadobis Semcirebaze, rac ZiriTadad
ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri politika
orientirebulia ekonomikur RonisZiebebze da mimarTulia
Sobadobis stimulirebisken. aRniSnuli ekonomikuri RonisZiebe-
bis arsenali moicavs fulad dotaciebs – yovelTviur
daxmarebebs ojaxze; SeRavaTebs martoxela dedebisTvis da a.S. im
qveynebSi, sadac Zlieria eklesiis gavlena (irlandia, aSS,
poloneTi) muSavdeba kanonebi, romelTa ZaliTac mkacrad isjeba
orsulobis Sewyveta da aborti.
Tanamedrove etapze demografiuli procesebi sxvadasxva
socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT
viTardeba. Tavis mxriv ki, demografiuli procesebi aqtiur
gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoze.
Aase, magaliTad, Sobadobis dabali done iwvevs sapensio asakis
mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdas, rac mniSvnelovnad amwvavebs
`mamebisa da Svilebis~ problemas. Sobadobis donis rxevadoba,
droTa ganmavlobaSi, Sromis bazarze iwvevs dasaqmebis, umu-
Sevrobis problemebs, aseve qveyanaSi damnaSaveobis zrdas da a.S.
dRemde yvela sxva qveyanaSi, sadac saqarTvelos msgavsi
demografiuli situaciaa,GZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ojaxebze mate-
rialuri daxmarebebi, Semweobebi da a. S. magram, rogorc istoria
83
aCvenebs, aseTi RonisZiebebis efeqturoba didi ar aris. saWiroa
ufro mizanmimarTuli, radikaluri, ekonomikuri da socialuri
cvlilebebis gatareba sazogadoebis yvela sfroSi, raTa
amaRldes ojaxis institutis, mravalSviliani ojaxebis prestiJi,
anu, saWiroa daxvewili demografiuli politikis gatareba.
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria demografiuli politikis gata-
reba ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadac Sobadobis maRali tempe-
bia.Bbevr qveyanaSi misi realizacia ver xerxdeba finansebis
simwirisa da mravalSvilianobis tradiciebis gamo. muslimanuri
qveynebis umravlesobaSi xelisufleba saerTod uaryofs
saxelmwifos mxridan raime saxis zemoqmedebas ojaxis ganvi-
Tarebis saqmeSi.
mosaxloebis martivi kvlavwarmoeba, anu `nulovani zrda~ _
demografiuli politikis mizani ganviTarebad qveynebSi _
Teoriulad dasaSvebia, Tu yoveli ojaxi iyoliebs saSualod
or-sam Svils, Tumca, aseTi mdgomareobis miRweva arcTu ise
advilia. aRniSnuli metad aqtualuria saqarTvelosTvis, raTa
Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi Tavi gadavirCinoT da
maradiulad, kacobriobis aRsasrulamde iarsebos qarTulma
genma.
ekaterine guluaekaterine guluaekaterine guluaekaterine gulua
saqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebissaqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebissaqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebissaqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebiperspeqtivebiperspeqtivebiperspeqtivebi
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri tendenciebi _ globaluri
problemebi _ msoflio birJebis, globaluri finansuri bazrebis
ryevebi, energomatareblebze fasebis inflacia, msoflio Warb-
warmoebis problemebi _ aqtualurs xdis, aqcentebi gakeTdes
qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis, mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis,
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxebze yvela aspeqtSi. saqarTve-
los ekonomika mniSvnelovani perspeqtivebis, mravali arCevanis
winaSea. kvlavac fiqris sagania saqarTvelos ekonomikis Tanabar-
zomieri, mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.
arsebuli politikuri da socialuri realobidan gamomdi-
nare, umniSvnelovanesia saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdis uzrun-
velyofa. eqspertuli SefasebebiT, saqarTvelos ekonomikis swraf
84
zrdas bolo wlebSi ganapirobebda kapitalis importi (pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebi da fuladi gzavnilebi), SinameurneobaTa
moxmareba da mTavrobis danaxarjebis zrda. amave dros, ucxouri
eqspertebis daskvnebiT SemaSfoTebelia saqarTvelos savaWro
balansis deficitis zrdis tempebi. uaryofiTma sagareo savaWro
balansma 67.3%-iT gadaaWarba wina wlis analogiur maCvenebels.
2006 wels Seadgina mSp-s 23.8%. amave dros, eqsportis zrdis tempi
CamorCa rogorc wina wlebis, ise importis zrdis maCvenebels.
aseve erTcifrian niSnuls gascda inflaciis tempi. amave dros,
saqarTvelos sagareo vali Seadgens mSp-s 21.3%-s. 2002 wels igi
iyo 51.5%.
mdgradi, saSualo da grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrda unda
daefuZnos investiciebs sawarmoo simZlavreebSi da eqsports,
romelic afarToebs bazars da specializaciidan efeqts zrdis.
aseT pirobebSi, qveynis fardobiTi upiratesobebis dasadge-
nad, aqtualuria siRrmiseuli seqtoruli analizi.
saqarTvelos industriuli warsuli sakmaod mravlismTqme-
lia, miuxedavad sxva qveynebze absoluturi damokidebulebisa,
komunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi industria soflis
meurneobis Semdeg umTavres adgils ikavebda ekonomikis seqto-
rul struqturaSi. dRes misi aqtualoba erTi SexedviT TiTqos
Senelebulia, magram misi roli dRevandel ekonomikaSic mniSvne-
lovania. dRes mrewvelobis mier Seqmnili damatebiTi Rirebuleba
(C+D+E) mTliani Sida produqtis 12.4% (1 708.2 aTasi lari)
Seadgens da meore adgils ikavebs am mxriv seqtorebs Soris,
vaWrobis Semdeg (1878.6 aTasi lari).
2003 da 2006 wlebSi samrewvelo sawarmoTa ricxvi Semcirda.
2006 wels klebam Seadgiana 493 erTeuli. 2006 wlis monacemebiT
samrewvelo sawarmoTa ricxvia 4139.
Semcirda mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvi. nacvlad 2005
wels dasaqmebuli 94 300 kacisa, 2006 wels dasaqmebulTa ricxvma
Seadgiana 6% _ 90 300 kaci.
warmoebis moculobis seqciuri ganawileba aseTia: samTo-
mompovebel mrewvelobaze modis 8.5% gadamamuSavebel mrewve-
lobaze _ 69.6%, eleqtroenergiis, airisa da wylis warmoebasa da
ganawilebaze _ 21.9%.
85
mrewvelobaSi brunvis moculobam Seadgina 3228.7 mln. lari;
saxelmwifo seqtorSi _ 654.4 mln. lari (20.3%); arasaxelmwifo
seqtorSi _ 2574.3 mln. lari. brunvis 50.1% modioda kerZo
adgilobriv fizikur da iuridiul pirebze, xolo 29.7% _ kerZo
ucxoel fizikur da iuridiul pirebze. msxvil firmebSi brunvis
moculobam Seadgina 2812.8 mln. lari (87.1%), saSualoSi _ 251.1
mln. lari (7.8%), xolo mcireSi _ 164,8 mln.lari (5.1%)
samrewvelo produqciis warmoeba (C+D+E) zrdis tendenciiT
xasiaTdeba [2006 wels Seadgina 2 757.3 milioni lari (moqmed
fasebSi)] miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
politika mrewvelobisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ar
gamoirCeva.
eqsportis amJamindeli struqtura garkveulwilad asaxavs
qveyanaSi fardobiTi upiratesobis mqone sferoebs. kerZod,
saqarTvelos saeqsporto produqciaSi mrewvelobis wili
mniSvnelovania da moicavs feroSenadnobebs, spilenZis madnebsa
da koncentratebs, safren aparatebs (SekeTeba-remonti), daumu-
Savebel da naxevraddamuSavebul oqros, mineralur an qimiur
azotovan sasuqebs, yurZnis naturalur Rvinoebs, maTma wilma
Seadgina 22%. 2007 wels gansakuTrebiT gaizarda cementis da sxva
saSeni masalebis eqsportic, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa,
qveyanas hqondes fardobiTi upiratesoba industriul seqtorSi,
rac sxva seqtorebis (soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba, vaWroba da
a.S) ganviTarebasac Seuqmnida myar dasayrdens.
aseve arsebobs postsabWouri qveynebis warmatebuli indus-
triuli ganviTarebis magaliTebic: gasul wels azerbaijansa da
TurqmeneTSi mrewvelobaze modioda mSp-s 35%, ruseTSi _ 30%, am
qveynebis bunebrivi upiratesoba aSkaraa, magram aris aseve CexeTis
magaliTic, sadac industria mSp-s 40%-s awarmoebs.
msoflios mimdinare da istoriuli gamocdilebebi mecnier-
Ta Tu praqtikosTa kvelevas met diapazons aniWebs. industriuli
ganviTareba, mogebis maRali normis maxasiTeblis, arasezo-
nurobis, avtomatizebuli sistemebis danergvis SesaZleblobis da
sxva mravali upiratesobis gamo, dResac mdgradi ganviTarebis
erT-erT sayrdenad miiCneva. amitomac, am gzaze gacilebiT meti
barieria aRmarTuli, vinaidan, msoflios industriuli produq-
86
ciis Warbwarmoeba, konkurentuli winaRobebi, msoflio bazrebi-
dan gamodevnis mZlavri konkurenciis uunaro qveynebis
produqcias, Tumca ver vityviT, rom es barierebi dauZlevelia,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erT dros iaponiis, xolo axlo warsulSi
aziuri vefxvebis, CineTisa Tu sxva erTi SexedviT ,,susti”
qveynebis ,,Tamam SeWrebs” msoflio bazrebze.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi
SezRudulia da masobrivi produqciis warmoebis SesaZleblobas
ar iZleva, saqarTvelos industriulma produqtma SesaZloa
Tavisi niSa msoflio bazarze im SemTxvevaSi ipovos, Tu
aqcentebi gakeTdeba maRalxarisxiani, saimedo, originaluri,
ZviradRirebuli produqciis warmoebaze da SeZlebs, daakmayo-
filos msoflios mosaxleobis is umciresoba, romelTa xelSi
Tavmoyrilia msoflio kerZo kapitalis 75%-ze meti. mniSvne-
lovani problema am gzaze adamianuri resursebis profesiuli
codnis gaumjobesebaa, riTac SesaZlebelia yvela sxva problemis
gadalaxva, rac xels uSlis qveynis ekonomikis winsvlas da im
bunebrivi, potenciuri upiratesobis gamoyenebas, rac qveyanas aqvs
geopolitikuri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare.
lina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvili
xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis ekonomikis xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis ekonomikis xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis ekonomikis xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis ekonomikis
aRorZinebis safuaRorZinebis safuaRorZinebis safuaRorZinebis safuZZZZveliveliveliveli
_ gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynisTvis, iseTi, rogorc
saqarTveloa, erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis erT-erT mniSvne-
lovan sferos investiciuri politikis sworad warmarTva
warmoadgens.
_ Tu gavaanalizebT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze myofi
saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur politikas, vnaxavT, rom investiciebi
sWirdeba ara marto ganviTarebad, aramed igi aucilebeli da
saWiroa ganviTarebuli qveynisTvisac, rogorc ekonomikis aRor-
Zinebis mZlavri saSualeba.
_ im qveynis mTavrobebi, romlebic maRal Sedegebs aRweven
ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, did mniSvnelobas aniWeben investiciebs,
rogorc qveynis ekonomikis gajansaRebis erT-erT efeqtur
87
RonisZiebas. saqarTvelosTvis investiciebis mozidva gansakuT-
rebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan man xeli unda Seuwyos qveyanaSi
umuSevrobis Semcirebas da, Sesabamisad, dasaqmebisa da Semo-
savlebis gadidebas, sabazro urTierTobaSi ucxouri gamocdi-
lebis gaziarebas, inovaciebis danergvas, saeqsporto poten-
cialisa da qveynis savaluto Semosavlebis zrdas da sxv.
_ investiciebis mozidvis saqmeSi udidesi roli eniWeba
sainvesticio garemos, romlis Sinaarsi rTuli da kompleqsuria,
amitom SeiZleba misi ganxilva sxvadasxva doneze.
_ makrodoneze ganxilvis dros yuradReba unda gamaxvildes
iseT faqtorebze, rogoricaa: investiciebis mimReb qveyanaSi
arsebuli realuri politikuri da ekonomikuri situaciebi,
socialuri klimati, saxelmwifo politika ucxour investicieb-
Tan damokidebulebaSi, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaTa dacvis tra-
dicia, myari saxelmwifo institutebi, saxelmwifoebrivi Carevis
xarisxi ekonomikaSi da sxva.
_ ekonomikur parametrebs Soris sainvesticio garemoze
gavlenas axdens qveynis ekonomikis saerTo mdgomareoba, qveynis
sakredito-safinanso sistema, valutis mdgomareoba (rogoria
savaluto kursis simyare), inflaciuri procesebis dinamika,
kreditis fasi (sagadasaxado procenti), partnioris gadaxdis-
unarianoba da sxva.
_ sainvesticio garemo mikrodoneze mJRavndeba ormxriv
urTierTobaSi _ investor firmebsa da investiciebis mimRebi
qveynis konkretul organoebs, sameurneo subieqtebs, mimwodebels,
myidvels, safinanso organoebsa da investiciebis mimRebi qveynis
SromiT koleqtivebs Soris. amasTan, sainvesticio garemos
ganzogadebuli Sefasebis konkretizacia investorma unda gaake-
Tos qveynis realuri ekonomikuri, iuridiuli da socialur-
kulturuli mdgomareobis Sesabamisad.
_ 1996-2007 wlebSi saqarTveloSi investiciebi ZiriTad
kapitalSi 718,2 mln. laridan 4805 mln. laramde gaizarda,
magram, 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo isev
saomar mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda ruseTTan, aseT viTarebaSi
investorebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben im faqts, Tu
ramdenad keTilsasurveli garemo arsebobs ama Tu im qveyanaSi
88
(mag., saqarTveloSi) kapitalis dabandebisaTvis, maT ainteresebT
im qveynis ekonomika, ideologia, politika da, rac mTavaria,
stabiluria Tu ara im qveyanaSi situacia, sadac isini apireben
investiciebis Cadebas. dRes saqarTveloSi arsebuli arasta-
biluri mdgomareoba investorebs afrTxobs, da marTlac, maTi
SiSi safuZvels moklebuli ar aris. safrTxe realuria, amitom
agvistos movlenebis Semdeg qveyanaSi investiciebis Semodinebam
iklo, investorebisaTvis saqarTveloSi dabandebul kapitalze
maRali riskis gamo.
_ investorisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs investiciis mimReb
qveyanaSi rogoria infrastruqturis ganviTarebis arsebuli
done. saqarTveloSi am mxriv bolo 5 weliwadSi garkveuli
dadebiTi tendenciebi SeiniSneboda, magram agvistos ramdenime-
dRianma omma, romelic ZiriTadad qveynis infrastruqturis
moSlisaken iyo mimarTuli, mdgomareoba gaauaresa. ekonomikis
ganviTarebis iseT pirobebSi, rogoric saqarTveloSia, investori
TviTon qmnis mikrogaremos, rac damatebiT danaxarjebTan aris
dakavSirebuli. amitom aRniSnuli faqti (infrastruqturis
ganviTarebis dabali done) problemas uqmnis investors,
daabandos kapitali aseT qveyanaSi da ganaxorcielos raime
sainvesticio proeqti.
_ investori investiciis mimReb qveyanaSi gansakuTrebiT
afasebs bazris sidides da tevadobas. es maCvenebeli, sxva
maxasiaTebelTan erTad, erT-erTi ZiriTadia, rodesac igi Tavisi
saqmianobisTvis ama Tu im regions irCevs da Tavis sawarmos qmnis
an sxva saxiT abandebs kapitals. sxvadasxva situaciis
(politikuri, socialuri, kriminogenuli da sxv.) stabilurobam
investors unda misces stimuli, Seqmnas axali sawarmoebi,
awarmoos produqcia da gaitanos bazarze. amdenad, investoris
saboloo mizani swored regionSi bazris ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobaa.
_ investori did yuradRebas aqcevs stabilur sagadasaxado
politikas, romelic emyareba gamarTul, dasabuTebul
sagadasaxado sistemas, rodesac sagadasaxado ganakveTebi myari
da realuria, amasTan, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ar
89
icvleba rigi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi araswori da dauxvewavi
formulirebiT.
_ CamoTvlili RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT myari sainvesticio politikis realizebam, saqarTveloSi
xeli unda Seuwyos qveynis ekonomikis Tanmimdevrul, mdgrad
ganviTarebas.
ekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSvili
saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia ekonomikurisaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia ekonomikurisaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia ekonomikurisaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia ekonomikuri
zrdis procesSizrdis procesSizrdis procesSizrdis procesSi
nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis erTi ekonomikuri sistemidan
meoreze gadasvla siZnelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. gamonaklisi arc
saqarTvelo aRmoCnda. qveynis ekonomikuri donis amsaxvel erT-
erT ZiriTad ganmazogadebel faqtors ekonomikuri zrdis maCve-
nebeli warmoadgens. rogorc viciT, ekonomikuri zrda mosax-
leobis cxovrebis donis zrdis Sesabamisad Seqmnili sargeblis
moculobis zrdas warmoadgens. ekonomikuri zrda maSinaa
efeqtiani, rodesac Sexamebulia socialuri stabiluroba da
socialuri optimizmi. aseTi zrda iTvaliswinebs mTeli rigi
miznebis miRwevas, kerZod: cxovrebis xangrZlivobis zrdas,
racionalur moxmarebas da moTxovnilebaTa ufro srul dakma-
yofilebas, cxovrebis doneebs Soris arsebul mkveTr gansxva-
vebasa da siRatakis daZlevas, maqsimaluri dasaqmebis miRwevas,
ekologiuri usafrTxoebisa da garemos dacvis xarisxis
amaRlebasa da sxv.
ekonomikuri zrdis kategorias mravali interpretacia
gaaCnia, yvelaze farTo gagebiT ki ekonomikuri zrda warmoebisa
da misi faqtorebis Sedegebis xarisxobriv da raodenobriv
cvlilebas warmoadgens. igi Tavis gamoxatulebas mTliani
erovnuli produqtis potenciuri da realuri moculobis zrdaSi
poulobs.
dResdReobiT ekonomikuri zrdis problemebi centralur
adgils ikavebs ekonomikur diskusiebsa da ganxilvaSi. warmoebis
realuri zrda saSualebas iZleva garkveuli xarisxiT mainc
gadaiWras yvela ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
90
problema, rac resursebis SezRudulobasa da adamianTa moTxov-
nilebebis ganuzRvrelobaSi mdgomareobs.
nebismieri Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sistemis normaluri
funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba
saxelmwifos. saxelmwifo, mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze,
marTlwesrigis dacvis, erovnuli usafrTxoebis (Tavdacvis)
amocanebis gverdiT, garkveul funqcias asrulebda ekonomikis
sferoSic. saxelmwifo regulirebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs.
jer kidev adreuli kapitalizmis etapze evropaSi arsebobda
centralizebuli kontroli fasebze, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
xarisxze, procentul ganakveTebsa da sagareo vaWrobaze.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvela saxelmwifo axorcielebs erovnuli
ekonomikis regulirebas, oRond Carevis sxvadasxva xarisxiT.
saxelmwifo ekonomikuri zrdis regulirebaSi mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs da amitom, aucilebelia, ganvixiloT saxelmwifo
regulirebis is RonisZiebebi, romelic yvelaze met masti-
mulirebels warmoadgens am procesisaTvis. yvela arsebuli
midgomis ganxilvis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
arsebobs rigi Taviseburebebi, romelTa daregulirebac metad
rTuli xdeba da amitomac, faqtobrivad, ekonomikuri zrdis
stimulireba ferxdeba. Cveni azriT, safuZvels moklebuli ar
iqneba im gzis arCeva, romelic dRevandel pirobebSi,
garkveulwilad, miesadageba arsebul situacias da mniSvnelovnad
daaCqarebs ekonomikuri zrdis temps. aseT saSualebad mecnierTa
nawili industriul politikas miiCnevs, romlis meSveobiTac
saxelmwifo aqtiur rols iTamaSebs mrewvelobis struqruris
formirebaSi. mas SesaZlebloba eqneba gaataros iseTi
RonisZiebani, romlebic daaCqareben maRalmwarmoebluri dargebis
ganviTarebas da xels Seuwyoben resursebis gadaadgilebas
dabalmwarmoebluri dargebidan. mTavrobas aseve saSualeba
eqneba, gazardos Tavis xarjebi fundamentur gamokvlevebsa da
damuSavebebze, rac, Tavis mxriv teqnikuri progresis
stimulirebas gamoiwvevs. ganaTlebaze xarjebis zrda ki xels
Seuwyobs samuSao Zalis xarisxis amaRlebas da Sromis nayo-
fierebis zrdas.
91
ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebis meTodebis mraval-
gvarobisa da sirTulis miuxedavad, ekonomistTa absoluturi
umravlesoba eTanxmeba im azrs, rom ekonomikuri zrdis tempis
gadideba Zalian rTuli amocanaa, vinaidan kapitaltevadoba da
dazogvisaken midrekileba Znelad eqvemdebareba regulirebas.
Catarebuli analizi, rogorc vxedavT, saSualebas gvaZlevs
vaRiaroT, rom eqstensiurma gzam didi xania amowura Tavisi Tavi.
Cvens pirobebSi mas mxolod CixSi mivyavarT da aranair Sanss ar
iZleva ekonomikuri aRorZinebisaTvs. amitom, ekonomikuri zrdis
tempis Secvla da meurneobis ganviTareba-wayvana intensiuri
ganviTarebis gziT obieqturi aucileblobiT aris ganpirobebuli.
amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom eqstensiurma gzam moamzada
naidagi ganviTarebis axali tipis (intensiuri) aRmocenebisaTvis.
Seiqmna ra bazisi axali ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis, eqstensiurma gzam udidesi wvlili Seitana msoflio
ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.
nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili
adapturi molodinis makroekonometrikuliadapturi molodinis makroekonometrikuliadapturi molodinis makroekonometrikuliadapturi molodinis makroekonometrikuli
modelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxeb
ekonometrika ekonomikis kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
da prestiJuli mimarTulebaa. igi sakmaod swrafad afarToebs
gamoyenebis sferoebs. ekonometrikis saSualebiT ekonomikur
Teoriaze dafuZnebuli zogadi xarisxobrivi kanonzomierebebi
raodenobrivad gamoisaxeba, rac praqtikuli daskvnebisTvis,
rogorc wesi, metad Rirebuli informaciis Semcvelia.
ekonometrikuli modelirebis dros SesaZlebelia ekonomika
danawevrdes Sesaswavli obieqtis mixedviT da Sesabamisi
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT aigos modeli. amjerad
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT makroekonomikuri modelis Sesaxeb,
romelic droiTi faqtoris gavlenas iTvaliswinebs da
Sesabamisad, dinamikuri modelebis klass miekuTvneba. kerZod,
ganvixiloT adapturi molodinis modeliadapturi molodinis modeliadapturi molodinis modeliadapturi molodinis modeli.
molodinis modelireba gamoyenebiT ekonomikaSi sakmaod
rTuli amocanaa, gansakuTrebiT makroekonomikaSi, sadac inves-
92
ticia, danazogi da aqtivebze moTxovna molodinis mimarT
sakmaod mgrZnobiareni arian. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom amJamad
makroekonomikuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad molodinis gazomvis
damakmayofilebeli meTodebi ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, makro-
ekonomikuri modelirebis saSualebiT maRali sizustis prognozi
ver miiReba, rac, Tavis mxriv, ekonomikis marTvas arTulebs.
problemis gadasawyvetad sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven. isini
makroekonomikuri modelis Sesabamisad SeirCevian.
zogierT makroekonomikur modelSi molodinis problemis
gadasawyvetad arapirdapiri meTodi gamoiyeneba, romelic
`adapturi molodinis procesis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
adapturi molodinis procesi molodinis martiv koreqtirebas,
gulisxmobs. martivi koreqtirebisas drois nebismier periodSi
cvladis realuri mniSvneloba mis mosalodnel mniSvnelobasTan
mimarTebaSi ganixileba. Tu realuri mniSvneloba mosalodnelze
meti aRmoCnda, maSin molodinis koreqtireba matebisken xdeba,
xolo Tu naklebi _ Semcirebisken. amasTan, igulisxmeba, rom
koreqtirebis sidide cvladis realuri da mosalodneli
mniSvnelobebis sxvaobis proporciulia. e.i. Tu ganixileba x
cvladi, xolo etx misi mosalodneli mniSvnelobaa t periodSi,
maSin
)(1ett
et
et xxxx −=−+ λ , (0≤λ≤1) (1)
sxvaobiT moxdeba martivi koreqtireba. aq λ proporciulobis
koeficientis rols asrulebs. (1) gamosaxuleba gadavweroT
Semdegnairad: ett
et xxx )1(1 λλ −+=+ , (0≤λ≤1). (2)
maSasadame, (2)-is Tanaxmad, momavali periodis
mosalodneli mniSvneloba mimdinare periodis faqtobriv da
mosalodnel mniSvnelobaTa saSualo Sewonili sididis saxiT
ganisazRvreba. rac didia λ–s mniSvneloba, miT swrafia
mosalodneli mniSvnelobis wina periodis realur mniSvne-
lobasTan adaptireba da, piriqiT, Tu λ–s mniSvneloba mcirea,
adaptirebis procesi droSi Wianurdeba da Tavs iCens sxvadasxva
sirTule.
93
adapturi molodinis modeli, garkveulwilad, dakavSi-
rebulia nawilobriv koreqtirebis modelTan, amitom praqtikuli
gaTvlebis dros misi ganxilvac mizanSewonilia. aRsaniSnavia,
rom adapturi molodinis procesi momavalzea mimarTuli da
gamosaxulebis gamoyvana, romelic mxolod cvladebis dakvir-
vebad mniSvnelobebs moicavs, SedarebiT iolia. adapturi
molodinis modeli amtkicebs, rom cvladis mosalodneli
mniSvneloba am cvladis wina periodebis faqtobriv mniSvne-
lobaTa geometriulad klebadi wonis saSualo Sewonil sidides
warmoadgens.
Tavdapirvelad adapturi molodinis modeli realur
fulad naSTze moTxovnisa da fasebis donis mosalodnel
cvlilebas Soris Sesabamisobis dadgenisTvis SeimuSaves
(f.keigani). fulad naSTze moTxovnis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli
faqtoria misi Senaxvis xarji, rac realur gamosaxulebaSi
arsebuli naRdi fulis gaufasurebiTaa gamowveuli. dauSves, rom
aRniSnuli faqtori maRali inflaciis dros mTavaria. toloba
Semdegnairad Camoyalibda:
log(M/P)t=-αEt+1-γ+ut, (3)
sadac: M aris mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masis cvlilebis
indeqsi; P - fasebis indeqsi; log(M/P) – realur fulad naSTze
moTxovnis logariTmi; E – inflaciis mosalodeli done; α da γ – ucnobi parametrebi.
E cvladi dakvirvebadi araa, amitom misi
)(1 ttt ECE −=∆ + β adapturi molodinis gamosaxulebiT Seavses. es
ukanaskneli t periodSi inflaciis donis mosalodnel cvlilebas
gansazRvravs, rogorc realuri inflaciis mimdinare donisa da
ganWvretili donis sxvaobis wils. Sesabamisad, E Semdegnairad
gamoisaxeba:
[ ]...)1()1()1( 22
11 +−+−+=−+= −−+ tttttt CCCECE βββββ .
igi CavsvaT (3)-Si, riTac regresiul
[ ] ttttt uCCCPM +−+−+−+−= −− γββαβ ...)1()1()/log( 22
1 models
miviRebT.
adapturi molodinis modelis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil
gamoyenebas fridmenis mudmivi Semosavlebis hipoTezaze dafuZ-
94
nebuli moxmarebis modeli warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi
mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba gacilebiT efeqtians gaxdis marTvis
process.
iza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauri
Ggardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtGgardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtGgardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtGgardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani iani iani iani dasaqmebis dasaqmebis dasaqmebis dasaqmebis
modificirebuli modelis Sesaxebmodificirebuli modelis Sesaxebmodificirebuli modelis Sesaxebmodificirebuli modelis Sesaxeb
G ganasxvaveben sruli dasaqmebisa da efeqtiani dasaqmebis
modelebs.
sruli dasaqmebis modeli, klasikuri formiT, funqcio-
nirebda yofil socialistur qveynebSi. im dros umuSevroba ar
arsebobda. yvela Sromisunariani, gamonaklisebis garda, dasaqme-
buli iyo. dasaqmebaze zrunavda saxelmwifo. saxelmwifo qmnida
samuSao adgilebs, anawilebda maT momuSaveebze, romelTa umetes
nawilsac muSebi Seadgendnen. Uuxdida maT xelfasebs. xelfasi
dasaqmebulTa da maTi ojaxebis arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo.
gansxvavebiT sruli dasaqmebis socialisturi modelisagan,
romelSic erTaderTi damqiravebeli saxelmwifo iyo da
daqiravebulebs Sroma unazRaurdebodaT erovnuli Semosavlis
nawilidan _ xelfasis fondidan, _ `Sromis anazRaurebis
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli ganakveTebis safuZvelze’’. efeqtiani
dasaqmebis sabazro modeli asaxavs SromiTi xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze Camoyalibebul damokidebulebas damqiraveblebsa da
daqiravebulebs Soris. daqiravebulTa Sromis anazRaureba xdeba
damqiravebelTa Semosavlebidan, daqiravebulTa Sromis raode-
nobisa da xarisxis Sesabamisad, maTi Sromis saboloo Sedegebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. efeqtiani dasaqmebis sabazro modelis mixedviT,
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-miwodeba, upiratesad, sabazro meqaniz-
mebiTaa gawonasworebuli; dasaqmebasTan erTad, daSvebulia
umuSevrobac; saxelmwifos valdebulebaa umuSevrobis bunebriv
doneze SenarCuneba; gaTvaliswinebulia profkavSirebis aqtiuri
roli; qveynis SigniT profesiuli da teritoriuli mobilurobis
xarisxi maRalia.
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi sruli dasaqmebis so-
cialisturi modeli Secvala efeqturi dasaqmebis modifi-
95
cirebulma sabazro modelma. am qveynebSi efeqtiani dasaqmebis
sabazro modelis modificireba ukavSirdeba dasaqmebis makro-
ekonomikur warsuls, mimdinare periodis ekonomikur kriziss da
dasaqmebis mikroekonomikur myofadsa da momavals.
makroekonomikuri warsulidan, didi qonebis patroni da
erTaderTi damsaqmebeli – saxelmwifo, dasaqmebulTa menta-
liteti da Sromis motivacia sami umniSvnelovanesi, grZelvadiani
efeqtebis matarebeli faqtoria. maTi zemoqmedeba Sromis bazris
funqcionirebasa da dasaqmebaze arsebiTi iyo Tavidanve da
aqtualuria amJamadac.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri krizisis gavlena
dasaqmebaze gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi. ekonomikuri krizi-
si gaamwvava sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis reformirebam da
ekonomikuri kavSirebis rRvevam, inflaciurma procesebma da
umZimesma socialurma fonma. moqmedi sawarmoebi gaCerda, axali
ver Seiqmna, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis didi nawili umuSevari
darCa, ramac Tavisi koreqtivebi Seitana efeqtiani dasaqmebis
sabazro modelSi, Seqmna Sromaze moTxovna-miwodebis disbalansi
da Secvala samuSao Zalaze faswarmoqmnis meqanizmi.
ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
farTomasStabiani dasaqmebis wamaxalisebel RonisZiebebs, profe-
siuli da teritoriuli mobilurobis waxalisebas, umuSevarTa
dacvas, samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis stimulirebas da sxv. rac
Seexeba saxelmwifos aqtiur rols, igi SenarCundeba manam, sanam
ar Seiqmneba Sesabamisi infrastruqtura, masStaburi ar gaxdeba
kerZo sakuTreba, sanam ar gveqneba kerZo sakuTrebis dacvis
srulfasovani meqanizmi, ar ganviTardeba konkurencia da mobi-
luri ar gaxdeba samuSao Zala qveynis SigniT da saerTaSoriso
masStabiT. Ggarda amisa, gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi kvla-
vac aqtualuria samuSao Zalis moTxovnasa da miwodebaze
zemoqmedeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. kerZod, samuSao Zalaze
moTxovna rom gaizardos, aucilebelia – axali efeqtiani
samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, mewarmeobis ganviTareba (mcire
sawarmoebis masiurad Seqmnis stimulireba), anazRaurebadi
sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis organizeba, SezRuduli SesaZleblo-
bebis adamianebisaTvis samuSao adgilebis Seqmna da sxv. rac
96
Seexeba samuSao Zalis miwodebas, misi gazrdisaTvis aucilebelia
personalis profesiul-kvalificiuri donis sistematiurad
amaRleba, TviTdasaqmebis ganviTareba, migraciuli procesebis
regulireba da sxv.
xaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZe saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: ganviTarebissaqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: ganviTarebissaqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: ganviTarebissaqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: ganviTarebis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebiTeoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebiTeoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebiTeoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebi
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ganviTareba, ekonomikis funqcioni-
rebis efeqturobis amaRleba da Tanamedrove sabazro infra-
struqturis Seqmna SeuZlebelia ekonomikis regulirebis iseTi
mniSvnelovani instrumentis gareSe, rogoricaa – ekonomikis
sajaro seqtori.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis problemuri sakiT-
xebis gadasaWrelad mniSvnelovania ara mxolod ucxouri
qveynebis sasargeblo gamocdilebis gamoyeneba, aramed am
gamocdilebis saqarTvelos erovnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvalis-
winebiT gamoyeneba.
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebis odenoba mniSvne-
lovnad Semcirda 90-ani wlebis da XXI saukunis axali
aTwleulis reformebis Sedegad.Mxolo misi funqcionaluri
mniSvneloba ki gaizarda, radgan socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis
transformaciis da sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis
Tanamedrove etapze saxelmwifo sakuTrebisa da, kerZod, sajaro
seqtoris gavlena ekonomikasa da mTlianad sazogadoebaze
vlindeba ekonomikis sabazro infrastruqturis Seqmnis
aucileblobasa da misi socialuri Semadgenlis gaZlierebaSi,
integraciul da globalizaciur procesebSi saxelmwifos
aqtiuri monawileobis, saxelmwifoTa Soris konkurenciis
gamkacrebis da Tanamedrove geopolitikur da geoekonomikur
problemebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis pirobebSi.
amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove etapze umniSvne-
lovanesi sakiTxia saqarTvelos politikuri, ekonomikuri, energe-
tikuli, samxedro da teritoriuli usafrTxoeba.
97
saxelmwifo politikis mimarTulebebis srulyofa mWidro
kavSirSia saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtoris funqcio-
nirebis optimaluri da efeqturi miznebis da principebis
gansazRvrasTan.
ase, magaliTad, saqarTvelos mTavrobis programa _ (2008 –
2012) “saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe” _ ganixilavs saxelmwifos
mTavrobis saqmianobis Semdeg ZiriTad miznebs:
- mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa;
- erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da sruli teri-
toriuli da samoqalaqo reintegracia.
zemoT aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad saqarTvelos mTavro-
bis saqmianobisa da yuradRebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs
warmoadgens sajaro seqtori. kerZod ki, _ saqarTvelos sajaro
seqtorSi Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba:
1. sajaro seqtoris dafuZneba Rirsebaze damyarebul princi-
pebze:
- saqarTvelos sajaro seqtoris marTvis principebis miax-
loeba kerZo seqtoris marTvis principebTan misi efeq-
tianobis gazrdis mizniT;
- sajaro samsaxurSi sakontraqto sistemis elementebis
danergva;
- sajaro institutebis saqmianobis Sefasebis gazomvadi
meqanizmebis da monitoringis mkafio kriteriumebis
danergva, ris Sedegadac miiReba mcire, moqnili, gamWvir-
vale, efeqtiani sajaro samsaxuri;
- maRali Tanamdebobis pirebze gansakuTrebuli zedamxedve-
lobis sistemis Seqmna.
2. antikorufciuli reformebis SenarCuneba da gaaqtiureba:
- sajaro samsaxurSi qonebrivi da finansuri deklarirebis
sistemis gaumjobeseba;
- eTikis kodeqsis normebis danergva;
- daqiravebisa da dawinaurebis sistemis gamWvirvalobis
uzrunvelyofa;
- mobilurobis gazrda sajaro da kerZo seqtorebs Soris.
3. eleqtronuli xelmoweris da erTiani samTavrobo eleqtro-
nuli qselis danergva:
98
- eleqtronuli xelmowerebis da eleqtronuli dokumentebis
gamoyenebis danergva rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo seqtor-
Si.
maSasadame, Tanamedrove etapze saqarTvelos ekonomikis
sajaro seqtoris funqcionirebis mTavar mizans warmoadgens misi
socialur-ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRleba: saxelmwifoebrivi
amocanebis gadaWra, ekonomikis kerZo seqtoris funqcionirebis
optimizacia da misi efeqtianobis amaRleba, sazogadoebrivi
sargeblianobis sabazro maqsimizacia ekonomikuri cxovrebis
Tanamedrove pirobebSi.
goderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSvili saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobis
problemebiproblemebiproblemebiproblemebi
saqarTvelo is qveynaa, sadac ekonomikis transformacia
centralizebuli gegmiuridan _ Tavisufal kerZoze kataklizme-
biT ganxorcielda. Sedegad jer kidev Sorsaa qveynis ekonomika,
mag., 1985 wlis donemde. mSpmSpmSpmSp-s moculoba, Cveni gaangariSebiT, jer
kidev ramdenjerme CamorCeba gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis
maCvenebels, maSin, roca bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi indus-
triul saxelmwifoTa umetesobam TavianTi mSpmSpmSpmSp-s moculoba 2-jer
da metad gazarda.
saqarTvelos ekonomika damamcireblad gamoiyureba indus-
triul saxelmwifoTa fonze. aSS, iaponia, safrangeTi, italia,
inglisi da a.S. awarmoeben 46 _ 50 aTas aSS dolaris mSp mSp mSp mSp erT
sul mosaxleze (msoflio bankis 2007 wlis monacemebiT), maSin,
roca, igive wyaros Tanaxmad, CvenTan analogiuri maCvenebeli
mxolod 3 aTasia, anu daaxloebiT 15 _ 16-jer CamovrCebiT. cudi
mdgomareoba gvaqvs aRniSnul makroekonomikur maCvenebelSi
postsabWoTa sivrcis qveynebTan SedarebiTac. kerZod mSpmSpmSpmSp-s
moculoba erT kacze, gasul 2007 wels, msoflio bankis
monacemebiT, ruseTSi Seadgens 9 aTass, ukrainaSi – 4 aTass,
belorusiaSi _ 11 aTass, estoneTSi _ 21 aTass, somxeTSi _ 3,4
aTass, azerbaijanSi _ 5,7 aTass da a.S. [http //ru.vikipedia.org. gadamow-mebulia 14.11.2008.].
99
saqarTvelo mSpmSpmSpmSp-s mixedviT imyofeba 117-e adgilze, xolo
mosaxleobis ricxvis mixedviT _ 114-e adgilze, anu saSualo
msoflio maCveneblis SesabamisobaSia, xolo gasuli saukunis 80-
ian wlebSi igi erT-erTi mowinave qveyana iyo msoflioSi
ekonomikuri potencialis mixedviT.
ekonomikuri stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi
sami makroekonomikuri maCveneblis miRweva:
_ mSpmSpmSpmSp-s moculobis zrda;
_ umuSevrobis arseboba aRiarebul normebSi (saqarTvelos-
Tvis daaxloebiT 10 _ 12%);
_ inflaciis SenarCuneba mxolod erTniSna ricxviT gansazRv-
rulis doneze.
am sami parametris garda SeiZleba gamoviyenoT uamravi
maCvenebeli. magaliTad, ekonomikis stabilurobaze gavlenas
axdens saSualo xelfasis da saSualo Semosavlebis sidide,
eqsport-importis saldo, fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze aqtivobis
koeficienti, sxvadasxva dargebSi kapitalizacia da kapital-
ukugeba da a.S. magram, ramdenadac eseni pirdapir an iribad
ukavSirdebian zemoT CamoTvlil sam ganzogadebul parametrs,
ekonomikis stabilizaciis problemebis ganxilva mxolod maTi
gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba.
saqarTvelos mSp, mSp, mSp, mSp, miuxedavad imisa, rom dabali rCeba, bolo
wlebis ganmavlobaSi dinamiurad izrdeba. 90-ian wlebSi misi
erTbaSad vardnis fonze aseTi dinamika dadebiT movlenad unda
miviCnioT, Tumca qveynis potenciali, ganpirobebuli arsebuli
teqnikuri baziT, SesaZlo investirebiT da samuSao Zalis
xarisxiT, ukeTesi Sedegebis miRwevis saSualebas iZleoda da
iZleva.
cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1
mTliani Sida produqciis moculoba da dinamikamTliani Sida produqciis moculoba da dinamikamTliani Sida produqciis moculoba da dinamikamTliani Sida produqciis moculoba da dinamika
(mimdinare fasebSi. mln. lari)(mimdinare fasebSi. mln. lari)(mimdinare fasebSi. mln. lari)(mimdinare fasebSi. mln. lari)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
100
mTliani Sida produqti (sul) maT Soris: _ saqonlis warmoeba _ momsaxureba _ finansuri Suamavlobis pirdapiri Sefaseba _ wminda gadasaxadebi produqciasa da importze _ mSpmSpmSpmSp (mudmiv fasebSi) procentobiT wina welTan _ mSpmSpmSpmSp-is deflatori, procentobiT wina welTan
6674 2770 3531 _ 63 436 104,8 105,3
7456 3130 3903 _73 495 105,5 106,0
8564 3716 4404 _ 78 522 111,1 103,3
9824 3986 5079 _ 75 835 105,9 108,1
11621 4477 5937 _130 1336 109,6 107,9
13790 4539 7615 _107 1743 109,4 108,5
erovnuli angariSebi. sssd. Tb., 2007. gv.134.
mSp,mSp,mSp,mSp, 2001-dan 2006 wlamde, gaizarda 6 674 mln. laridan 13 790
mln. laramde mimdinare fasebiT, anu 2,06-jer. inflaciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, zrda gacilebiT naklebia, magram progresi
aSkaraa, Tumca saerTo sazogadoebrivi produqti, romelic
Tavisi SemcvelobiT gacilebiT mokrZalebuli iyo, vidre mSpmSpmSpmSp,
1985 wels Seadgenda 22 645,1 mln. maSindel maneTs. es dReisaTvis,
Cveni gaangariSebiT, 70 mlrd. laramdea da gacilebiT maRalia
2006 wlis maCvenebelze [Народное хозяйство ГССР в 1987 году.
Статистический ежегодник. Tб., 1988, с.14.]. makroekonomikuri stabilurobis iseTi parametri, rogo-
ricaa umuSevroba, anu dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba saqarTve-
losTvis aSkarad cudad gamoiyureba. marTalia, sssd-s ofi-
cialur gamocemebSi misi done 11_13 procentis farglebSi
meryeobs, magram aq, gazomvis meTodikis Tanaxmad, dasaqmebulebad
miiCneva e.w. “TviTdasaqmebulebi” da mosaxleobis is kategoria,
romelTac saangariSo wels mcire periodiT mainc hqondaT
anazRaurebadi samuSao, xolo daqiravebuli SromiT dasaqme-
bulTa realuri suraTi gacilebiT cudia. igive sssd-s mixedviT
saqarTveloSi dasaqmebulebi (daqiravebuli SromiT) ase
gamoiyureba (ix. cxr. 2).
101
cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2
dasaqdasaqdasaqdasaqmebulebi saqarTveloSi 2003 _ 2008 ww.mebulebi saqarTveloSi 2003 _ 2008 ww.mebulebi saqarTveloSi 2003 _ 2008 ww.mebulebi saqarTveloSi 2003 _ 2008 ww.
(kaci)(kaci)(kaci)(kaci)
wlebi 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 2008wlis
11kvartal.
dasaqmebulebi 297795 322779 388946 360987 361209 331389
cxrilidan Cans daqiravebuli SromiT dasaqmebulebis
dinamikis dadebiToba, Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas,
rom mosaxleobis49 _ 51% Sromisunariania da saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba 4,4 mln. kacia, gamodis, rom stabiluri ekonomikis
pirobebSi, daqiravebuli SromiT daaxloebiT 2 mln. kaci unda
iyos dakavebuli, xolo dReisaTvis arsebuli monacemebi (331 389)
aSkarad mokrZalebulia.
rac Seexeba inflaciis tempebs, igive oficialuri
monacemebiT 2008 wels misi sidide 7%-is farglebSia, xolo
bolo wlebSi ar aRemateba 9%-s, rac SeusabamobaSia faqtobriv
maCveneblebTan da misi done gacilebiT maRali unda iyos.
amasTan, erovnuli valutis _ laris meryeobac sxva _ msoflio
valutebTan mimarTebaSi, magaliTad, 1998 wels da mimdinare
periodSic, uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikis stabilur funqcio-
nirebaze.
bolo periodSi, msoflio masStabiT, saxezea finansuri
krizisi, rac ipoTekuri sesxebis daubruneblobiT da msoflio
bazarze navTobis fasebis vardniT daiwyo, msoflio safondo
birJebze daeca fasiani qaRaldebis Rirebulebac da saqmiani
aqtivobac, Sedegad vRebulobT msoflio ekonomikur kriziss,
romelic ar SeiZleba ar aisaxos saqarTvelos ekonomikazec. am
mimarTebiT saWiroa qveynis ekonomika momzadebuli Sexvdes am
kataklizmebs rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul aspeqtSi.
moyvanili msjeloba iZleva safuZvels davaskvnaT saqarT-
velos makroekonomikuri arastabiluroba. Sesabamisi RonisZiebe-
bis gautareblobis SemTxvevaSi, politikuri situaciidan gamom-
102
dinarec, SeiZleba ekonomika gacilebiT uares dReSi aRmoCndes,
vidre dResaa. am mimarTebiT aucilebelia:
_ biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna;
_ safinanso-sakredito sistemis mowesrigeba;
_ biznesis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis sistemis srulyofa;
_ ekonomikis sxelmwifo regulirebis operatiulobis da dasa-
buTebulobis ganviTareba.
biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis SeqmnaSi
igulisxmeba biznesisaTvis sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcireba,
xelsayreli sagareo-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofa,
mimzidveli sainvesticio garemo da a.S.
regulirebadi sagadasaxado davebis SemTxvevaSi Tavidanve
fiqsirdeba sagadasaxado organoebis upiratesoba. amasTan, miuxe-
davad bolo dros gadasaxadTa ganakveTebis nawilobrivi Semci-
rebisa, is mainc maRalia Cveni qveynisaTvis da biznesis
gaaqtiurebas ar uwyobs xels. cnobilia e.w. “lafetis wertili”
[http // ru.vikipedia.org. gadamowmebulia 14.11.2008.], romlis mixedviTac,
sagadasaxado tvirTi korporaciebisaTvis ganviTarebad qveynebSi
ganisazRvreba 10 _ 20 %-iani intervaliT. Cvens realobaSi ki
mxolod dRgdRgdRgdRg Seadgens 18%-s, saSemosavlo, romelsac, marTalia,
daqiravebuli ixdis, magram gadaxdaze pasuxismgebeli firmaa da
Seadgens 25%-s daricxuli xelfasidan, aseve 15%-iani ganakveTiT
ibegreba mogeba, rom araferi vTqvaT sxva gadasaxadebze.
amasTanave, Cveni sagadasaxado sistema araproporciuli da
aradiferencirebulia, esec uaryofiTad aisaxeba samewarmeo aqti-
vobaze.
safinanso-sakredito sistema mewarmeobasTan kavSirSi
ZiriTadad komerciuli bankebiT gamoixateba. saqarTveloSi ko-
merciuli sesxebi gacilebiT maRalprocentiania, vidre indus-
triul saxelmwifoebSi. es ki amcirebs samamulo warmoebis
konkurentunarianobas da gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad aisaxeba
gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaze.
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT sameurneo davebis abso-
luturi umetesoba ganixileba saerTo sasamarTloebSi, sadac
gadawyvetilebaTa kvalifikaciaze rom araferi vTqvaT, davebis
ganxilva gaumarTleblad Wianurdeba, xSiria winaswari daya-
103
daRebis SemTxvevebi, dava SeiZleba gagrZeldes ramdenime
sasamarTlo instanciaSi da erT-erTma modave mxarem, didi
albaTobiT, SeiZleba ganuzomlad izaralos. gansakuTrebiT mci-
re da saSualo biznesis SemTxvevaSi.
Cveni kanonmdeblobiT daSvebulia kerZo saarbitraJo sasa-
marTloebi, magram maTi gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebis garan-
tiebis uqonlobis gamo, sasamarTloebis avtoriteti Zalzed da-
cemulia da minimumamdea Semcirebuli maT mier ganxiluli
saqmeebis raodenobac. amitom saWirod migvaCnia saxelmwifo
saarbitraJo sasamarTlo sistemis aRdgena.
ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis sistema TiTqmis ar
iyenebs iseT berketebs, rogorebicaa gadasaxadTa diferencireba,
dargobrivi dotireba, licenzireba da a.S. ris gamoc regulireba
stiqiur xasiaTs atarebs da, saerTo jamSi, ver uzrunvelyofs
dargobrivi struqturis gaumjobesebas. saWiroa am sistemis
srulyofac.
CamoTvlili mimarTulebebis gamosworebis gareSe saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikis daCqarebuli ganviTareba da mimzidveli
sainvesticio garemos Seqmna, gansakuTrebiT gadamamuSavebel da
samrewvelo seqtorSi, SeuZlebelia.
nino faresaSvilinino faresaSvilinino faresaSvilinino faresaSvili umuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdis
mniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervi
saqarTvelos ganviTarebis mkacrad gansazRvruli ekono-
mikuri prioritetebis ararseboba gansazRvravs dasaqmebis poli-
tikis warmarTvis sirTules. umuSevrobis Semcirebisa da
produqtiuli dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis aucilebel winapirobad
gvevlineba ekonomikuri zrda, romelsac Tan axlavs axali
samuSao adgilebis Seqmna (amis gareSe nebismieri dasaqmebis
politika ganwirulia). amitom dasaqmebis politikis formuli-
rebis miznis misaRwevad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia misi
potenciuri zrdis wyaroebis moZieba. saqarTvelos gaaCnia
arsebiTi upiratesobani kavkasiis regionebis sxva qveynebTan
104
SedarebiT: geopolitikuri mdgomareoba, bunebrivi simdidre da
sasurveli bunebrivi klimaturi pirobebi.
qveyanaSi bolo wlebSi ikveTeba ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi
da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom orientireba keTdeba mTeli
politikis integraciaze msoflio sameurneo kavSirebis siste-
maSi, maSin SegviZlia CamovayaliboT dasaqmebis politikis
strategiuli mizani: qveyanaSi prioritetul dargebSi produq-
tiuli dasaqmebis gazrda da dinamikuri nacionaluri Sromis
bazris ganviTarebis safuZvelze umuSevarTa donis Semcireba.
aseve aucilebelia, movamzadoT misi CarTvis safuZveli gegmur
integraciul saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze, sadac saxelmwifo
regulirebis mniSvnelovan mimarTulebebad migvaCnia:
1. saxelmwifos Zalisxmeva samuSao Zalis ganviTarebasa da
Sromis bazarze moqalaqeTa konkurentunarianobis asamaRleblad;
2. samuSao Zalaze moTxovnilebis zrdis stimulireba,
romelic moicavs Sromis bazris analizis, prognozisa da
monitoringis srulyofis, samuSao Zalis moTxovna-miwodebis
dabalansebis sakiTxebs;
3. dasaqmebis mxardaWerisa da ganviTarebis mixedviT dargob-
riv bazrebze socialuri partniorobis formaTa srulyofisaTvis
gatarebul kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa SemuSaveba-realizacias;
4. aRmasrulebeli organoebis mxridan gansazRvrul saerTo-
saxelmwifoebriv midgomebs da Sromis bazarze RonisZiebebisa da
moqmedebebis CamonaTvalis uSualo formirebis uflebaTa
delegirebas saqarTvelos subieqtebis mier;
5. Sromis regionuli bazrebis problemebis gadaWras aRmas-
rulebeli xelisuflebis yvela dainteresebuli organos mier
resursebis mozidvis dros damsaqmeblebs, profkavSirebs, orga-
nizaciebs, gaerTianebebs Soris urTierTqmedebebis mogvarebis
pirobebSi, romlis mizanic uwyebaTaSorisi barieris moxsnaa;
6. saxelmwifo politikis miznad Sromis bazarze mudmivi
dasaqmebis uzrunvelsayofi RonisZiebebis gatarebas ara mxolod
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis, aramed im moqalaqeebisaTvis,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT saWiroeben socialuri da SromiTi
mowyobis pirobebSi `samisamarTo~ mxardaWeras. amasTan, pirvel-
xarisxovani mniSvneloba unda mieniWos mosaxleobis socialurad
105
dazaralebuli jgufebis dasaqmebis mxardaWeris miznobrivi
programebis damuSavebas;
7. ramdenadac Sromis bazari formirdeba mozardi Taobis
ricxovnobis Semcirebis pirobebSi, romelic TavisTavad gamoiw-
vevs axali samuSao Zalebis nakadis Semcirebas, aRniSnulis
gaTvaliswinebiT gatardes kargad gaazrebuli migraciuli
politika;
8. Cven mier Camoyalibebuli mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebani,
Semdgomi realizaciis mizniT, moiTxovs saxelmwifo politikis
mxridan finansuri resursebis konsolidacias, maTi gamoyenebis
efeqtianobis amaRlebas da Sromis bazarze socialuri
TanamSromlobis institutis ganviTarebas;
9. sabiujeto saSualebaTa gamoyenebis efeqtianobis asamaRle-
blad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos gansaxorcielebel Ronis-
ZiebaTa efeqtianobis Sefasebis meqanizmis SemuSaveba;
10. dasaqmebis dargobrivi programebisaTvis aucilebelia,
damuSavdes socialuri TanamSromlobis urTierTqmedebis tipuri
modelebi sawarmoebSi, romelTac gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi aqvT. aqedan gamomdinare, Sromis bazarze dasaqmebis
samsaxurebis arsebobasa da maTi muSaobis efeqtianobis amaR-
lebas, romelic orientirebuli iqneba moqalaqeebis SromiT
mowyobaze udidesi mniSvneloba mieniWeba. aucilebelia gatardes
RonisZiebebi dasaqmebis samsaxurebis informaciuli sistemis
uzrunvelsayofad, nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis miRwevadi unda iyos
nebismieri informaciis miReba da gafarTovdes dasaqmebis
samsaxurebis momsaxurebis speqtri;
11. SemoTavazebuli koncefciebi, SesaZlebelia, saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis organoebis fuZemdeblur dokumentad iqces.
amasTan, strategiuli miznebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba
gvkarnaxobs dafinansebis gafarToebas, aqtiuri prognozebis
dagegmvasa da realizacias, Sesrulebeli samuSaoebis efeqtiano-
bis Sefasebasa da teqnikur uzrunvelyofas;
12. SromiTi potencialis formirebisa da efeqturi
saxelmwifo politikis gatarebisaTvis aucilebelia ara mxolod
saxelmwifos monawileoba, aramed arakomerciuli organiza-
106
ciebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi institutebis aqtiuri
moqmedeba, romelTac aqtiuri moqmedebis unari gaaCniaT.
Aamrigad, SeTavazebuli rekomendaciebi xels Seuwyobs
efeqtiani saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis
gansazRvrasa da ganxorcielebas Sromis bazarze, uzrunvelyofs
SromiTi potencialis mobilurobis amaRlebas profesiuli
adaptaciisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis safuZvelze.
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava moxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxeb
mas Semdeg, rac makroekonomika samecniero disciplina
gaxda, mravali ekonomisti ikvlevda da dResac ikvlevs
momxmarebelTa qcevis kanonzomierebebs. maT Seqmnes Teoriebi,
sadac Camoyalibebulia moxmarebasa da Semosavalze arsebul
monacemTa ganmartebis sxvadasxva xerxi. rogor Rebuloben
ojaxebi gadawyvetilebas, TavianTi Semosavlis ra nawili
daxarjon dRes da ra nawili gadadon samomavlod? es sakiTxi
mikroekonomikis sferos ganekuTvneba, ramdenadac is exeba
calkeuli ekonomikuri agentis qcevas. miuxedavad amisa, am
sakiTxs aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs makroekonomikisaTvis,
vinaidan moxmarebaze gadawyvetileba gavlenas axdens mTlianad
ekonomikis mdgomareobaze rogorc moklevadian, ise grZelvadian
periodSi. moxmarebis Teoriis ganviTarebis saqmeSi udidesi
wvlili Seitanes iseTma saxelovanma ekonomistebma, rogoricaa
jon meinard keinsi, irving fiSeri, franko modiliani da milton
fridmeni. maTi gamokvlevebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevadaroT
moxmarebis kanonzomierebebis analizSi sxvadasxva midgomebi.
zemoTmoxseniebuli ekonomistebis mier Camoyalibebuli mox-
marebis funqciebi Taviseburad gvixasiaTebs moxmarebis mocu-
lobis dinamikas moklevadiani da grZelvadiani periodebisaTvis.
magaliTad, keinsis funqciaSi moxmareba, ZiriTadad, gankargvad
Semosavalsa da moxmarebisadmi zRvrul midrekilebazea damoki-
debuli. am funqciisgan gansxvavebiT, moxmarebis bolodroindeli
gamokvlevebi efuZneba momxmareblis qcevis irving fiSeriseul
models. am modelSi gamokvleulia droTaSorisi arCevani da is,
107
Tu rogor irCevs momxmarebeli moxmarebis dones axlandeli da
momavali periodisaTvis, riTac aRwevs keTildReobis yvelaze
umaRles SesaZlo dones mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. vidre
momxmarebels aqvs SesaZlebloba, isesxos saSualebebi da
daagrovos danazogebi, moxmarebis done damokidebulia im
resursebis raodenobaze, romelsac momxmarebeli gankargavs
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. am funqciaSi erT-erTi cvladi,
romelic gavlenas axdens moxmarebis sidideze, saprocento
ganakveTia.
franko modilianis sasicocxlo ciklis hipoTeza xazs
usvams im faqts, rom sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi adamianis
Semosavali icvleba winaswar cnobili odenobiT, momxmareblebi
sargebloben danazogebiT da sasesxo saSualebebiT, raTa gada-
faron moxmarebis ryevebi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. hipoTeza
gulisxmobs, rom moxmareba damokidebulia rogorc Semosavalze,
aseve dagrovebul simdidreze.
milton fridmenis permanentuli Semosavlis hipoTezis
Sesabamisad, Semosavlis ryevebi SeiZleba iyos rogor mudmivi,
ise droebiTi. ramdenadac momxmareblebs SeuZliaT saSualebaTa
sesxeba an dazogva da maT surT, gadafaron TavianTi moxmarebis
donis ryevebi, moxmareba sustad reagirebs Semosavlis droebiT
cvlilebebze. ZiriTadad, moxmareba damokidebulia permanentul
Semosavalze.
keinsis moxmarebis funqciebisgan gansxvavebiT, danarCen
funqciebSi saprocento ganakveTis cvalebadoba moxmarebis sidi-
dis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.
Cveni azriT, procentebi sul sxvagvar gavlenas axdens
moxmarebaze, vidre es nagulisxmebia fiSeris, modilianisa da
fridmenis moxmarebis funqciebSi. es ukavSirdeba imas, rom pro-
centebis arseboba ganapirobebs Semosavlebis farul gadanawi-
lebas sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris.
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, ramdenadac Ti-
Toeulma unda gadaixados procentebi, rodesac fuls sesxulobs
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad, imdenad nebismiers SeuZlia
miiRos procentebi fulis bankSi ganTavsebiT. Tanamedrove fula-
108
di sistema mTlianobaSi dadebiT (an uaryofiT) zemoqmedebas ax-
dens TiToeul individze.
Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli varaudi arasworia. sinamdvileSi,
maT Soris, romlebic mogebulni rCebian amgvari sistemiT da
romlebic ixdian procentebs, udidesi sxvaoba arsebobs. ada-
mianebi, romlebsac naklebi fuladi resursi gaaCniaT, gacilebiT
nakleb Semosavlebs Rebuloben procentebis saxiT, vidre Tavad
ixdian, vinaidan, procentebi nebismieri saqonlisa da momsa-
xurebis Rirebulebis Semadgeneli nawilia. is moqmedebs, rogorc
arapirdapiri gadasaxadi da, cxadia, mas nebismieri Cvengani ixdis.
aRniSnuli debuleba dasturdeba empiriuli monacemebiTac.
magaliTad, germaneli mkvlevari margarit kenedi Tavis naSromSi
_ `ekonomika procentebis gareSe~ _ gviCvenebs procentebis miRe-
bisa da gadaxdis Sedarebebs germaniis mosaxleobis 10 erTnairi
raodenobis jgufisaTvis. m. kenedis kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena, rom
germaniaSi mosaxleobis pirveli 80% ufro metad ixdis procen-
tebs, vidre Tavadve Rebulobs; 10% Rebulobs ramdenadme mets,
vidre ixdis, xolo ukanaskneli 10% Rebulobs orjer mets, vidre
ixdis. es erToblivad aris is nawili, romelic dakarga mosaxle-
obis pirvelma 80%-ma. es faqti Cinebulad xsnis im meqanizmis
arss, SesaZlebelia yvelaze mniSvnelovanisas, romelic mdidrebs
kidev ufro amdidrebs, xolo Raribebs kidev ufro aRaribebs
[Mergrit Kennedy: Interest and Inflation Free Money, Published by Seva International,
1995, p. 10.]. Tu ufro yuradRebiT gavaanalizebT mosaxleobis ukanas-
kneli 10%-is procentebiT miRebul Semosavlebs, kvlav aRmo-
vaCenT, rom mosaxleobis ukanaskneli 1%-saTvis procentebis sa-
xiT miRebuli Semosavlebi Tu izrdeba 10-jer, ukanaskneli 0.1%-
saTvis is daaxloebiT 100-jer mainc gaizrdeba.
procentebi, rogorc fulis brunvis uzrunvelyofis saSua-
leba Tanamedrove fuladi sistemis farglebSi, fuladi Semo-
savlebis faruli gadanawilebis saSualebad gvevlineba, romelic
efuZneba ara SromiT monawileobas, aramed Sedegia imisa, rom vi-
Racas SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos ekonomikis ganviTarebas, e.i. sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvlas gacvlis saSualebis gadanax-
viT, Tundac amaze miiRebodes jildo procentebis saxiT. amgva-
109
rad, bedis ironiiT, adgili aqvs fulis gadadinebas imaTgan, rom-
lebsac is saWiroze naklebi aqvT, maT sasargeblod, romlebsac
is saWiroze meti gaaCniaT. sabolood, vRebulobT situacias,
romlis drosac sul ufro didi raodenobis fulis koncentri-
reba xdeba sul ufro mcire raodenobis individebisa da firme-
bis xelSi. 1980 wlidan fulis spekulaciidan miRebuli Semosava-
li msoflio masStabiT orjer da ufro metad gaizarda. rekon-
struqciisa da ganviTarebis msoflio bankis SefasebiT, msoflio
masStabiT fuladi operaciebis Tanxam 15-20-jer gadaaWarba im
Tanxas, rac praqtikulad aucilebelia vaWrobis, e.i. saqonelmi-
moqcevis warmarTvis mizniT [Helmut Creutz, Wachstum bis zur Krise, Basis
Verlag, . Berlin, 1986, p.22.]. cxadia, qveynis ekonomikis zrdis kvalobaze, individebis
gankargvadi Semosavali izrdeba, rac iwvevs samomxmareblo
xarjebis zrdas. moklevadiani periodisaTvis keinsis moxmarebis
funqcia marTebulad asaxavs moxmarebis dinamikas. magram, grZel-
vadiani periodisaTvis aRniSnuli funqcia uSvebs moxmarebisadmi
saSualo midrekilebis klebadobas, rac ar dasturdeba empi-
riuli monacemebiT. moxmarebisadmi saSualo midrekilebis
ucvleloba, Cveni azriT, Semdegnairad SeiZleba aixsnas. rogorc
cnobilia, maRalSemosavlianTa moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midre-
kileba ufro mcirea, vidre dabalSemosavlianebis. procentebis
bunebidan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi sazogadoebis
sul ufro mcire nawilis xelSi xdeba mzardi fuladi simdidris
koncentracia sazogadoebis sul ufro meti nawilis
Semosavlebis xarjze, rac imas niSnavs, rom am ukanasknelTa
SefardebiTi mdgomareoba uaresdeba. sxva sityvebiT, procentebis
arsebobis gamo, mosaxleobis didi umetesobidan gadanawildeba
Semosavlebi mosaxleobis sul ufro mcire nawilis sasargeblod.
am ukanasknelTa wili mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi sul
ufro klebulobs. Sesabamisad, moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midre-
kilebis mniSvnelobaze gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis is mzardi
nawili, romelTa SefardebiTi mdgomareoba uaresdeba mosaxleo-
bis klebadi nawilisadmi sakuTari Semosavlebis farulad
gadanawilebis gamo. moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midrekilebis
odenoba grZelvadiani periodisaTvis Semosavlebis zrdis kvalo-
110
baze ara Tu klebadobiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc amas amtkicebs
keinsis moxmarebis funqcia, aramed izrdeba. sabolood, moxma-
rebis funqcias Tu SedarebiT moklevadiani periodisaTvis
ganvixilavT, moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midrekileba Semosavlebis
zrdis kvalobaze klebulobs, magram, grZelvadiani periodi-
saTvis, Cven mier zemomoyvanili mizezis gamo, moxmarebisadmi
zRvruli midrekileba izrdeba. amgvarad, grZelvadiani peri-
odebis monacemebis gamoyenebiT Tu gaviangariSebT moxmarebisadmi
zRvruli midrekilebis maCvenebels, is SedarebiT mdgradobiT
xasiaTdeba. vvaraudobT, rom swored am mizeziT aixsneba
moxmarebisadmi saSualo midrekilebis ucvleloba grZelvadiani
periodisaTvis, romlis axnac SeuZlebelia keinsis moxmarebis
funqciiT.
TinaTiTinaTiTinaTiTinaTin CxeiZen CxeiZen CxeiZen CxeiZe, , , , mamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZe
garemos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikuri
aspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSi
ekonomikisa da garemos mdgomareobis urTierTkavSiri da
urTierTzegavlena kanonzomieri movlenaa. me-20 saukunis 90-ian
wlebSi saqarTveloSi warmoSobilma ekonomikurma krizisma
Tavisi gavlena moaxdina garemo bunebaze. Seferxda mrewvelobis
ganviTareba, Seasusta an mTlianad Sewyvita funqcionireba
mTelma rigma samrewvelo obieqtebma, Sewyda an Semcirda wyalsa
da haerSi mavne samrewvelo narCenebis garemoSi gafrqveva, amiT
Serbilda garemoze samrewvelo zewola. samagierod, gaizarda
mosaxleobis negatiuri gavlena bunebaze. energokrizisis gamo
mosaxleobam daiwyo tyeebis gaCexva da SeSis sawvavad gamoyeneba,
yovelive aman negatiurad imoqmeda garemo bunebaze.
saxelmwifo da adgilobriv organoebs ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi
saxsrebi imisaTvis, rom SeakeTon an aRadginon mwyobridan
gamosuli sistemebi (daidgas haerisa da wylis gamwmendi
mowyobilebebi), usaxsrobis gamo ver xerxdeba sayofacxovrebo
narCenebis utilizacia (nagavsayrelebis mowyoba) da sxv.
111
ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo ver xerxdeba saxelmwifo
kontroli bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobaze, rac maTi
aRwarmoebis Seferxebas iwvevs.
ver tardeba degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis
RonisZiebebi. eroziis, daWaobebis, damlaSebis sawinaaRmdego Ro-
nisZiebebi dafinansebas saWiroebs, uamisoba ki sasoflo-sameur-
neo daniSnulebis miwebis farTobis Semcirebas iwvevs.
rogorc ganviTarebad qveynebSi, saqarTveloSic ekonomikis
zrda, ZiriTadad, bunebrivi resursebis eqsportzea damyarebuli.
saqarTvelodan gadis daumuSavebeli xe-tye, wiaRiseuli da sxva
nedli masala, rac, bunebrivi resursebis maragis droze adre
gamolevas iwvevs. magaliTad, xis morebis mosapoveblad gaCexili
tyeebis aRdgenas aTwleulebi esaWiroeba, xolo misgan gamow-
veuli mewyerebi da wyaldidobebi aunazRaurebel zarals ayenebs
qveynis ekonomikas, rom araferi vTqvaT mosaxleobisaTvis "mwvane
filtvebis" mniSvnelobaze.
finansuri mdgomareobis gamo saxelmwifo ver uzrun-
velyofs masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT da perioduli
gamocemebiT sazogadoebis sistematur informirebas garemos
dacviTi problemebis Sesaxeb. garemos dacviTi sakiTxebi masob-
rivi informaciis saSualebebSi ZiriTadad fragmentulad
Suqdeba.
garemos mdgomareobis gauareseba adamianis janmrTelobis
gauaresebas iwvevs, rac amcirebs samuSao Zalis Sromis nayo-
fierebas, safrTxe emuqreba turizmis ganviTarebis perspeqtivas,
romelic didad aris damokidebuli qveynis garemos sijansaReze.
saxelmwifo ver uzrunvelyofs garemos mdgomareobis
monitoringisa da garemosdacviTi samsaxurebis saTanado muSa-
obisaTvis saWiro Tanxebis gamoyofas maSin, roca bunebaT-
sargeblobaSi statistikuri aRricxvianobis mowesrigebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia ekologiuri situaciis gajansaReba. aRsaniSnavia,
agreTve, saqarTveloSi susti sakanonmdeblo bazis arseboba
bunrbrivi resursebis gamoyenebisa da garemos dacvis sferoSi.
garemos mdgomareobis gauareseba, Tavis mxriv, qveynis
ekonomikis daqveiTebas iwvevs.
112
marina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZe
dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis meTodasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis meTodasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis meTodasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis meTodologiuri dologiuri dologiuri dologiuri
ssssaaaafuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis Sesaxeb
1. Tanamedrove sabazro gardaqmnebis viTarebaSi, saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis erT-erT mniSvne-
lovan sakiTxs dasaqmebis donis zrda warmoadgens. dasaqmebis
zrdis procesTan dakavSirebulia ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis, Sromis potencialuri resursebis, momuSaveTa
Sromis anazRaurebis, maTi profesiuli momzadebis da
kvalifikaciis amaRlebis tempebi. isini sawarmoo da dargob-
riv sistemebSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvis gazrdis aucilebel
pirobas warmoadgenen. am procesebis racionalurad marTva
warmoebisa da saerTod ekonomikuri ganviTarebis qmediTi
saSualebaa.
2. dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesebis marTvis gaumjobeseba
dasaqmebis procesTa marTvis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis
srulyofasac moiTxovs. kerZod, firmebsa da kompaniebSi,
SromisunarianTa dasaqmebis donis zrdis mizniT, mizanSe-
wonilia warmoebis marTvis sistemis gardaqmna dasaqmebis
marTvis miznobrivi da funqcionaluri qvesistemebis rolis
gaZlierebiT. firmebSi dasaqmebis procesTa marTvis srulyo-
fis miRweva SeiZleba misi operatiuli, sabazro strategiuli,
pozitiuri da normatiuli aspeqtebis urTierTSexamebiT.
3. marTvis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis srulyofa da dasaqme-
bis donis zrda SeiZleba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT ganxor-
cieldes:
1) dasaqmebis procesebis sabazro regulirebis rolis
gaZlierebiT saxelmwifo regulirebasTan erTad;
2) gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi dasaqmebis marTvis
sistemis im faqtorebisadmi yuradRebis gaZlierebiT,
romlebic firmas uzrunvelyofen aucilebeli raode-
nobisa da kvalifikaciis SromiTi resursebiT;
3) firmaSi arsebuli dasaqmebis sistemis ganxilviT, Sro-
mis bazris moqmedebis areebTan da mis sazRvrebTan
erTad;
113
4) marTvis iseT meTodebis SemuSavebiT, romelic uzrun-
velyofs dasaqmebis procesSi miRweul wonasworul
mdgomareobaTa mdgradobas, firmaSi warmoebisa da
sabazro garemos marTvis optimalurobas;
5) dasaqmebis procesebis marTvis sistemis warmoebaze iseTi
zemoqmedebiT, romlebic ganapirobeben firmaSi momu-
SaveTa SromiTi Semosavlebis stabilurobas.
4. SromisunarianTa dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesebis sworad
warmarTva, firmis marTvis sistemis organizaciuli struq-
turis mniSvnelovan daniSnulebas warmoadgens. dasaqmebis
procesTa marTvis Sidasistemur funqcias asrulebs firmis
marTvis umaRlesi organo, xolo garesistemur kavSirebs
axorcieleben aqcionerebis, sainvesticio kompaniebisa da
Sromis bazarTan Suamavali firmis warmomadgenlebi, aseve
samarTlebrivi da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi. firmis
administraciis mier xorcieldeba marTvis sistemisaTvis,
informaciis miwodeba, kontroli SromiTi resursebis miwo-
debaze da Sromis anazRaurebis sazRvrebis SerCeva. amasTan
erTad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba marTvis centraluri qvesis-
temebis funqcionirebas, romlebic asruleben kvleviT, infor-
maciul da marketingul funqciebs.
dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesebis marTvis srulyofa
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli erT-erTi wanamZR-
varia.
finansebisfinansebisfinansebisfinansebis, saerTaSoriso, saerTaSoriso, saerTaSoriso, saerTaSoriso
ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis seqciaseqciaseqciaseqcia
xaTuxaTuxaTuxaTuna barbaqaZena barbaqaZena barbaqaZena barbaqaZe finansuri resursebis mozidvis strategiafinansuri resursebis mozidvis strategiafinansuri resursebis mozidvis strategiafinansuri resursebis mozidvis strategia
SeiZleba gamoiyos finansuri saSualebebis mozidvis stra-
tegiis ramdenime tipi, romlebsac SeiZleba gaaCndeT, rogorc
114
Sida, aseve gare orientacia. magram, rogorc wesi, organulad
unda moicavdes erTsac da meoresac.
dafinansebis gare orientacia gulisxmobs iseT sasesxo
saSualebebze dayrdnobas, rogoricaa obligaciuri sesxebi da
sabanko kreditebi, xolo dafinansebis Sida orientacia iTvalis-
winebs sakuTar saSualebebs, rogorc sawesdebo kapitals, aseve
mogebas.
1. Camoyalibebul mdgrad bazrebze moqmedi saSualo da
msxvili specializebuli firmebi iyeneben saxsrebs saku-
Tari sabazro niSis gafarToebisaTvis. mTlianobaSi es
naklebad momgebiania;
2. saSualo da msxvili firmebis finansuri resursebis
gaerTianeba axali bazrebis xelSi Cagdebis ZviradRire-
buli proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad;
3. dafinansebis yvela misawvdomi wyaro, rogorc sesxebi,
aseve, aqciaTa gamoSveba da konsorciumebis Seqmna-gamo-
yeneba mecnierebatevadi dargebis saSualo da mcire sawar-
moTa perspeqtiul-inovaciuri programebis formirebisa da
realizaciisTvis;
4. produqciis msxvili firma-momxmareblis donorul saSua-
lebaTa mozidva maTTan vertikaluri integraciis CarCo-
ebSi;
5. jvaredini dafinanseba (finansuri saSualebebis mageneri-
rebeli qvedanayofebi maT imaTTan inawileben, romlebsac
maTi nakleboba aqvT).
dafinansebis strategia gansazRvravs: pirveli,pirveli,pirveli,pirveli, finansuri
saSualebebis mozidvis Sida da gare wyaroebis optimalur
fardobas; meoremeoremeoremeore, fass, romelic firmas SeuZlia maTSi gadai-
xados; mesame,mesame,mesame,mesame, qvedanayofebs Soris finansuri resursebis
ganawilebis (gadanawilebis) xerxebs.
pirveli amocana gansakuTrebiT rTulia da ar gaaCnia
erTmniSvnelovani gadawyveta. mizezi imaSia, rom optimumidan
gadaxra erT da meore mxares erTdroulad metismetad
xelsayrelia da sarisko.
orientacia mogebis gamoyenebaze dafinansebis yvelaze
usafrTxo xerxia. magram, jer erTi,jer erTi,jer erTi,jer erTi, misi odenoba, saerTod,
115
SezRudulia, rac mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevs firmis ganviTarebis
potenciur SesaZleblobebs. meorec,meorec,meorec,meorec, warmoebis gafarToebasa da
srulyofaze mimarTuli mogebis wilis zrda laxavs mesa-
kuTreebis mimdinare interesebs.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare Cans, rom am SezRudvebis
daZleva SeiZleboda aqciaTa emisiis xarjze, romelsac damatebiT
moaqvs udidesi saxsrebi. Tumca kompaniebi am nabijze, Cveulebriv,
metismetad uxalisod midian da amis mizezebic arsebobs. saqme
isaa, rom aqciaTa realizebas axdenen ucxo pirebi, maSasadame,
gamodian emitentis kontrolidan da SemdegSi Tavisuflad xdeba
maTi yidva-gayidva fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze. amrigad, adre Tu
gvian, isini SeiZleba moeqcnen nebismieri piris (maT Soris
konkurentisac) xelSi, rac saSualebas miscems mas, damfuZ-
neblebisTvis cnobebis gareSe daamyaros kontroli korpo-
raciaze.
am kuTxiT dafinansebis gare (sasesxo) wyaroebis gamoyeneba
ufro upiratesia. magram am dros firma xdeba kreditorebze
damokidebuli, romlebsac SeuZliaT misi mizanmimarTuli
gakotreba. Tumca sasesxo saSualebebis gamoyenebam kompanias
SeuZlia didi sargebeli moutanos (da ara marto Tavidan
aacilos mesakuTris faruli cvla). saqme imaSia, rom maTi wilis
zrda ganapirobebs misi muSaobis efeqturobis maxasiaTebeli
ZiriTadi maCveneblis – sakuTari kapitalis rentabelobis zrdas.
rac ufro maRalia is, miT ufro meti moTxovniT sargeblobs
firmis aqciebi, maSasadame, miT ufro maRalia maTi kursi da,
amrigad, TviT korporaciis fasic. aRniSnulis mizezi isaa, rom
moziduli kapitali gamoimuSavebs sakuTari kapitalis Tanabar
mogebas, xolo mocemul SemTxvevaSi rentabelobis gamoTvlebidan
gamoiricxeba.
amave dros, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sasesxo kapitalis
wilis zrda Sesabamisad zrdis gakotrebis risksac, radgan
firmas saWiro momentSi SeiZleba ar aRmoaCndes saxsrebi
sesxebis dasafarad.
finansuri resursebis mozidvis zemoT aRwerili stra-
tegiebis mravali negatiuri mxare SeiZleba davZlioT lizingis –
mowyobilobis grZelvadiani ijaris saSualebiT. firma-lizingis
116
gamcemi yidulobs (maT Soris, firma-lizingis mimRebis
davalebiTac) da ijariT gadascems ZiriTadi kapitalis saWiro
elementebs.
zogjer adgili aqvs dasabrunebel lizings – subieqti
yidis lizinguri kompaniis qonebas da mas iRebs ijariT
ukugamosyidvis SesaZleblobiT. SinaarsiT lizingi warmoadgens
ZiriTad kapitalSi sasaqonlo kreditis formas, xolo formis
mixedviT sainvesticio dafinansebis msgavsia. arsebobs lizingis
Semdegi ZiriTadi variantebi:
I. monawileTa raodenobis mixedviT:
• pirdapiri lizingi (momwodebeli da lizingis mimcemi –
erTi piri);
• arapirdapiri lizingi (qonebas lizingiT gascems ara
momwodebeli, aramed finansuri Suamavali).
II. garigebis obieqtad qceuli qonebis tipis mixedviT
(uZravi da moZravi).
III. misi dadebis adgilis mixedviT (Sida da gare). Sida
lizingis dros yvela monawile warmoadgens erT mxares. gare
(saerTaSoriso) lizingis dros – sxvadasxva saxelmwifo.
IV. saxsrebis dabrunebis formebis mixedviT gamoyofen
lizings:
fuladi gadaxdiT;
• sakompensacio gadaxdiT (produqciiT? momsaxurebebiT);
Sereuli gadaxdiT.
V. momsaxurebis moculobis mixedviT:
• wminda lizingi (qonebis yvela momsaxurebasaxorcielebs
lizingis mimRebi);
• damatebiTi momsaxurebiT.
VI. qonebis gamoyenebis vadisa da masTan dakavSirebuli
amortizaciis pirobebis mixedviT:
• sruli amosyidviTa da sruli amortizaciiT;
• arasruliT;
• anazRaurebis xasiaTis mixedviT (operatiuli da
finansuri lizingi).
operatiuli lizingi gulisxmobs ijariT qonebis gadacemas
misi eqspluaraciis normatiul vadaze naklebi droiT. amitomac
117
lizinguri gadaxdebi erTi xelSekrulebiT ar faraven qonebis
mTel Rirebulebas da misi gadacema ramdenjerme xdeba. amave
dros, Cveulebriv, qonebis dazRvevisa da remontis valdebu-
lebebi ekisreba lizingis gamcems. lizingis aseTi forma
gamoiyeneba satransporto saSualebebTan, samSeneblo mowyobi-
lobasTan, sasoflo-sameurneo da kompiuterul teqnikasTan mimar-
TebaSi.
operatiuli lizingis dros gadaxdaTa odenobebi ufro
metia, vidre sxva formebis dros, lizingSi qonebis ganmeorebiT
SeTavazebis SeuZleblobis damatebiTi riskebis gaTvaliswi-
nebasTan dakavSirebiT.
finansuri lizingi – sakuTrebaSi qonebis specialuri
SeZenis operacia sargeblobaSi Semdgomi gadacemiT vadiT,
romelic daaxloebiT emTxveva amortizaciisa da eqspluataciis
vadas. Cveulebriv, qonebis SeZena xdeba konkretuli momxmareb-
lisTvis, romelic TviTon irCevs mas. riski gadadis lizingis
mimRebze.
zogjer gamoiyeneba gancalkevebuli lizingi, romelic
nawilobriv finansdeba lizingis gamcemis mier, xolo nawi-
lobriv – sesxebis xarjze. am dros ZiriTad risks sweven
kreditorebi.
susti finansuri bazis mqone, magram maRalrentabelur
sawarmoebs, agreTve, axal da mcire sawarmoebs SeuZliaT
sublizingis gamoyeneba. lizingis gamcemi TavisTvis amcirebs
sesxis dabrunebis risks, Rebulobs garkveul sagadasaxado
(qonebaze) da amortizaciul SeRavaTebs.
lizingis mimRebi iZens:
• 100%-ian dafinansebas;
• saxsrebis dauyovneblivi dabrunebis aucileblobis
ararsebobas;
• yvelasTvis mosaxerxebeli gadaxdis sqemis Seqmnis
SesaZleblobas;
• lizingis mimRebisTvis moraluri da fizikuri cveTis
riskis Semcirebas;
• gadasaxadiT dabegrili mogebis Semcirebas, radgan
lizinguri gadasaxdelebi miekuTvneba danaxarjebs;
118
• produqciis brunvis daCqarebas, stp-s miRwevebis
aTvisebisa da siaxleebis danergvis stimulirebas.
praqtikaSi gamoiangariSeba kapitalis saSualo-Sewonili,
anu mimdinare fasi (ksSf), romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba etalonisa
da diskontirebis ganakveTis saxiT moqmedebaTa Sesabamisi
strategiis gansazRvrisa da damatebiTi kapitalis mozidvis
pirobaTa xelsayrelobis SedarebisTvis.
kapitalis mozidvis strategiis nebismieri axali
variantis Sedareba xdeba mis moqmed fasTan an Semosavlianobis
Sida normasTan da, Tu is maRali aRmoCndeba, maSin misi
strategia SemuSavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ra orientacia aqvs
sawarmos, Sida Tu gare.
aaaabesalom gabriWiZebesalom gabriWiZebesalom gabriWiZebesalom gabriWiZe efeqtianiefeqtianiefeqtianiefeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebibiujetirebis ZiriTadi principebibiujetirebis ZiriTadi principebibiujetirebis ZiriTadi principebi
nebismieri kompania sworad dagegmili finansuri marTvis
safuZvelze aRwevs mniSvnelovan masStabebs da swored esaa
sabiujeto marTva. biujetebi saSualebas iZleva, ganvaxorcieloT
sami ZiriTadi mmarTvelobiTi amocana: pirveli,pirveli,pirveli,pirveli, movaxdinoT
finansuri mdgomareobis, finansur resursebSi moTxovnaTa, finan-
suri Sedegebis prognozireba; meomeomeomeore,re,re,re, SevadaroT dagegmili da
faqtobrivad miRebuli Sedegebi; mesame,mesame,mesame,mesame, SevafasoT da gavaana-
lizoT gamovlenili gadaxrebi, raTa drouli reagireba
movaxdinoT maTze.
biujetebis sistema gviCvenebs, Tu rogor funqcionirebs
sawarmo, rogoria mis mier Seqmnili Rirebulebis struqtura;
sawarmoSi rogor Semodis fuli da sad ixarjeba is, rogor
gadaedineba pasuxismgebloba erTi centridan meoreSi; ra Rirs
qvedanayofTa momsaxurebebi kompaniis SigniT. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom biujetireba generalur direqtors uadvilebs sawarmos
ekonomikuri modelis gagebas, SesaZleblis farglebis SegrZnebas.
garda amisa, biujetireba warmoadgens sawarmos strategiis
Sesrulebis instruments, is iZleva saSualebas, SevaTanxmoT
kompaniis strategiuli miznebi maTi miRwevis gegmebTan da
119
akavSirebs ra maT operatiul procesebTan, uzrunvelyofs am
gegmebis realizacias.
sabiujeto marTvis mTavar instruments warmoadgens sami
ZiriTadi biujeti: pirveli,pirveli,pirveli,pirveli, Semosavlebisa da xarjebis biujeti
(Sxb); meoremeoremeoremeore, fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis biujeti (fsmb); mesame,mesame,mesame,mesame,
prognozuli balansi.
biujetebidan TiToeuls Tavisi daniSnuleba aqvs. Semosavle-bisa da xarjebis biujeti gvexmareba, vmarToT operaciuli
efeqturoba. masSi igegmeba kompaniis mogeba, rentabeloba,
mwarmoebluroba. am biujetis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb informaciis
mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT rogorc mTlianobaSi sawarmos
efeqturobis, ise biznesis calkeuli mimarTulebebis
Sesaxebac.
fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis biujeti asaxavs Semaval da
gamomaval fulad nakadebs da gviCvenebs sawarmos gadaxdisuna-
rianobas: hyofnis Tu ara mas fuli mimdinare saqmianobaze, rCeba
Tu ara saxsrebi ganviTarebaze. Tu Sxb-dan generalur direqtors
esmis, ra mogebas gamoimuSavebs misi sawarmo, maSin fsmb
gviCvenebs, Tu rodis Semova da rodis daixarjeba es fuli.
magaliTad, kompanias SeuZlia didi rentabelobiT moax-
dinos produqciis realizeba da hqondes udidesi mogeba, magram,
amave dros, momwodeblebs SesTavazos gadasaxdelis arsebiTi
gadavadebebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi Semosavlebisa da xarjebis
biujetSi xelmZRvaneli dainaxavs SesaniSnav mogebas, xolo
fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis biujetSi saxsrebis nakadi iqneba
minimaluri. Tu am dros sawarmom angariSi unda gausworos
sakuTar momwodeblebs, is, kargi gayidvebis miuxedavad SeiZleba
mZime finansur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes. Sesabamisi biujetebi
saSualebas mogvcems ukve dagegmvis stadiaze davinaxoT es
situacia da winaswar miviRoT gamafrTxilebeli zomebi.
prognozuli balansi asaxavs qonebis Rirebulebas, romelsac
flobs sawarmo (aqtivebi) da saxsrebis wyaroebs am qonebis
formirebisTvis (pasivebi). balansi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba
kompaniis kapitali, misi struqtura, dafinansebis Tu romeli
wyaroebis xarjze arsebobs kompania.
120
Tu sawarmo ramdenime saxis bizness awarmoebs, romlebic
mogebis SedarebiT damoukidebel wyaroebs warmoadgenen,
TiToeul bizness unda gaaCndes sakuTari biujeti – es
aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom sworad SevafasoT saqmianobis
Sedegebi TiToeuli mimarTulebis mixedviT da uzrunvelvyoT
efeqturi marTva. sxvagvarad SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom erTi saxis
biznesi arsebobs sxva biznesis xarjze. nebismieri kompania,
mcirec ki, SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc holdingi. mas gaaCnia
mmarTveli bloki da biznes-mimarTulebebi, romlebic Tana-
moqmedeben erTmaneTTan. generalurma direqtorma Tvalyuri unda
adevnos biznes-erTeulebis ZiriTad maCveneblebs. misTvis ar aris
aucilebeli, ufro Rrmad Cawvdes im dromde, sanam ar gaCndeba
problemebi. maSin ukve saWiroa problemebis gaanalizeba.
generaluri direqtoris uSualo meTvalyureobis qveS unda
iyos kidev erTi biujeti – sainvesticio. investiciebze
mimarTuli fuladi nakadi – erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani.
generaluri direqtori pasuxismgebelia ganviTarebis strate-
giaze, amitom mas mkafiod unda esmodes, Tu ra sainvesticio
potenciali gaaCnia kompanias, Tu raze miimarTeba sainvesticio
resursebi, rogoria dabandebaTa efeqturoba. zogjer es biujeti
ganixileba, rogorc biujetis damoukidebeli saxe, zogierT
kompaniaSi is aris fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis biujetis
ganyofileba.
ramdeni kompaniacaa, imdenivea biujetTa struqturac. magram
arsebobs saerTo wesebi. biujetebis struqtura dakavSirebuli
unda iyos finansuri pasuxismgeblobis centrebTan, kompaniis
organizaciul struqturasa da amocanebTan, romlebsac is
ayenebs sakuTari Tavis winaSe. nebismier kompanias SeuZlia
gamoyos Tavisi saqmianobis ZiriTadi saxeebi, magaliTad, gayid-
vebi, warmoeba, servisi, Sida operaciuli momsaxureba. rogorc
wesi, biujetebis struqtura aigeba imave principiT: gayidvebis
biujeti, warmoebis biujeti, servisul qvedanayofTa biujeti da
a.S. Tumca, SeiZleba TanamSromelTa mTeli saqmianoba davyoT
operaciulsa da ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebulze. Cveni azriT,
dinamikuri ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania calke movaxdinoT
121
xarjebis biujetireba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc calke striqoni
biujetSi, ise calkeuli biujetic.
generalurma direqtorma biujetebis SemuSavebisas, sanam
safinanso samsaxurs daavalebs biujetebis Sedgenas, unda
SeimuSaos strategia, miiRos mkafio pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra zRvars
unda miaRwios kompaniam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. amis gaTva-
liswinebiT saWiroa ganisazRvros miznebi uaxloesi wlisTvis: ra
ZiriTad sawarmoo an sabazro maCveneblebs gsurT rom miaRwioT,
romeli proeqtebis realizeba unda moaxdinos Tqvenma kompaniam
am wels SemuSavebuli strategiis gaTvaliswinebiT? amis Semdeg
SeiZleba SeudgeT Tavdapirvelad wlis biujetis, xolo Semdeg
ufro mokle vadiT biujetebis Sedgenasac.
1 nabiji.1 nabiji.1 nabiji.1 nabiji. biujetis Sedgenis wliuri cikli iwyeba
menejerebis sakuTari gundisTvis generaluri direqtoris
“sabiujeto gzavniliT”. masSi unda gamoiyos ZiriTadi mimarTu-
lebebi da ganisazRvros ZiriTadi maCveneblebi, romelTa miRweva
moxdes. es dokumenti unda safuZveli unda iyos yvela
qvedanayofis biujetTa SemuSavebisTvis.
2 2 2 2 nabiji.nabiji.nabiji.nabiji. miiRebs ra miznobriv orientirebs, TiToeulma
qvedanayofma damoukideblad unda SeimuSaos sakuTari gegmebi
sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
biujetis ama Tu im striqonze pasuxismgebel TanamSromelTa
biujetirebis procesSi CarTva saSualebas iZleva, gadaiWras
ramdenime mniSvnelovani amocana:
• Semcirdes biujetirebis procesis sirTule misi
decentralizaciis gziT;
• amaRldes konkretuli Semsruleblebis pasuxismgebloba
maTTvis biujetis gansazRvruli maCveneblebis Sesru-
lebaze pasuxismgeblobisa da uflebamosilebebis dele-
girebis gziT;
• aigos kompaniis finansur gegmebTan dakavSirebuli
motivaciis efeqturi sistema.
mTlianobaSi, biujetirebis procesze pasuxismgebeli unda
iyos kompaniis finansuri direqtori. xolo imisaTvis, rom es
procesi ar iyos qaosuri da ar gaiwelos usasrulobamde,
finansurma samsaxurma finansuri direqtoris meTaurobiT unda
122
SeimuSaos sabiujeto reglamenti, romelic daafiqsirebda biuje-
tis Sedgenis etapebis Tanmimdevrobas, vadebsa da pasuxismgebel
pirebs. reglamenti unda daamtkicos generalurma direqtorma,
rogorc xelmZRvanelma, an biujetirebis sistemis kontrolisTvis
specialurad Seqmnilma mmarTvelobiTma organom – sabiujeto
komitetma.
3 nabiji3 nabiji3 nabiji3 nabiji. mas Semdeg, rac pasuxismgebeli TanamSromlebi
SeimuSaveben sakuTar biujetebs, finansuri samsaxuri maT
aerTianebs da ugzavnis gansaxilvelad xelmZRvanels. ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom miRebuli krebsiTi biujeti daSorebuli
iqneba kompaniis strategiuli miznebisgan. maSin daiwyeba
SeTanxmeba da biujetebi SeiZleba dabrundes bolomde dasa-
muSaveblad. es procesi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam yvela mxare ar
SeaTanxmebs sakuTar interesebs, ar moiyvanen sasurvel miznebs
SesaZleblobebTan da resursebTan SesabamisobaSi.
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom biujetis Sedgena – es
kompaniis miznebis miRwevaze mimarTuli SeTanxmebuli moqme-
debebis Sesaxeb yvela donis menejerebs Soris xelSekrulebis
dadebis, koleqtiuri dagegmvis procesia. biujetis damtkicebis
Semdeg menejerebis gundi gadawyvetilebis qveS koleqtiurad
awers xels erToblivad dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas. rodesac es
procesi konstruqciuladaa organizebuli, mimdinareobs dialogi
da yvela kmayofili rCeba SedegiT, TiToeuli pasuxismgebelia,
sakuTar ubanze miaRwios imas, rac damtkicebulia biujetSi.
naTelia, rom Tu gegma ar muSaobs, rogorc miRweuli Sedegebis
analizisa da kontrolis instrumenti, ar warmoadgens safuZvels
menejerebisa da TanamSromlebis motivaciis sistemis asagebad,
maSin misi mniSvneloba ufasurdeba. kontrolis optimaluri
cikli – Tvea. TveSi erTxel jamdeba Sedegebi, romlebsac
ajereben gegmebTan, vlindeba gadaxrebi da maTi mixedviT miiReba
gadawyvetilebebi. mTavari maCveneblebi, romlebic unda akontro-
los generalurma direqtorma, asaxavs biznes-erTeulebis saqmi-
anobas: Semosavlebi, mogeba, gasavlebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
muxlebi. biznes-indikatorebis es ZiriTadi paneli saSualebas
gvaZlevs gavigoT, miaRwies Tu ara qvedanayofebma dasaxul
maCveneblebs. gegmasTan SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi generalur
123
direqtors aqvs ufleba, isaubros xelqveiTebTan misi gamomwvevi
mizezebis Sesaxeb. gamovlenili gadaxrebis Sesabamisad miiReba
gadawyvetilebebi: an am ubnebSi unda gaigzavnos damatebiTi
resursebi, an movaxdinoT im gegmebis koreqtireba, romlebic
aRmoCnda ararealuri, an vawarmooT gadaadgileba imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom adamianebi ver umklavdebian amocanebs.
kontrolis perioduloba damokidebulia organizaciis mas-
Stabsa da misi saqmianobis specifikaze. generalur direqtors
xSirad uwevs mravali funqciis Sesruleba, maT Soris dakave-
bulia operatiuli kontroliT. aseT kompaniebSi mas SeuZlia
gadaxedos angariSebs biujetis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kviraSi
erTxelac. magaliTad, savaWro kompaniaSi, romelic iyenebs mcire
daricxvebs da romelic ukve meore dRes gadauricxavs mimwo-
deblebs miRebuli saSualebebis did nawils, generalur direq-
tors SeuZlia yovel diliT Caixedos fsmb-sa da sagadasaxdelo
kalendarSi. magram msxvili kompaniis xelmZRvaneli ase ver
moiqceva, vinaidan mas ubralod ar eyofa dro ufro
mniSvnelovani amocanebis gadasaWrelad.
Tamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdia gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi ---- ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis
mniSvnelovamniSvnelovamniSvnelovamniSvnelovani instrumentini instrumentini instrumentini instrumenti
Cvens qveyanaSi aTiode wlis win gabatonebuli iyo rig
politikosTa Tu ekonomistTa, Teoretikos-praqtikosTa mosaz-
reba, rom sabazro meqanizmi avtomaturad uzrunvelyofs
wonasworobas gadasaxadebis regulirebaSi.
cnobili frangi mecnieris, ekonomikis dargSi nobelis
premiis laureatis moris ales gadmocemiT, “Tanamedrove sagada-
saxado kanonmdebloba” mniSvnelovanwilad antiliberaluria da
individuumis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli; igi xels uSlis pirov-
nebis niWisa da SesaZleblobebis srulad gamovlinebas da
sazogadoebis yvelaze unariani wevrebis winsvlas sazogadoeb-
124
rivi cxovrebis kibeze” [moris a. sagadasaxado sistemis
reformisaTvis, moskovi, «ТЕИС» 2001, 13-25.]. eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom gadasaxadebma rigiTi moqalaqis
keTildReoba minimalurad unda daazianos da qveynis saga-
dasaxado politikam Sualeduri gza unda ipovos [Slemrod J.,
Yitzhaki S. Tax Avoidance. Evasion and Administration. NBER WP No 7473. 2000. p.26.].
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado politika ekonomikur urTierTo-
baTa da tendenciaTa saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTad instru-
ments warmoadgens. sagadasaxado politikis arsi mniSvnlovnad
scdeba sagadasaxado RonisZiebebis CarCoebs, vinaidan swori
sagadasaxado politika qveynis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes
instruments warmoadgens.
sagadasaxado politikis gatarebiT saxelmwifo aqtiurad
ereva “bazris funqcionirebaSi”, aregulirebs warmoebis ganvi-
Tarebas, xels uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas, mniSvnelovnad zemoqme-
debs sainvesticio politikasa da struqturul gardaqmnebze.
saqarTvelo, rogorc evropisa da aziis sxva qveynebi,
ekonomikuri struqturebis reformebis stadiaSi imyofeba. misi
gamocdileba, sabazro sistemis formirebasa da gamoyenebaSi
arcTu iseTi didia. msgavs pirobebSi mniSvnelovania SeviswavloT
sabazro meurneobis sagadasaxado sistemebis modelebi, romlebic
farTodaa gavrcelebuli ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
pirveli modeli (amerikuli, anu liberaluri) ukavSirdeba
erovnuli meurneobis ganviTarebis pirdapir-administraciul
maregulirebel SezRudvebs (begaris Semcireba saxelmwifo
xarjebis SezRudviT, kreditebis liberalizaciiT da a.S.),
saxelmwifos socialuri funqciebis SemcirebiT, agreTve saxel-
mwifo sakuTrebis mcire wiliT. amasTan, ekonomikis yvela
sferoSi mTavari roli TviTregulirebad sabazro meqanizms
ekuTvnis.
sabazro meurneobis amerikuli tipi RirsSesaniSnavia imiT,
rom misi ekonomikuri modeli SedarebiT ufro moqnilia. is
mimarTulia maqsimaluri mogebis miRebisaken. samewarmeo aqtivoba
ufro maRalia, rac ganpirobebulia kapitaldabandebis farTo,
alternatiuli nakrebiT. magram am SemTxvevaSi bazris modeli
125
eyrdnoba individualur miRwevebs, ris Sedegadac Cndeba
socialurad arasakmarisad daculi sazogadoebrivi fenebi, rac
warmoadgens sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis cxovrebis donis
mkveTri diferenciaciis mizezs. amasTan, metad mniSvnelovania
imis aRniSvna, rom, Tu msgavs procesebs ganvixilavT xangrZlivi
drois aspeqtSi, SeiZleba saerTo arastabiluri situacia
Seiqmnas [Summers L. Tel Lessons to Learn – The Economist, January 5, 1996. p.
25-27.]. Semdegi modeli, romelic SedarebiT kargad Aaris ganvi-
Tarebuli germaniasa da iaponiaSi, xasiaTdeba erovnul meurne-
obaze saxelmwifos aqtiuri zemoqmedebiT, socialuri uzrunvel-
yofis mZlavri sistemiT, qveynis biujetSi saxelmwifo Semo-
savlebis da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis mniSvnelovani wiliT.
sabazro meurneobis iaponur-germanuli modeli uzrunvel-
yofs samewarmeo saqmianobis maRal saboloo Sedegebs (pirvel
yovlisa, gamoSvebuli produqciis xarisxs), radgan, erTi mxriv,
daculia dasaqmebulTa interesebi, uflebebi da movaleobebis
balansi, da, meore mxriv, daqiravebuli Sroma.
saxelmwifos regulirebis principi damokidebulia TiTo-
euli qveynis da konkretuli problemis specifikaze, romelic
warmoiSoba saxelmwifos winaSe ganviTarebis mocemul etapze.
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo regulirebis mimarTu-
lebebi, formebi da meTodebi icvleba sazogadoebrivi warmoebis
struqturaSi mimdinare cvlilebebTan erTad, radganac mimdinare
teqnikuri Zvrebis dawyebisTanave xdeba saxelmwifo funqciebis
ganviTareba, gamdidreba, dazusteba.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis reformebi Tavidanve iyo orienti-
rebuli bazris liberalur modelze orientirebuli, rac
gamoixata saxelmwifos CaurevlobaSi ekonomikuri procesebis
regulirebisas, kerZod saxelmwifo: 1. ar monawileobs makro-
doneze dagegmaSi; 2. ar ereva sameurneo saqmianobaSi; 3. ar
axorcielebs fasebis liberalizacias; 4. neli tempebiT
axorcielebs privatizaciis process. aRniSnulma politikam mZime
finansur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi gamoiRo. msoflio praqtika
gviCvenebs, rom rac ufro CamorCeba ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT
126
qveyana, miT meti sameurneo funqciebi unda itvirTos
saxelmwifom.
saxelmwifos moqmed da efeqtur maregulerebel saSualebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos sagadasaxado meqanizmi. sagadasaxado
sistemis warmatebul funqcionirebazea damokidebuli ekonomikur
gadawyvetilebebis Sedegianoba. saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebaze pidapiri da iribi meTodebiT, moicavs:
dabegvris regulirebas, begaris amoRebis vadas, sabegaro tarifs,
dasabegr subieqtsa da obieqts, dasabegr bazebs, SeRavaTebsa da
sanqciebs, dabegvris pirobebis Secvlis vadebs. saxelmwifo, erTi
mxriv, stimuls aZlevs mewarmeobas da, meore mxriv, gansazRvravs
mas saerTo-erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare.
gadasaxadebiT regulirebis meTodebis gamoyeneba mraval
winaaRmdegobasTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelic gadasaxadis
fiskaluri arsidan gamomdinareobs. amis gamo, gadasaxadis,
rogorc ekonomikuri maregulirebel-mastimulirebelis efeqtiT
gamoyeneba – sakmaod rTuli amocanaa.
lili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZe likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebis likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebis likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebis likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebis
finansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi
1. saqarTveloSi 2000 wels sul 32 komerciuli banki iyo. 2007
wels maTi ricxovnoba Semcirda da 19 gaxda. amasTan, komerciuli
bankebis gacxadebuli sawesdebo fondi 2007 wels, 2000 welTan
SedarebiT, daaxloebiT 2, 6-jer gaizarda da 524,6 mln lari
Seadgina. rac Seexeba komerciuli bankebis dajgufebas ganaR-
debul sawesdebo kapitalis mixedviT, mimdinare wlis dasawyi-
sisaTvis 10 mln. lari da meti ganaRdebuli sawesdebo kapitali
15 komerciul banks, xolo 5-dan 10 mln laramde 4 komerciul
banks gaaCnda.
zrdis tendeciiT xasiaTdeba komerciuli bankebis rogorc
aqtivebi, ise saaqcio kapitali. 2007 wels, 2005 welTan SedarebiT,
komerciuli bankebis mTliani aqtivebi 2,8-jer gaizarda, xolo
saaqcio kapitali _ daaxloebiT 3-jer da 1 471,0 aTasi lari
Seadgina. komerciuli bankebis mier erovnul ekonomikaze gace-
127
muli sesxebiT davalianebis moculoba 2007 wels, 2005 welTan
SedarebiT, 2,6-jer gaizrda da 4 436,7 mln lari Seadgina. saanga-
riSo periodSi gaizrda kapitalis rezervebi da gaunawilebeli
mogebac. aseT pirobebSi sabanko seqtoris finansuri usafrTxoe-
bis dacvas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
2. safinanso seqtors qveynis ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia da sakmaod swrafad viTardeba. safinanso seqtoris
ZiriTad rgols saqarTveloSi sabanko seqtori warmoadgens.
sabanko seqtori, misi funqciebisa da operaciebis mixedviT, iyofa
centralur bankad da komerciul bankebad. saqarTvelos
centralur banks saqarTvelos erovnuli banki warmoadgens,
romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqcia saerTod qveynis safinanso
sistemis da kerZod komerciuli bankebis stabilurobisa da
gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofaa. rac Seexeba komerciul bankebs,
maTi meSveobiT ekonomikaSi arsebuli droebiT Tavisufali
fuladi saxsrebis akumulireba da ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqto-
rebs Soris gadanawileba xdeba. komerciuli banki gansa-
kuTrebuli institutia, sadac, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise qveynis
gareT xdeba fuladi saSualebebis akumulireba da yovelgvari
tipis unaRdo angariSsworeba. amitom sxva saxis samewarmeo
saqmianobisagan gansxvavebiT, komerciuli bankebis problemebi
dauyovnebliv aisaxeba danarCen ekonomikaze. aseT pirobebSi
sabanko seqtoris mdgradoba qveynis safinanso usafrTxoebaSi
gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZens.
3. sabanko seqtoris finansuri usafrTxoebis erT-erT aucilebel
pirobas likvidobis marTva warmoadgens. bankis normaluri
funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia, bankma dagvianebis gareSe gana-
xorcielos sxvadasxva sagadamxdelo operaciebi, rasac likvi-
doba ewodeba. Tu banks ar Seswevs unari, daakmayofilos fuladi
gadaxdis Sesaxeb klientis moTxovna, misi reputacia safrTxis
winaSe aRmoCndeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi sabanko angariSebidan mTeli
fuladi resursebis gatanis saSiSroeba arsebobs. bankis am
mdgomareobas depozitebis gadineba ewodeba, rasac, xSirad,
bankis daxurva mosdevs. arsebobs imis safrTxe, rom, aRniSnulma,
sazogadoebis mxridan mTlianad sabanko sistemis mimarT undob-
loba gamoiwvios da gadinebis igive procesi daiwyos sxva
128
bankebSic. Sesabamisad, komerciuli bankebis finansuri usafrTxo-
ebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani roli
likvidobis miznobrivma marTvam unda Seasrulos.
4. bankebs yovelTvis unda hqondeT fuli da sakmarisi odenobiT
sxva likviduri aqtivebi, rac moulodneli gadinebis saTanado
gawonasworebas uzrunvelyofs. amasTan, es raodenoba unda iyos
optimaluri da saprocento Semosavlis Semcirebis xarjze ar
unda ganxorcieldes. bankebs likvidoba garkveul safrTxes
uqmnis. likvidobis marTva moiTxovs efeqturi sainformacio
sistemiT uzrunvelyofas. likvidobis marTvis wesi ki imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom banks gaaCndes mTliani valdebulebebis
Sesabamisi likviduri aqtivebi. amasTan, bankebs sWirdeba fulis
Semodinebisa da gadinebis yoveldRiuri monitoringi da misi
samomavlo prognozireba garkveuli sizustiT, xolo likviduri
aqtivebis odenoba mTliani valdebulebebis proporciuli unda
iyos.
lia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZe
savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis
SemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebi
savaluto riski, Tavisi SinaarsiT, savaluto danakargebis
saSiSroebas warmoadgens, romelic warmoiqmneba savaluto kursis
arasasurveli cvlilebis Sedegad. savaluto kursis variacia da
araprognozirebadobac pirdapir asocirdeba savaluto riskTan.
riskebis marTva Tanamedrove etapze, misi aqtualobidan
gamomdinare, dinamiurad ganviTarebadi profesiuli moRvaweobis
sferoa. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba kvlevis iseTi Tanamedrove meTodi,
rogoricaa savaluto riskebis modelireba. modelirebis mizani
ki savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis SemuSavebaa.
Tavad modelirebis procesi SesaZlebelia ramdenime etapad
ganixilos. modelirebis procesis I etaps warmoadgens savaluto
riskebis gamovlena da formalizacia. am etapis Semdgom,
SesaZlebelia, Tavad am riskebis gazomva (Sefaseba). savaluto
riskebis modelirebis mesame etapad SeiZleba warmovadginoT
riskebis marTvisa da monitoringis meqanizmi, romelic emyareba
modelirebis wina ori etapis Sedegebs.
129
ekonomikur literaturaSi arsebobs riskebis klasifi-
cirebis sxvadasxvagvari midgoma. maTi analizis safuZvelze
SeiZleba riskebis Semdegi saxeebi gamovyoT: savaluto kursebis
cvlileba, saprocento ganakveTebis cvlileba, kreditebze
moTxovnis dacema, gadaxdisunarianobis Semcireba, bankis
reputaciis gauareseba, normatiuli bazis, gadasaxadebisa da
tarifebis cvlileba, likvidurobis dacema da a.S.
swored savaluto riskebis Sefaseba warmoadgens savaluto
riskebis modelirebis meore etaps. rogorc wesi, riskebs ori
ZiriTadi meTodiT zomaven:
1. ganisazRvreba movlenis albaToba, ufro zustad, misi
sididis albaTuri ganawileba. albaTuri ganawilebis
maCveneblad ki gamoiyeneba misi saSualo mniSvneloba
(maTematikuri lodini).
2. riskis Sefasebis meore meTodis arsi ki imaSi mdgoma-
reobs, rom gamovlindes damokidebuleba cud movlenasa
da mizezobriv movlenas Soris da ganisazRvros am
damokidebulebis maCveneblebi. es damokidebuleba SesaZ-
lebelia ase Caiweros:
Πc = k × Πm ,
sadac Πc aris cudi movlenis dadgoma, Πm _ mizezobrivi
movlena, xolo k _ ki koeficienti, romlis mniSvnelobis
mixedviTac xdeba riskis Sefaseba.
dReisaTvis savaluto riskebis Sefasebis yvelaze popu-
larul instruments warmoadgens meTodologiuri koncefcia VaR
(Value at Risk) romelic emyareba riskebis gansazRvruli ricxviTi
mniSvnelobebiT gamoxatvas albaTuri maxasiaTeblebiT, savaluto
kursis cvlilebis albaTuri ganawilebis ndobis SerCeuli
intervalis (95 an 99%) mixedviT.
am koncefciis safuZvelze eqspertebi SeimuSaveben riskis
Sefasebis sxvadasxva modelebs, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom
koniunqturis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi (gansakuTrebiT ki krizi-
suli situaciebis dros) aRniSnul modelebSi saWiro xdeba
koreqtivebis Setana.
riskebis formalizaciisa da Sefasebis Semdeg ukve SesaZle-
belia saubari riskebis marTvaze, anu riskebis modelirebis
130
mesame etapze. igi iTvaliswinebs rigi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas,
romlebic mimarTulia riskis Semcirebisaken. formalurad
riskebis marTvas ori ZiriTadi mizani aqvs:
1. riskis arsebul doneze SenarCuneba;
2. riskis minimizacia arsebul pirobebSi.
Tavis mxriv, savaluto riskebis marTvis meTodebi moicavs
sam ZiriTad meqanizms _ esenia limitireba, hejireba da
diversifikacia.
riskebis marTvis erT-erT mimarTulebas warmoadgens riske-
bis dazRveva. dazRvevis konkretuli meTodis SerCeva ki damo-
kidebulia qveyanaSi moqmed fulad-sakredito da savaluto
politikaze, riskebis dafarvis vadasa da savaluto kursisa da
saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebis perspeqtivaze.
dReisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba savaluto riskebis dazRve-
vis Tanamedrove meTodebi, romelTac, pirvel rigSi, ganekuTvneba
savaluto ofcioni. farTod gamoiyeneba, agreTve, forvarduli
savaluto garigebebi. savaluto riskis dazRvevis erT-erT
mimarTulebas warmoadgens aseve “svop” operaciebi.
SerCeuli meTodis mizanSewoniloba da praqtikuli Rir-
buleba ki naTeli gaxdeba aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis finansuri
Sedegebis mixedviT.
savaluto riskebis marTvis sistemebis gamoyeneba bankebs
saSualebas aZlevs, gaataron mecnierulad dasabuTebuli rea-
luri savaluto politika, anu SeimuSaon RonisZiebebi
maqsimaluri mogebis misaRebad, mis xelT arsebuli resursebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
Tea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSvili
inflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli msoflios
mTelma rigma qveynebma uari Tqves tradiciul monetarul
politikaze, romelic fuladi agregatebisa da gacvliTi kursis
manevrirebis meTods emyareboda da orientiri aiRes inflaciis
miznobriv maCvenebelze. aseT midgomas ewoda inflaciuri
131
targetireba, romlis arsic inflaciis garkveul miznobriv
mniSvnelobaze orientirebaa momavali periodisaTvis.
umetes qveynebSi efeqtian fulad-sakredito problemis
gadaWris gzebi inflaciur targetirebaSi moiZebna. misi daxma-
rebiT centralur bankebs SesaZlebloba miecaT warmatebiT
SeemcirebinaT inflacia da inflaciuri molodini mokle
periodSi, gaezardaT ekonomikuri zrdis tempi da agreTve aemaR-
lebinaT ndoba.
targetirebis qveS igulisxmeba ekonomikuri politikis
instrumentebis gamoyeneba miznobrivi cvladis raodenobrivi
orientirebis misaRwevad, romlebic regulirebis organos pasu-
xismgeblobaSi Sedis. imis gamo, rom centralur banks ar
SeuZlia saboloo mizans pirdapir miaRwios, igi moqmedebs ara-
pirdapir, Sualeduri miznis targetirebis gziT. saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi yvelaze metad ganviTarda targetirebis ramdenime
varianti:
_ inflaciis targetireba: fulad-sakredito politikis
Sualeduri mizani, xSir SemTxvevaSi, emTxveva saboloo mizans da
misi saxiT gamodis inflaciis prognozi;
_ savaluto kursis targetireba: Sualedur miznad gamodis
erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursi;
_ fuladi targetireba: Sualedur mizans warmoadgens
fulad-sakredito agregatebi;
_ nominaluri Semosavlis targetireba: Sualedur mizans
warmoadgens nominaluri eSp-is zrda.
pirvel rigSi aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rogor Tanafar-
dobaSia erTmaneTTan fulad-sakredito politika mTlianobaSi da
kerZod targetirebis politika. imisda mixedviT, Tu targetireba
romeli cvladiT xorcieldeba, fulad-sakredito politika
SeiZleba funqcionirebdes ama Tu im reJimSi.
operaciuli miznebis amorCeva xdeba fulad-sakredito
politikis reJimis mixedviT (indikaturi cvladebis xasiaTiT
anda Sualeduri miznebiT), xolo operaciuli miznebi, Tvis mxriv
gansazRvravs fulad-sakredito instrumentebis gamoyenebas.
imisda mixedviT, Tu romel mizanze SeaCera Tavisi arCevani
xelisuflebam, ganisazRvreba aucilebeli instrumentebis nakrebi.
132
fulad-sakredito politikis realizaciisas centralurma
bankma SeiZleba mimarTos sabazro regulirebas anda gamoiyenos
administraciuli zomebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi eyrdnoba irib
instrumentebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ fulad-sakredito
politikis pirdapir instrumentebs.
pirdapir instrumentebs miekuTvneba saprocento ganakve-
Tebze kontroli, sakredito Weri da pirdapiri anda miznobrivi
kreditebi. fulad-sakredito politikis arapirdapir instrumen-
tebs miekuTvneba moklevadiani refinansirebis operaciebi, inter-
venciebi da sarezervo moTxovnebi.
inflaciuri targetireba dakavSirebulia centraluri ban-
kis saqmianobasTan da moicavs: 1. inflaciis mosalodneli donis
prognozirebas; 2. inflaciis miznobrivi donis Sedarebas
prognozul sididesTan; 3. maT Soris sxvaobis Semcirebis mizniT
monetaruli politikis gatarebas.
inflaciuri targetireba unda efuZnebodes Semdeg prin-
cipebs: inflaciis miznobrivi maCveneblis raodenobrivi paramet-
rebis sajarod gamocxadebas; fasebis stabilurobas, rogorc
fulad-sakredito politikis ZiriTad mizans; centraluri bankis
damoukideblobas fulad-sakredito instrumentebis SerCevaSi da
xelisuflebis mxridan sxva makroekonomikuri indikatorebis
targetirebisagan uaris Tqmas.
inflaciuri targetireba moicavs or fazas: pirveli gu-
lisxmobs inflaciis sasurveli donis miRwevas; xolo meore _
miRweuli donis SenarCunebas. inflaciuri targetirebis dros
centralurma bankma unda axsnas inflaciis gegmiuri maCveneblis
dadgenis mizanSewoniloba, daasabuTos misi raodenobrivi para-
metrebi da gaangariSebis meTodologia, agreTve, sagegmo maCve-
nebelTa miRwevis xerxebi.
inflaciuri targetireba fulad-sakredito politikis
axali mimarTulebaa da saWiroebs Tavisi Teoriul-meTodolo-
giuri safuZvlebis srulyofasa da ganviTarebas.
ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe
saqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelo----germaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWro----eeeekonomikuri TanamSromlobis konomikuri TanamSromlobis konomikuri TanamSromlobis konomikuri TanamSromlobis
aqtualuri sakiTxebiaqtualuri sakiTxebiaqtualuri sakiTxebiaqtualuri sakiTxebi 1918191819181918----1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi
133
saqarTvelo-germaniis ekonomikur-politikuri TanamSromlo-
ba saukuneebs iTvlis. metad didi iyo germaniis roli saqar-
Tvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenaSi. diax, germaniam gadamwyveti
roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenaSi. saqar-
Tvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso de faqto aRiareba
nabij-nabij, cxadia Znelad, magram mainc xdeboda. germaniam, erT-
erTma pirvelma, 1918 wlis 10 ivniss de faqto, xolo 1920 wlis 24
seqtembers ki de iure aRiara saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da
pirvelma gaxsna saelCo TbilisSi.
foTSi 1918 wlis 28 maiss, saqarTvelo-germaniis warmo-
madgenlebma xeli moaweres ‘’droebiT SeTanxmebas saqarTvelosa
da germanias Soris winaswari urTierTdamokidebulebis damya-
rebis Sesaxeb’’ [Kress, Fridrich: Meine mission im Kaukasus. Verlag
„Samschoblo“, Tb., 2001.], romelic iTvaliswinebda germanuli
kapitalis daxmarebiT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur ganvi-
Tarebas. SeTanxmebis meti wili savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebs
exeboda. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebidan naTlad Cans Tu ra did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda germania saqarTvelosTan ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba damouki-
debeli saqarTvelos mier dadebuli pirveli saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmeba iyo, marTalia, zogierTi punqti ar iyo saqarTve-
losaTvis xelsayreli, magram es daTmoba im udidesi daxmarebis
kompensaciiT aixsneba, romlis meSveobiTac saqarTvelom SeZlo
Turquli okupacia aecilebina.
aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniis politikuri wreebi kavkasias
damatebiTi resursebis wyarod ganixilavdnen da, amdenad, am
regions gansakuTrebul yuradrebas aqcevdnen. yovelive es
naTlad Cans raixstagis 1918 wlis 25 ivnisis sxdomaze deputat
fon vestarfis gamosvlidan. man aRniSna: regions uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs germaniisaTvis wiaRiseulis _ navTobis,
spilenZis, nayofieri niadagisa da klimatis gamo. vestarfma
yuradReba gaamaxvila aseve kavkasiis regionis, rogorc satran-
zito qveynis udides mniSvnelobaze, romelic warmoadgens
gadasasvlels Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvaze, im qveynebamde,
romlebic kaspiis zRvis gaRma mdebareoben da romlebic droTa
134
ganmavlobaSi germaniis nedleuliT momaragebaSi gadamwyvet
mniSvnelobas SeiZenen’’ [axsiaSvili g., saqarTvelo-germaniis
urTierTobaTa istoriidan, qarTuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli 3,
Tb., 1996. gv. 320.].
foTSi gaformda aseve SeTanxmeba ‘’saqarTvelosa da
germanias Soris savaluto urTierTobaTa winaswari regulirebis
Sesaxeb’’ [Kress, Fridrich: Meine mission im Kaukasus. Verlag „Samschoblo“, Tb.,
2001.], romlis safuZvelze saqarTvelos mTavrobas Tavis sa-
xelmwifoSi unda daeSva germanuli valuta, sakuTaris Tanabrad,
ganusazRvreli raodenobiT, rogorc kanonieri saangariSsworebo
saSualeba. kursebi unda yofiliyo myari, romelic unda
gansazRvruliyo mxareebs Soris aseve gansakuTrebuli SeTanxme-
biT. aseTi xelSekrulebis gaformebis dros ki erovnul valutad
iTvleboda mxolod saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier dadgenili
fuladi niSnebi. SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sedioda xelmowerisTanave da
misi moqmedeba Sewydeboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca or qve-
yanas Soris gaformdeboda SeTanxmeba fulad-savaluto urTi-
erTobebis Sesaxeb. foTSi aseve moewera xeli winaswar SeTanxme-
bas saqarTvelosaTvis sesxis gamoyofis sakiTxze. SeTanxmeba
iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos mier qveyanaSi arsebuli da mSe-
nebare rkinigzebis saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebas. sa-
xelmwifos gankargulebaSi unda gadasuliyo foTis navsadguri,
romelic im dros qalaqis gankargulebaSi iyo. SeTanxmebis
Tanaxmad saqarTvelos rkinigzebidan da foTis navsadguridan
miRebuli Semosavlebis nawili moxmardeboda momavali sesxis
procentis dafarvas. kontroli rkinigzebisa da navsadguris
eqspluataciaze unda ganexorcielebina qarTul-germanul erTob-
liv komisias.
SeTanxmebis meore muxlis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos mTavroba
saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi gadascemda samTo mrewvelobis
mTel produqcias da wiaRiseulis damuSavebis uflebas miiRebda
mxolod saxelmwifos kontrolqveS myofi sawarmoebi, romelTa
aqciebi Tanabrad iqneboda ganawilebuli qarTul da germanul
mxareebs Soris. aq kargad Cans germanelTa interesi, saqarTvelos
mTavroba valdebulebas iRebda, ar SeezRuda mopovebuli madnis
gatana raime damatebiTi akrZalvebiTa da SezRudvebiT. mesame
135
muxli saqarTvelos mxares avaldebulebda germaniisaTvis
yovelgvari nedleulis Sesyidvis upiratesi uflebis micemas,
rac ki moipoveboda saqarTveloSi da gankuTvnili iyo saeqspor-
tod. Tavis mxriv, meoTxe muxliT germaniis mxare kisrulobda
mxareebs Soris uaxloes momavalSi sazRvao mimosvlis mowes-
rigebas, saqarTveloSi mza saqonlis da naxevarfabrikatebis
Semotanas. foTis SeTanxmebaTa Tanaxmad, mTeli omis ganmav-
lobaSi saqarTvelos gankargulebaSi myofi yvela gemi da sxva
sazRvao transporti germaniis gankargulebaSi gadadioda.
foTis xelSekrulebebSi gansazRvruli iyo germanuli
kapitalis daxmarebiT saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTareba.
germania, Tavis mxriv, miiRebda mogebas, magram arc saqarTvelo
waagebda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imdroindeli saqarTvelos mZime
socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas. adgilobrivi mrewvelobis
produqcia mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda msoflio standartebs,
amitom ZiriTadad warmoebda nedleulis, gansakuTrebiT manga-
numis eqsporti. marto 1918 _ 1920 wlebSi amoRebuli da eqsporti-
rebuli iuo 4819 aTasi fuTi manganumi.
qarTuli madani saeqsportod gadioda evropis qveynebSi,
ZiriTadad ki germaniaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom manganumis eqsportSi
wamyvan rols aseve germanuli firmebi asrulebdnen.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis teritoriaze
mimoqcevaSi iyo oqros Tumniani, girvanqa sterlingi, oqros
lira, osmaluri qaRaldis lira, franguli franki, amerikuli
dolari, germanuli marka, italiuri lira. 1919 wlis monacemebiT
erTi oqros maneTi 39.24 qarTul bons Seadgenda. imave wlis
bolosaTvis _ ukve 102.96, xolo 1920 wlis bolos _ 1300 bons,
rac warmoebis donis Semcirebaze metyvelebs [surgulaZe a.,
surgulaZe p. saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 1991. gv. 371.]. aRniSnul
periodSi saqarTvelodan saeqsportod ZiriTadad gadioda:
samrewvelo nedleuli, xili, bostneuli, Tafli, Cai, Rvino,
borjomi da a.S.
1918 wlis 12 ivliss berlinSi germaniasTan xeli moawera
axal xelSekrulebebs, romlebsac foTis droebiTi SeTanxmebebi
daedo safuZvlad. aRniSnul molaparakebebSi monawileobdnen
germaneli mewarmeebi, romelTa interesi isev da isev WiaTuris
136
manganumis sabadosTan iyo dakavSirebuli. germaniaSi gamarTul
Sexvedras eswrebodnen: germania-luqsemburgis samTo-samrewvelo
da metalurgiuli saaqcio sazogadoeba ‘’boxumi’’-is, ss ‘’fridrix
krupis’’, ss ‘’gelzenkirxenis’’, ss ‘’germaniis kaizeris’’, ss
‘’gutehofnungis hiutes’’, Sps ‘’kavkasiis maRaroTa gaerTianebis’’ da
sxvaTa warmomadgenlebi [Kress, Fridrich: Meine mission im Kaukasus. Verlag
„Samschoblo“, Tb., 2001, Vertrag 19, s.184-188.]. germanelebi cdilobdnen WiaTuris manganumis xelSi
Cagdebas. berlinSi xelmoweril erT-erT xelSekrulebaSi
aRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba specialurad Seqmnil
saaqcio sazogadoeba _ ‘’saqarTvelos manganumis mompovebel
gaerTianebas’’ _ gadascems germanul mxares. saaqcio sazoga-
doebis centraluri ofisi unda yofiliyo TbilisSi da mas unda
hqonoda filiali berlinSi. saaqcio sazogadoeba iqmneboda 30
wlis vadiT da mas saqarTvelodan unda gaetana manganumis madani
da koncentratebi. ss ‘’saqarTvelos manganumis mompovebeli
gaerTianebis’’ sawesdebo kapitali _ 15 mln. germanuli marka
Tanabrad 50/50% nawildeboda qarTul da germanul mxares Soris.
aRniSnuli sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobaSi iqneboda sami kaci,
aqedan ori germanul mxares da erTi qarTvelebs ergebodaT.
sazogadoebis saqmianobas kontrols gauwevda saqarTvelos
mTavroba. wminda mogebis 50%, Tu igi aWarbebda saaqcio
kapitalis 10%-s, Cairicxeboda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujet-
Si. saqarTvelo yovel erT tona gatanil manganumze miiRebda 43
germanul markas. msgavs Semosavlebs miiRebda saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo manganumis madnisa da koncentratebis sxva ucxoeli
momxmareblebisagan. saqarTvelos mxares ekisreboda valdebuleba,
damatebiTi baJebiT ar SeeSala xeli manganumis saqarTvelodan
eqsportisaTvis. sazogadoebas ar unda dakisreboda iseTi
gadasaxadebis gadaxda, rasac sxva sazogadoebebi ar ixdidnen.
madnis transportirebisas ar unda gamoyenebuliyo ufro maRali
satarifo ganakveTebi, vidre saerTod iyo miRebuli saqarTvelos
teritoriaze tvirTis gadazidvisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom
wiaRiseulis SesyidvasTan dakavSirebul sadavo sakiTxebs gani-
xilavda Tbilisis sasamarTlo, rac did miRwevad unda
137
CaiTvalos, magram rigi sakiTxebisa berlinis sasamarTloSi unda
ganxiluliyo.
germaniaSi xelmowerili erT-erTi xelSekruleba Seexeboda
saaqcio sazogadoeba WiaTuris rkinigzisaTvis, Sorapani _
WiaTura _ saCxeres sarkinigzo xazis saeqspluataciod gadacemas
40 wlis vadiT. es sazogadoeba miiRebda rkinigzas yvela
nagebobiTa da saSualebiT, romelTa gadacemac specialuri
SeTanxmebiT unda momxdariyo. sazogadoeba rkinigzas Seinar-
Cunebda Tavisi nagebobebiT vargis mdgomareobaSi. rogorc wina
xelSekrulebaSi, am xelSekrulebaSic mocemulia, rom sawesdebo
kapitali _ 5 mln. germanuli marka, mxareebs Soris aseve
Tanabrad iyofoda.
erT-erTi xelSekruleba exeboda foTis navsadguris
eqspluataciis mizniT saaqcio sazogadoebis daarsebas.
navsadguri muSaobas Seudgeboda 1918 wlis 1 oqtombridan da mas
germanuli firmebi miiRebdnen 60 wlis vadiT. gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo sazogadebisaTvis foTis navsadguris mTeli teritoriis,
sanavsadguro dawesebulebebisa da saSualebebis gadacema.
xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg sazogadoeba saqarTvelos
mTavrobas gadaecemoda raime anazRaurebis gareSe. saaqcio sazo-
gadoebis sawesdebo kapitali gansazRvruli iyo 10 mln germanul
markad da aqciebi aseve iyofoda Tanabrad. wminda mogebis 10%
Cairicxeboda saqarTvelos biujetSi, iseve, rogorc erT tona
gatanil manganumze ori marka. aRniSnul SeTanxmebaTa garda,
xeli moewera calke SeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviT, germanul
firmebs eZleodaT WiaTuraSi jer kidev Camouyalibebeli
manganumis sabadoebis eqspluataciis ufleba.
1918 wlis 15 agvistos germaniaSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas
saqarTvelo _ germanias Soris, germaniis savaWro firmebisa da
bankebis sindikatTan wliuri 6 procentiani saxelmwifo sesxis
Taobaze. sindikatis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen cnobili kompa-
niebi: berlinis saaRricxvo sazogadoeba, savaWro-samrewvelo
banki, berlinis savaWro sazogadoeba, firma “s. blaixrioderi”,
germaniis banki, drezdneris banki, firma “mendelsoni da kompania”
da firma “m. varburgi da kompania” [Kress, Fridrich: Meine mission im
Kaukasus. Verlag „Samschoblo“, Tb., 2001, s.172-173.]. germaniisagan
138
saqarTvelos mTavroba sesxad 54 mln. germanul markas miiRebda
fulis reformis gansaxorcieleblad. saqarTvelos mTavrobas
unda daearsebina banki, romelsac eqneboda bonebis gamoSvebis
ufleba. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sesxis dafarva weliwadSi orjer
_ 1 aprilsa da 1 oqtombers. sesxis xangrZlivoba Seadgenda 28
wels, wliuri saprocento ganakveTi (6%) im periodsa da
pirobebSi sakmaod dabali iyo.
ZiriTadi sesxis da procentebis gadaxdis garants
warmoadgenda saqarTvelos mTavroba. swored zemoT ganxiluli
sazogadoebebis (‘’saqarTvelos manganumis sazogadoeba’’, ‘’WiaTu-
ris sarkinigzo sazogadoeba’’ da ‘’foTis navsadguris sazoga-
doeba’’) Semosavlebidan iyo gaTvaliswinebuli sesxis dafarva,
magram, Tu aRniSnuli Semosavlebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCndeboda,
saqarTvelos sxva wyaroebidan unda daefara darCenili Tanxa.
germanelebma yuradReba miaqcies saqarTvelos soflis
meurneobas da saWirod CaTvales misi gamoyvana krizisuli
mdgomareobidan, risTvisac daisaxa germaniidan specialistTa
jgufis gamogzavna. specialistebs unda SeeswavlaT saqarTvelos
niadagebis Taviseburebebi da miecaT rekomendaciebi, raTa
momavalSi SesaZlebeli yofiliyo germaniis samrewvelo sawar-
moebSi iseTi manqanebis gamoSveba, romlebic saqarTvelos piro-
bebSi gamodgeboda. aseve miwis damuSavebis intensiuri meTodebis
Sesaswavlad germaniaSi mivlinebuli unda yofiliyo qarTveli
axalgazrdebis jgufi da maT germaniaSi miRebuli codna-
gamocdileba SemdgomSi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis unda gamoeyenebinaT.
germanelebma saqarTveloSi nedleulis Semsyidvel firmeb-
Tan naRdi fuliT momaragebis gaumjobesebis mizniT da fulis
gadmoricxvis gasaadvileblad, saWirod miiCnies Tbilissa da
foTSi germanuli bankebis filialebis gaxsna. germanelebi
saqarTveloSi bankebis filialebis gaxsnas imiT asabuTebdnen,
rom amiT ufro srulyofili da masStaburi gaxdeboda
saqarTvelo-germaniis savaWro-ekonomikuri TanamSromloba.
ganzraxuli iyo germaniidan saqarTveloSi saRebavebis,
farmacevtuli saqonlis, eleqtronakeTobebis, SuSisa da fai-
furis nawarmis, sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebisa da saweri qaRal-
139
dis Semotana [Г. Пипия. Политика Германии в Закавказъе в 1918 году.
Тб., 1971, с.158.]. saqarTvelodan germaniaSi ZiriTadad kvlav
manganumi gadioda, magram jer kidev ar iyo gaformebuli
xelSekrulebebi madnis gatanis monopoliis, WiaTuris rkinigzisa
da foTis navsadguris Sesaxeb. manganumis garda, germaniaSi
saqarTvelodan gadioda: Tambaqo, spilenZi, Rvino, Txili, dafnis
foToli, matyli, abreSumis parki, mineraluri wylebi, xe-tye da
sxva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelosadmi mxardaWera TviT
germaniis raixis interesebSi Sedioda. pragmatulad moazrovne
germanelebi saTanadod acnobierebdnen saqarTvelos geopoli-
tikuri mdgomareobis unikalurobas da cdilobdnen, rom
ruseTisaTvis seriozuli problema SeeqmnaT kavkasiaSi mZlavri,
germaniaze orientirebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoqmniT.
amdenad, germanelTa interesebi saqarTvelosadmi mravalmxrivi,
xolo gegmebi Sorsmimavali iyo [javaxiSvili n. saqarTvelo-
germaniis finansur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa istoriidan (1918 w.)
qarTuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli 5. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 269].
saqarTvelos mniSvnelobas germaniisaTvis isic zrdida, rom
inglisze orientirebuli somxeTi da TurqeTze orientirebuli
azerbaijani xels uSlida germaniis damkvidrebas amierkavkasiaSi.
amdenad, saqarTvelosa da germaniis daaxloebas safuZveli
hqonda. saqarTvelos germania sWirdeboda TurqeTisagan
Tavdacvisacavad, xolo damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg –
damoukideblobis garantad. samwuxarod, saqarTvelo-germaniis
urTierTobebi, rac friad saimedo perspeqtivebs usaxavda damo-
ukidebel saqarTvelos, didxans ar gagrZelebula.
saqarTvelosa da germaniis ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
Semdgom ganviTarebas wertili dausva germaniaSi 1918 wlis
noembris revoluciam. bunebrivia, germania veRar iqneboda saqar-
Tvelos damoukideblobis SenarCunebis garanti... germanelebma
datoves saqarTvelo. ase dasrulda saqarTveloSi germanuli
orientacia, SeuZlebeli gaxda germaniis Semcvleli Zlieri
mokavSiris povna, rasac sabolood Seewira saqarTvelos
respublikis damoukidebloba. amrigad, erT-erTi qveyana, romel-
sac Seswevda ekonomikuri da politikuri Zala, garantad
140
dasdgomoda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebas da
daecva igi, iyo germania. aucilebeli gaxda axali sagareo
politikis SemuSaveba, mokavSiris Zebna da am gzam saqarTvelo
ruseTTan ’’miiyvana’’. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos 1918 wlis
26 maisis damoukidebloba ruseTmac ki aRiara, unda aRiniSnos,
rom ruseTs mainc ar surda saqarTvelos “xelidan gaSveba.”
sabWoTa ruseTma fexqveS gaTela aseve 1920 wlis 7 maisis
xelSekruleba saqarTvelos teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobisa da
suverenitetis Sesaxeb da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTvelos
teritoriaze iZulebiT daamyara sabWoTa xelisufleba. sabWoTa
kavSiris dros saqarTvelos sagareo-ekonomikuri TanamSromloba
ZiriTadad mokavSire respublikebTan hqonda. saqarTvelo
faqtobrivad ar warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqts,
wevr qveyanas da mas damoukideblad ar SeeZlo germaniasa da sxva
qveynebTan ekonomikuri TanamSromloba.
biznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqcia
ciala benaSviliciala benaSviliciala benaSviliciala benaSvili danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino
momsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba
mmarTvelobiT aRricxvaSi erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa pro-
duqciasa da momsaxurebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis gansazRvra.
magram aqamde saWiroa, gairkves ra tipis danaxarjebi arsebobs;
ra niSnebis mixedviT klasificirdeba isini; agreTve, ra
damokidebulebaSia warmoebis moculoba danaxarjebTan da
rogoria es procesi dinamikaSi.
danaxarjebis klasifikacia menejerul aRricxvaSi ori
mTavari mizniT xorcieldeba: menejeruli gadawyvetilebis
misaRebad da gare momxmareblebisaTvis finansuri angariSgebis
mosamzadeblad Casatarebeli samuSaoebisaTvis.
process win uZRvis danaxarjebis klasifikacia. msgavsi
danaxarjebi jgufdeba menejeruli gadawyvetilebis miRebis
mosamzadeblad da saWiro analizis Casatareblad. saklasifika-
141
cio kriteriumis SerCeva damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mizans
isaxavs menejeruli gadawyvetileba. zogadad danaxarjebi Sed-
geba: materialuri, SromiTi da finansuri danaxarjebisagan.
magram sameurneo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis dros TiToeul maTgans
garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs
funqciebis mixedviT danaxarjebis klasifikaciafunqciebis mixedviT danaxarjebis klasifikaciafunqciebis mixedviT danaxarjebis klasifikaciafunqciebis mixedviT danaxarjebis klasifikacia xorciel-
deba Semdeg jgufebad: warmoebis danaxarjebi, administraciuli
xarjebi, realizaciis xarjebi da ganawilebis xarjebi. dana-
xarjebis funqciebis raodenoba damokidebulia organizaciis
tipze.
funqciebis mixedviT klasificirebul danaxarjebs sawarmos
xelmZRvaneloba iyenebs finansuri angariSgebis Sesadgenad,
danaxarjebis erTeulis gamosaTvlelad, maragis Sesafaseblad,
danaxarjebze kontrolis dasaweseblad.
produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli resursis Rirebulebis produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli resursis Rirebulebis produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli resursis Rirebulebis produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli resursis Rirebulebis
gadatanisgadatanisgadatanisgadatanis TvalsazrisiT, danaxarjebi klasificirdeba pirdapir
da arapirdapir danaxarjebad.
pirdapiria pirdapiria pirdapiria pirdapiria danaxarji, romelic uSualod dakavSirebulia
danaxarjTa erTeulTan, anu, roca daxarjuli resursis
Rirebuleba uSualod gadadis produqciaze.
arapirdapiria arapirdapiria arapirdapiria arapirdapiria danaxarji, romelic ar ukavSirdeba uSualod
danaxarjTa erTeuls an danaxarjTa centrs, anu, rodesac
daxarjuli resursis Rirebuleba unda gadanawildes produq-
ciaze samarTlianobis principiT. arapirdapir danaxarjebs
zednadeb xarjebszednadeb xarjebszednadeb xarjebszednadeb xarjebs uwodeben.
pirdapiri masalis, pirdapiri Sromis da pirdapiri gasav-
lebis (anu pirdapiri resursis) jami iwodeba produqciis
erTeulis ZiriTad danaxarjebadZiriTad danaxarjebadZiriTad danaxarjebadZiriTad danaxarjebad.
produqciis erTeulze mTliani danaxarjiproduqciis erTeulze mTliani danaxarjiproduqciis erTeulze mTliani danaxarjiproduqciis erTeulze mTliani danaxarji ki _ es aris
ZiriTad danaxarjebs damatebuli arapirdapiri (anu zednadebi)
xarjebi.
arapirdapiri xarjebi Sedgeba arapirdapiri masalisagan
(magaliTad, manqanebis sapox-sacxebi masalebi), arapirdapiri
Sromis danaxarjisagan (magaliTad, darajebi) da arapirdapiri
gasavlebisagan (magaliTad, qira).
142
produqciis maragis Rirebulebisa da mogebis maCveneblis
gamosaTvlelad saWiroa, davazustoT produqciis danaxarjebi da
periodis danaxarjebi.
produqciis danaxarjiproduqciis danaxarjiproduqciis danaxarjiproduqciis danaxarji aris maragis damzadebis an Sesyidvis
danaxarji. menejeruli aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT, igi SeiZleba
iyos ZiriTadi danaxarji an warmoebis mTliani danaxarji.
Ffinansuri aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT (bass 2-is mixedviT) igi aris
warmoebis mTliani danaxarji.
periodis danaxarjiperiodis danaxarjiperiodis danaxarjiperiodis danaxarji daericxeba mogeba-zaralis angariSs
konkretul periodSi da gamoiricxeba maragis Sefasebidan da
saerTo mogebis gamoTvlidan.
Tu maragi fasdeba ZiriTadi danaxarjiT, periodis dana-
xarji iqneba zednadebi da yvela sxva funqcionaluri danaxarji.
Tu maragi fasdeba warmoebis mTliani danaxarjiT, maSin
yvela funqcionaluri danaxarji iqneba periodis danaxarji.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, danaxarjebis saklasifikacio
kriteriumis SerCeva damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mizans isaxavs
menejeruli gadawyvetileba. saqarTvelos janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi pirveli rigis amocanas warmoadgens samedicino
daxmarebis erTeulis danaxarjebis gansazRvra. es sakiTxi ki
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli calkeul daavadebaTa mkurnalobis
standartebis SemoRebasTan. samedicino momsaxurebaze fasebis
dawesebas win uswrebda standartizaciis Catareba. ganxorcielda
giganturi moculobis samuSao, standartebis SedgenaSi
monawileobas iRebda medicinis muSakTa didi kontingenti,
romlebic TavianTi viwro specializaciis mixedviT adgendnen
samedicino gamokvlevebisa da mkurnalobis standartebs daava-
debebis mimdinareobis TaviseburebaTa da mkurnalobisaTvis
saWiro medikamentebis, manipulaciebis, procedurebis maqsimaluri
gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnuli standartebis srulyofa da daxvewa
sistematurad unda xorcieldebodes.
standartSi mocemulia, agreTve, mkurnalobis xangrZlivoba
dReebSi: ramdeni sawol-dRe unda gaataros pacientma saavadmyo-
foSi mocemuli konkretuli daavadebis samkurnalod. standar-
tebi Sedgenilia rogorc stacionaruli, ise ambulatoriuli
mkurnalobisaTvis.
143
gamoiyeneba ori saxis standarti: saxelmwifo da Sida-
dawesebulebrivi. saxelmwifo standartebiT mkurnaloben sa-
xelmwifo (federaluri da municipaluri) programebiT gaTvalis-
winebul nozologiebs, xolo Sidadawesebulebrivi standartiT
mkurnaloba utardebaT saxelmwifo programebSi arSemavali
daavadebebis mqone pacientebs da im pacientebs, romlebsac
utareben standartzeda momsaxurebas. Ggarda amisa, diagnostikisa
da mkurnalobis Sida standartebs iyeneben, agreTve, is
samedicino dawesebulebebi, romlebic ar monawileoben jandacvis
saxelmwifo programebis SesrulebaSi.
samedicino dawesebulebis standarti, nebismieri nozo-
logiis mixedviT, moicavs sadiagnostiko RonisZiebebis, samkur-
nalo RonisZiebebis da samkurnalo saSualebebis CamonaTvals. am
mizniT gaweuli danaxarjebi ki dayofilia pirdapir da
arapirdapir danaxarjebad. pirdapir danaxarjebSi Seitaneba:
1. medikamentebi;
2. erTjeradi moxmarebis sagnebi;
3. sadiagnozo da samkurnalo RonisZiebebi;
4. ZiriTadi xelfasi sul m.S. eqimis, eqTnis;
5. kvebis xarjebi.
arapirdapir danaxarjebSi Seitaneba:
1. administraciul-sammarTvelo aparatis xelfasi;
2. damxmare da momsaxure-teqnikuri personalis xelfasi;
3. amortizaciis anaricxebi;
4. mcirefasiani da swrafcveTadi sagnebis danaxarjebi;
5. komunaluri xarjebi;
6. sameurneo xarjebi.
pirdapiri da arapirdapiri danaxarjebis jami Seadgens
samedicino daxmarebis erTeulis Rirebulebas.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze
bevri problema arsebobs jandacvis sferos dawesebulebebis
danaxarjebis aRricxvisa da kontrolis saqmeSi; Seusrulebeli
rCeba am kuTxiT saqarTvelos kanonebisa da aRricxvis saerTa-
Soriso standartebis moTxovnebi. aqedan gamomdinare, jer kidev
bevria gasakeTebeli uaxloes momavalSi.
144
Giorgi Berulava
MICROECONOMIC ISSUES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA
Recent period Georgia has implemented serious reforms of the business environment and attained high rates of growth. However, the quality of economic growth remains low with respect to economic and social sustainability and innovations. In particular, this growth is related neither to innovations and investment in high-technology industries, nor to expansion of activities of small and medium businesses, nor to increase of employment, equity in income distribution, and reduction of poverty. Though improving of the business climate had a positive influence on the increase in gross output, the growth in Georgia has mainly macroeconomic nature, and is associated with excess absorption and credit expansion, as well as with foreign investments mainly in non-tradable sectors. The low quality of growth means that it will be very hard to sustain it in the future, especially when the privatization process and associated with it capital inflows in the economy will be over.
We identified two broad categories of factors that preclude achievement of the sustainable growth in Georgia. These factors are “market failures” and “government failures.”
“Market failures” reflect the fact that the Georgian economy got stuck at a low-level equilibrium characterized by insufficient investments in innovation and technology and thus by poor perspective for development. Nor market forces neither based on the “laissez-faire” principle government policy could provide “push” for a higher level equilibrium and thereby for sustained economic growth.
“Government failures” in Georgia concern mainly with the problems in establishing and maintaining the rule of law in the society and providing independent and efficient judicial system. Poor rule of law institutions hamper incentives for long-term investments in technology development and innovations and thus preclude sustainable economic growth.
145
To ensure economic development in Georgia the economic growth must be sustained for a long time. To do so the quality of growth must be improved. This in turn requires overcoming the obstacles created by both “market failures” and “government failures.” Below, we elaborate recommendations on how to induce innovative and productive behavior of firms, stimulate investments and thereby sustain economic growth in Georgia. 1. Georgian government must refrain from “laissez-faire”’ principle and pursue
active industrial policy oriented on dynamic transformation of production structures. Implementation of such policy requires:
• Identification of the sectors that will represent the basis for industrial development. This must be non-traditional export-oriented sectors, involving new technologies and knowledge.
• Elaborate development strategy focused on stimulating and attracting investments in selected sectors of industry, including such measures as investment and export subsidies, tax holidays, trade protection, socialization of investment risk through implicit bailout guarantees and etc.
• Ensure sound implementation of industrial policy, which means providing strict monitoring of the performance of encouraged enterprises and imposition of discipline. Those companies that fail to achieve high export performance must be punished.
2. Government must create such business environment, which will encourage emergence of the efficient market mechanisms through:
• Stimulating competition processes and processes of creating new enterprises, through providing free access to the market; active implementing anti-trust policies; reestablishing anti-trust agency and empowering it with sufficient authority and status necessary for efficient implementation of competition policy (but the same time leaving innovators with opportunities to take some rents from their innovations).
• Establishing of clear rules for market conduct of all economic agents without an exception and preventing any opportunity for non-productive or predatory activities.
• Eliminating any opportunity for the government to take part in the process of property redistribution.
• Stimulating the development of the market of financial resources providing the accessibility of the capital for the business and allowing the monitoring of the behavior of managers, including the establishment of the securities market, development of the institution of financial brokerage, creation of the
146
conditions for competition in the banking sphere, realization of the package of measures to reduce the systemic risks; development of information systems.
3. The improvement of the rule of law through the enhancement of legal and judicial system’s functioning is essential task for Georgia today to ensure the achievement of long-term economic development and poverty reduction goals. Well-developed formal system of contract enforcement is a necessary precondition for small and medium businesses to flourish as well as for development of capital and financial markets, attracting foreign investors and thereby for stimulating of long-term economic growth. The primary function of the state is the provision of sound legal and judiciary institutions and the rule of law and thereby creation relevant stimulus for businesses and economy for long-run economic growth. The problem of judiciary and legal system reform in Georgia is not an easy task and it certainly requires a time to be implemented. The judicial and legal systems are key element of business environment that determine its attractiveness through: reducing market uncertainty and transaction costs, increasing efficiency and sustainability of business performance stimulating both foreign and domestic investments. In doing so these institutions play a crucial role in promoting the development of markets, economic growth and poverty reduction.
gulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSvili
ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesisucxouri investiciebis roli biznesisucxouri investiciebis roli biznesisucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis
ganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSi
1. saqarTvelos ekonomikis krizisidan gamoyvanis, biznesis
ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori ucxouri inves-
ticiebis mozidva da misi racionalurad gamoyenebaa. igi xels
Seuwyobs sazRvargareTis progresuli teqnologiebis erovnul
sawarmoebSi ganTavsebas, menejmentisa da marketingis Tanamedrove
meTodebis danergvas, adgilobrivi warmoebis da, Sesabamisad,
eqsportis gazrdas, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, kidev ufro
gaafarToebs saqarTvelos sagareo kontaqtebs da, saerTod,
qveynis ekonomikis msoflio ekonomikaSi integrirebas.
2. saqarTveloSi sakmaod seriozuli investiciebi ganxor-
cielda 1993-1994 wlebSi, maSin roca qveyana Rrma krizisul
situaciaSi imyofeboda. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mopovebiTi
147
mrewvelobis firmebs. investiciebis dabandebis zrdis maRali
tendenciebi grZeldeboda 1996-1998 wlebSi. 1998 wels dafiqsirda
saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis dabandebis yvelaze maRali
maCveneblebi, man maqsimalur dones _ 288,04 milion dolars
miaRwia. magram, amave wlis meore naxevarSi ganviTarebulma
sagadamxdelo da safinanso-sabiujeto krizisma, erovnuli valu-
tis kursis mkveTrma meryeobam da inflaciam mZime dartyma miayena
qveynis meurneobis aRorZinebis process, daZaba socialuri foni
saxelmwifoSi. politikuri, savaluto da safinanso riskis zrdas
Tan mohyva arsebuli sainvesticio pirobebis gauareseba da
investiciebis moculobis mkveTri Semcireba. Aamis mizezi iyo
aseve baqo-sufsis milsadenisa da sufsis terminalis damTavreba,
rac qveyanaSi bolo periodSi ganxorcielebul yvelaze
ZviradRirebul proeqts warmoadgenda. investiciebis moculobam
1999 wels Seadgina daaxloebiT 83,65 milioni dolari, xolo 2000
wels _ 60,14 milioni dolari, anu ori wlis winandeli
maqsimaluri maCveneblis 21%.
investiciebis raodenoba 2007 wels, 2000 welTan SedarebiT,
ramdenjerme gaizarda.Bbolo wlebSi Semosuli ucxouri inves-
ticiebis 36 procenti energoseqtoris modernizebas moxmarda,
Tumca sxva seqtorebSi Cadebuli msxvili investiciebi qveynis
mimzidvelobis zrdaze miuTiTebs. sainvesticio nakadebis
analizi gviCvenebs, rom 2006 wels pirdapiri ucxouri inves-
ticiebis erTi mesamedi saqarTvelos mezobeli iseTi mdidari
qveynebidan Semovida, rogoricaa yazaxeTi (152 mln. $), TurqeTi
(130 mln. $) da ruseTi (34,2 mln. $). amave wels didi raodenobis
investicia Semovida gaerTianebuli samefodan (186 mln. $) da aSS-
dan (183 mln. $). 2007 wels investiciebi kidev ufro gaizarda da 1,7 mlrd
dolari Seadgina. mniSvnelovani odenobis sainvesticio nakadebi
Semovida niderlandebidan (219 mln. $), virjiniis kunZulebidan
(151 mln. $) da kviprosidan (136 mln $). mkveTrad imata
investiciebma didi britaneTidan (103, 9 mln. $), daniidan (92,6 mln.
$), safrangeTidan (37 mln. $) da italiidan (15,2 mln. $).Ppirdapiri investiciebi evrokavSiridan metwilad energetikaSi, samTo-
148
mopovebel mrewvelobaSi, turizmsa da samSeneblo industriaSi
ganTavsda.
3.Qqveynis ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis Camoyalibebi-
sTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs investiciebis ganTavsebis formebsa
da mimarTulebebs. ucxoel investorTa gamokiTxvis mixedviT
dadginda, rom saqarTveloSi yvelaze perspeqtiul dargebad
turizmi, transporti, komunikaciebi da kvebis mrewvelobaa.
SedarebiT naklebi mxardaWera moipova sabanko sferom,
energetikam, vaWrobam da soflis meurneobam. mZime mrewvelobisa
da mZime manqanaTmSeneblobis ganviTareba, maTi azriT, perspeq-
tiuli ar aris. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom 2007 wels sakmaod
mniSvnelovani investiciebi ganxorcielda saqarTveloSi sabanko,
sadazRvevo sferoSi, aseve telekomunikaciebSi, transportSi,
sastumroebSi, energetikasa da sxva sferoebSi.
2008 wlis bolos da 2009 wlis dasawyisSi erTdroulad
ramdenime cnobili saerTaSoriso sastumro qseli iwyebs operi-
rebas. saqarTveloSi yvela 5 varskvlaviani sastumro iqneba
warmodgenili – `merioti~, `hiltoni~, `redisoni,~ `kempinski~ da
a.S. es ganapiroba turistebis raodenobis yovelwliurad 70-80%-
iT zrdam.
samTavrobo programis mixedviT, momdevno 5 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi 10 mlrd. aSS dolaris pirdapiri da portfelis
ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebaa mosalodneli. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom isini umTavresad infrastruqturas (energetika,
milsadenebi, transporti) moxmardeba, rac kargia biznesgaremos
gasaumjobeseblad, magram xels ar uwyobs qveynis ekonomikis
mwarmoeblurobis da konkurentunarianobis zrdas.Ppirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebi iseT konkurentul seqtorebSi unda wari-
marTos, rogoricaa soflis meurneoba, gadamamuSavebeli mrewve-
loba da momsaxurebis sfero.
4. saqarTveloSi sainvesticio klimatis gasaumjobeseblad
aucilebelia:
_ Seswavlil iqnes saerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebis
tendenciebi da mimarTulebebi, ganisazRvros maTi zegavlena
investiciebis mosazidad saqarTveloSi arsebul
SesaZleblobebze;
149
_ ucxoeli investorebis daintereseba, risTvisac saWiroa
qveyanaSi stabiluri politikuri situacia, kargi biznesgaremo,
garkveuli SeRavaTebi gadasaxadebze da naklebi SezRudvebi;
_ sainvesticio saqmianobis infrastruqturis ganviTareba;
_ sainvesticio proeqtebis srulyofili bankis Seqmna da
msoflio masStabiT saqarTveloSi arsebuli realuri mdgoma-
reobis Sesaxeb potenciuri investorebisTvis informaciis miwo-
deba.
aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis gatareba xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi
ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebas da uzrunvelyofs Tanamed-
rove teqnologiebis danergvas, konkurentunariani produqciis
Seqmnas, momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas da qveynis
Semosavlebis gadidebas.
nato kakaSvilinato kakaSvilinato kakaSvilinato kakaSvili
aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da
dazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebi
aqtuaruli gamoTvlebi aris maTematikur da statistikur
kanonzomierebebze dafuZnebuli gaTvliTi meTodebis sistema. is
aris damzRvevis da dazRveulis sadazRvevo urTierTobis
reglamentaciis safuZveli. aseve, sadazRvevo fondis Camoya-
libebisa da xarjvis safuZveli, maT Soris xangrZlivi drois
sadazRvevo operaciebisas, dakavSirebuli sicocxlisa da pensiis
dazRvevasTan; amasTan, gamoiyeneba tarifebis dasadgenad da
satarifo ganakveTebis dasamrgvaleblad nebismieri saxis
dazRvevisas; agreTve, sadazRvevo fondis CamoyalibebaSi yvela
damzRvevis wilis gansazRvrisaTvis; aseve, Semosavlis im nawilis
angariSisaTvis, romelsac damzRvevi iRebs dazRveulis sakre-
dito resursebis saxiT gakeTebuli akumulirebuli Senatanebis
gamoyenebiT; agreTve dazRveulis finansuri valdebulebebis
moculobisa da misi sadazRvevo valdebulebebis likvidurobis
gasaangariSeblad; aseve, sicocxlis dazRvevis yoveli xelSekru-
lebisas formirebuli sarezervo Senatanebis ekonomikuri mizan-
Sewonilobis dasadgenad. agreTve, sadazRvevo organizaciis
150
sarezervo Senatanebis TviTRirebulebisa da gamosasyidi sa-
dazRvevo Tanxebis dasadgenad.
aqtuarul gamoTvlas ori ZiriTadi daniSnuleba aqvs:
1. konkretuli obieqtis dazRvevis xarjebis gansazRvra da
analizi, sadazRvevo momsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba.
2. konkretuli saxis sadazRvevo tarifis gansazRvra,
damzRvevis mier dazRvevisaTvis gaweuli momsaxurebis safasuris
dadgena.
saWiroa maqsimaluri sizustiT dadgindes damzRvevis mier
daSvebuli riski fuladi saxiT.
amisTvis ki aucilebelia:
1. dadgindes calkeuli riskis dadgomis maTematikuri
albaToba;
2. gamoiyos movlenebi, ganisazRvros sadazRvevo SemTxvevis
jgufebisa da mTlianad sadazRvevo TviTRirebulebis
Sedegad moyenebuli zaralis sixSire da simZimis xarisxi,
Sefasdes riski, rogorc SesaZlo movlena da tarifis
Rirebulebis sidide, romelic iqnes gadaxdili;
3. mocemul sadazRvevo TviTRirebulebis farglebSi gamoi-
yos riskis jgufebi, mTlianad iqnes isini gamokvleuli,
TviTRirebulebebis Seqmnis mizniT;
4. gaanalizdes sadazRvevo situacia da daxasiaTdes igi,
Sefasdes is SemTxveviTi movlenebi, romlebic iwvevs
gadaxrebs sadazRvevo gadasaxadebSi;
5. sadazRvevo SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli nawilobrivi an
sruli zaralis dadgena, specialuri cxrilebis saSuale-
biT unda dadgindes agreTve aRniSnuli zaralis drosa da
sivrceSi ganawilebis moTxovnilebis aucilebloba;
6. maTematikurad dasabuTdes damzRvevisaTvis saqmis msvle-
lobisas aucilebeli xarjebi da gamovlindes maTi cvale-
badobis tendenciebi;
7. gamoiTvalos sadazRvevo momsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba
mTlian sadazRvevo TviTRirebulebasTan mimarTebaSi;
8. maTematikurad dasabuTdes mzRvevelis aucilebeli sare-
zervo fondebi, SeirCes am fondebis formirebis konkre-
tuli meTodebi da wyaroebi;
151
9. gamoiyos specialuri rezervebi, romlebic damzRvevis
daqvemdebarebaSi iqneba;
10. Sedges prognozi, gakeTdes sadazRvevo xelSekrulebaTa
moculobebebis saeqsperto Sefaseba;
11. daangariSdes gasacemi procentis normebi da gamovlindes
misi konkretuli drois intervalSi cvalebadobis tenden-
ciebi;
12. ekvivalenturobis principis saSualebiT dadgindes daz-
Rveulis gadaxdebis da sadazRvevo sazogadoebis mier
SeTavazebuli sadazRvevo uzrunvelyofis adekvaturi Ta-
nafardoba.
13. gakeTdes gaTvlebi miRebuli sadazRvevo Senatanebis
drosa da sivrceSi ganTavsebis Semosavlebisa da gasavle-
bis Taobaze.
sadazRvevo gadasaxadebis gamoTvlisas, angariSis erTeuli
SeiZleba ganvixiloT sxvadaxsva ierarqiul tolobaSi mTlianad
qveyanaSi, calkeul regionebSi, mocemuli konkretuli raionis
Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT, da riskis araerTgvarovani
gamovlenebis gamo, droSi da sivrceSi.
qonebriv jgufSi riskebis maRali meryeobis gamo, gaTvalis-
winebulia specialuri danamati riskisaTvis, romelic, Cveu-
lebriv, ar gamoiTvleba aqtuaruli gamoTvlebisas piradi
dazRvevisaTvis, radgan erTianobaSi sadazRvevo moculoba
sakmaod maRalia, xolo sadazRvevo TanxebSi SedarebiT mcire.
aqtuaruli gamovlinebis kalsificireba xdeba dazRvevis,
teritoriis da drois mixedviT (gegmiuri da saangariSo an
mimdinare).
gegmiuri aqtuaruli angariSi Sedgeba maSin, roca gaTvalis-
winebulia dazRvevis axali saxis SemoReba, Tu ar aris zustad
angariSi msgavsi tipis an SinaarsiT miaxlovebuli saxis dazRve-
visas.
gegmiur aqtuarul angariSs koreqtirebas uweven yovel 3-4
weliwadSi erTxel, gamoiyeneben miRebul statistikul mona-
cemebs.
152
aqtuaruli angariSi SeiZleba iyos saerTo (qveynebisaTvis),
zonaluri (gansazRvruli regionisaTvis) da teritoriuli (cal-
keuli raionebisaTvis).
aqtuaruli angariSis centraluri jaWvi aris satarifo
ganakveTis gansazRvra.
satarifo ganakveTi – es aris sadazRvevo riskis fasi da
xarjebi misi dazRvevisaTvis, aseve damzRvevis valdebulebis
gamoxatuleba dazRvevis garigebis Tanaxmad. satarifo ganakveTi
iyofa bruto da neto – ganakveTad. bruto ganakveTi – satarifo
ganakveTia, romlis mixedviTac daideba dazRvevis garigeba. is
asaxavs yvela xarjs riskis dazRvevisaTvis, moicavs kompaniis
mogebas da Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: neto ganakveTi da
datvirTva. neto ganakveTi gamoxatavs sadazRvevo riskis fass;
xanZris, wyaldidobis, afeTqebis da a.S. dazRvevis nebismieri
saxeobis dros, netoganakveTis gaangariSebas safuZvlad udevs
sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomis albaToba. datvirTva Seicavs:
1. dazRvevis xarjebs sadazRvevo saqmis organizaciis da
warmarTvisaTvis;
2. saTanado fondebSi gadaricxvebs;
3. mogebas.
neto ganakveTis sidide izrdeba riskis gazrdasTan erTad,
e.i. roca dasazRvevis arakeTilsindisieri movlenebis albaToba
imatebs, amitom dazRveva vrceldeba riskze, romlis albaTobac
SedarebiT dabalia. riski, romlis SesaZleblobac 1-is tolia, ar
SeiZleba daezRvios, radgan irRveva mxareTa interesebi, sa-
dazRvevo urTierTobaSi monawileobisas.
bruto-ganakveTi dgindeba neto ganakveTis gamoangariSebis
Semdeg da datvirTvis Semdeg.
sadazRvevo statistikis ZiriTad maCvenebels miekuTvneba: n
sadazRvevo obieqtebis ricxvi, sadazRvevo SemTxvevebis ricxvi e; dazaralebul obieqtTa ricxvi sadazRvevo SemTxvevebis
Sedegad m; sadazRvevo gadasaxadebis saerTo ricxvi Ep;
sadazRvevo anazRaurebis gadaxdili Tanxa _ Eq; nebismieri
obieqtius dazRvevis sadazRvevo Tanxa – E Sn; sadazRvevo Tanxa,
romelic gankuTvnilia dazianebuli obeiqtebisaTvis erTianobaSi
E Sm.
153
statistikurma dakvirvebam zaralis sixSiresa da sidideze,
saSualeba mogvca, dagvedgina ramdenad sworad ganawilda
sadazRvevo premiebi. Tu gamoTvlaSi Secdoma gamovlinda, maSin
Segvaqvs koreqtivebi Sesabamis tarifSi.
stabilur, warmatebiT momuSave kompaniaSi SedarebiT
mudmivi xarjebis xvedriTi wili saqmis warmoebisaTvis SedarebiT
mcirea, xolo cvalebadi xarjebis – didi. Tu es Tanafardoba
irRveva, kompania iwyebs gamoumuSavebuli fulis ,,SeWmas” e.i. im
fondisas, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia sadazRvevo gadasaxa-
debisaTvis.
mudmivi da cvalebadi xarjebis cneba gamoiyeneba aqtuarul
angariSebSi dazRvevis im xelSekrulebis dadebisas, romelTa
xangrZlivoba erT welze metia.
saqmis warmarTvisaTvis saWiro xarjebi SeiZleba dakav-
Sirebuli (damokidebuli) iyos an ar iyos dakavSirebuli
(damokidebuli) sadazRvevo Tanxis cvlilebasTan.
saqmis warmarTvisaTvis saWiro Tanxebs Semdeg jgufebad
yofen:
1. saorganizacio Tanxebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia
sadazRvevo sazogadoebis CamoyalibebasTan da miekuTvneba
damzRvevis aqtivebs;
2. akviziciuri xarjebi – sadazRvevo sazogadoebis sawarmoo
xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia axali sadazRvevo xelSekru-
lebis dadebasTan sadazRvevo agentebis meSveobiT.
3. inkasaciuri xarjebi – xarjebi, romlebic saWiroa naRdi
fulis brunvisaTvis, sadazRvevo gadaxdebisaDAda Semosav-
lebisAsadazRvevo gadaxdebisaTvis da saangariSo registrebi
(wignebi, cnobebi da a.S.).
4. likvidaciuri xarjebi – zaralis likvidaciis xarjebi,
romlebic ganicades sadazRvevo SemTxvevebis gamo, likvida-
torebisaTvis fulis gadaxada gaweuli muSaobisaTvis (im pirebs,
romlebic awarmoeben zaralis likvidacias), sasamarTlos
xarjebi, safosto-satelegrafo da sadazRvevo anazRaurebisTvis
saWiro Tanxa;GGG
5. marTvis xarjebi (marTvis saerTo xarjebi da xarjebi
qonebis marTvisaTvis), mmarTvelobiTi xarjebi Segrovili sadaz-
154
Rvevo gadasaxadebis proporciuli ar aris, maTi didi nawili
damokidebulia mocemul sadazRvevo sazogadoebaSi dasaqmebaze.
dazRvevis calkeuli saxeobis rentabelobis Sesafaseblad, Ziri-
Tad mniSvnelobas iZens mmarTvelobiTi xarjebis Tanxa. aqtua-
rul angariSebSi aucilebelia, davazustoT xarjebis raodenoba
dazRvevis calkeul saxeobebsa da jgufebSi, maTi specifikis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
eTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakulia biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis regulirebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis regulirebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis regulirebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis regulirebis
zogierTi aspeqti sazogierTi aspeqti sazogierTi aspeqti sazogierTi aspeqti saqarTveloSiqarTveloSiqarTveloSiqarTveloSi
sabazro ekonomika damyarebulia Tavisufal samewarmeo
(biznes) kavSirebze. es kavSirebi, rogorc wesi, formdeba xelSek-
rulebebiT.
ekonomikis centralizebuli marTvis sistemaSi sameurneo
kavSirebi ZiriTadad administraciuli aqtebis safuZvelze for-
mdeboda. xelSekruleba emsaxureboda gegmur da direqtiul
aqtebs. Tavdapirvelad mgegmavi organoebi gansazRvravdnen,
visTvis, rogor da ra unda miwodebinaT, amis Semdgom ideboda
sawarmoebs Soris xelSekrulebebi miwodebaze. xelSekrulebebis
meSveobiT realizdeboda samTavrobo gadawyvetilebebi.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ekonomikis liberalizacia da
sakuTrebis kerZo forma arsebiTad cvlis saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobaTa mniSvnelobas. samewarmeo xelSekrulebebi Rebu-
lobs sruliad damoukidebel xasiaTs, maT safuZvelze xorciel-
deba samewarmeo kavSirebi.
xelSekruleba aRiarebulia, rogorc garigeba, romelSic
erTze meti mxare monawileobs, igi aris valdebulebaTa gacvlis
saSualeba, gaaCnia kanonis Zala.
saxelSekrulebo samarTali ZiriTadad pirobaTa gansazRv-
ras emsaxureba, romelTa safuZvelze gacvla SeiZleba kvali-
ficirdes rogorc xelSekruleba. aseve xelSekrulebis ZiriTad
safuZvels Seadgens xelSekrulebaSi monawileTa ganzraxva (sur-
vili).
155
amasTan, xelSekruleba rom iyos moqmedi da hqondes kanonis
Zala, aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi:
1. aucilebelia gakeTdes SemoTavazeba.aucilebelia gakeTdes SemoTavazeba.aucilebelia gakeTdes SemoTavazeba.aucilebelia gakeTdes SemoTavazeba. mxareebidan erT-
erTma unda SesTavazos meores xelSekrulebis dadebis Sesaxeb.
winadadeba SeiZleba iyos zepiri an werilobiTi, an moqmedi
formiT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi winadadebebi unda iyos mkveTrad,
saimedod da sruliad konkretulad gamoxatuli. SemoTavazebaSi
unda Candes rwmena, rom SemTavazebeli mzadaa, Tavis Tavze aiRos
gansazRvruli valdebulebebi da pasuxi agos masze kanonierebis
farglebSi. winadadebebi gadaeces im mxares, visTvisac aris
gaTvaliswinebuli.
2. winadadebebwinadadebebwinadadebebwinadadebebi miRebul unda iyos.i miRebul unda iyos.i miRebul unda iyos.i miRebul unda iyos. imisaTvis, rom
winadadeba miRebulad CavTvaloT aucilebelia meore mxaris mier
myari ganzraxvis (gamoxatuli zepirad an werilobiT, an moqme-
debiT) arseboba xelSekrulebis misaRebad.
3. orive mxare aucileblad unda iyos dainteresebuli.orive mxare aucileblad unda iyos dainteresebuli.orive mxare aucileblad unda iyos dainteresebuli.orive mxare aucileblad unda iyos dainteresebuli.
xelSekrulebas kanonis Zala mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aqvs, Tuki
orive mxarem dado erTmaneTTan garigeba da am safuZvelze moxda
risame urTierTgacvla. xelSekruleba aucileblad iTvalis-
winebs kanonier danakargs (zarals) TiToeuli an yvela monawile
mxareebisaTvis, maT mier Tavis Tavze aRebul garkveul valde-
bulebebze an uflebebis uaryofaze. e.i. SeTanxmeba iqneba iuri-
diulad uzrunvelyofili, Tu xelSekrulebaSi aRiwereba gacvla
da kanonieri danakargi.
4. orive (an yvela) mxaris SeTanxmeba unda iyos utyuari, orive (an yvela) mxaris SeTanxmeba unda iyos utyuari, orive (an yvela) mxaris SeTanxmeba unda iyos utyuari, orive (an yvela) mxaris SeTanxmeba unda iyos utyuari,
WeSmariti.WeSmariti.WeSmariti.WeSmariti. imisaTvis, rom xelSekrulebas kanonis Zala hqondes,
orive mxare valdebulia, masze TavianTi surviliT SeTanxmdnen.
moqmedi xelSekruleba ar dauSvebs gaiZverobas, iZulebebs da
urTierTis mimarT Secdomebs.
5. yvela mxare (orive mxare) unda iyos kompetenturi.yvela mxare (orive mxare) unda iyos kompetenturi.yvela mxare (orive mxare) unda iyos kompetenturi.yvela mxare (orive mxare) unda iyos kompetenturi.
6. xelSekrulexelSekrulexelSekrulexelSekruleba ar unda gavrceldes ukanono saqmianobaze.ba ar unda gavrceldes ukanono saqmianobaze.ba ar unda gavrceldes ukanono saqmianobaze.ba ar unda gavrceldes ukanono saqmianobaze.
7. xelSekrulebas unda hqondes kanoniT reglamentirebuli xelSekrulebas unda hqondes kanoniT reglamentirebuli xelSekrulebas unda hqondes kanoniT reglamentirebuli xelSekrulebas unda hqondes kanoniT reglamentirebuli
forma.forma.forma.forma. rig SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos zepiri
formiT an moqmedebis saSualebiT, an Tavisufali formis
sabuTebis SedgeniT. Tumca zogierTi xelSekruleba kanonis
moTxovnas unda daeqvemdebaros misi werilobiTi gaformebisas. im
156
SemTxvevaSi, roca kanoni iTxovs xelSekrulebis werilobiT
gaformebas, nebismieri cvlileba mis pirobebSi aseve unda iyos
werilobiTi.
moqmedi xelSekruleba savaldebuloa orive mxarisaTvis.
TiToeulma mxarem unda daicvas Tavis Tavze aRebuli dapirebani.
xelSekrulebis moqmedeba Sewydeba saxelSekrulebo vadis
gasvlis an saqmianobis erTdroulad damTavrebisas, rac mxareebs
aRebuli valdebulebebisagan aTavisuflebs. arcTu ise iSviaTad,
xelSekruleba ar sruldeba orive mxaris urTierTSeTanxmebiT
(nebayoflobiT). aris SemTxvevebi, roca xelSekruleba Seusru-
lebeli (dausrulebeli) rCeba urTierTTanamSromlobis gagrZe-
lebis SeuZleblobidan gamomdinare. magaliTad: 1) adamianis
sikvdilis an seriozuli avadmyofobis gamo, romelic piradad
monawileobda xelSekrulebis SesrulebaSi da visTvisac ver
moiZebna Semcvleli; 2) cvlileba kanonmdeblobaSi, romelic
xelSekrulebaSi mocemul saqmianobas ukanonos gaxdis; 3)
xelSekrulebis materialuri obieqtebis dangreviT. aseve, roca
mxareTa Soris erT-erTs ar aqvs kanonieri gamarTleba garigebis
pirobebis SeusruleblobisaTvis, meore mxares SeuZlia daadana-
Saulos igi xelSekrulebis darRvevaSi.
nebismieri xelSekruleba unda eyrdnobodes kanonmdeblobiT
da iuridiulad ganmtkicebuli valdebulebebis dafiqsirebas.
xelSekrulebaSi mocemul pirobebSi erTi mxaris mier
cvlilebis Setanisas, meore mxares ufleba aqvs: 1) CaSalos
xelSekruleba; 2) moiTxovos zaralis anazRaureba; 3) moiTxovos
xelSekrulebaSi mocemuli pirobebis zustad Sesruleba.
dReisaTvis qarTul biznesSi gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, roca
xelSekrulebis darRvevis faqti kerZo garCevis sagani xdeba, rac,
arcTu ise iSviaTad, urTierTSeuTanxmeblobis gamo, didi
materialuri zaraliT da tragikuli SemTxvevebiTac ki mTavrde-
ba orive mxarisaTvis. aRniSnuli ZiriTadad imiT aris ganpi-
robebuli, rom araa daregulirebuli biznesSi saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobani. xelSekrulebis darRveva kerZo garCevis sagani ar
unda iyos, igi unda ganixilebodes sasamarTloSi, rogorc es
xdeba rig ganviTarebul qveynebSi. magaliTad, aSS-s federalur
157
sasamarTloSi marto 1990 wels saxelSekrulebo samarTlis
ganxilvis sagani iyo saxelSekrulebo darRvevis 56 300 saqme.
saqarTveloSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobas aregulirebs
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (1997 w. 26 ivlisi), romelic ver
uzrunvelyofs biznesSi xelSekrulebis zemoT ganxiluli Svidi
principis dacvas. amdenad, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,
sakanonmdeblo organoebSi SemuSavdes kanoni `biznesSi saxel-
Sekrulebo urTierTobaTa regulirebis Sesaxeb~, sadac unda
ganisazRvros urTierToba bazris subieqtebTan (momxmarebeli,
mimwodebeli da sxv.), saxelmwifo institutebTan; sakredito
dawesebulebebTan. amasTan erTad, daregulirdes lizingis,
franCaizingis, venCuruli kapitalis, biznesinkubatoris,
teqnoparkis, saijaro, arenduli da sxva saxeobis
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobani.
savaWro sferos biznesSi, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa
daregulirebis mizniT, unda Seiqmnas `erTiani komerciuli
kodeqsi~, romelic uzrunvelyofs xelSekrulebis mxareTa Soris
samarTlebriv daregulirebas.
soso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvili
inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Tavinovaciuri biznesis marTvis Tavinovaciuri biznesis marTvis Tavinovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebaniiseburebaniiseburebaniiseburebani
saqarTvelos adgilobriv warmoebaSi inovaciebis marTvas
didi istoria aqvs _ individualuri gamomgoneblobidan,
saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobiT, ekonomikis mTeli rigi dargebis
kardinaluri ganaxlebis procesebis organizebamde.
arsebobs azri, rom sakomunikacio procesebis efeqturi
marTva SesaZlebelia mxolod saorganizacio-administraciuli
meTodologiis daxmarebiT, radganac inovaciis nebismieri
subieqti saWiroebs struqturizacias da reglamentacias. moti-
vaciuri meqanizmis, rogorc mravalfaqtoruli sistemis, ganxil-
visas, migvaCnia, rom inovaciur komunikaciebSi marTvis efeqtu-
roba, iseve, rogorc maTi warmoqmna, damokidebulia subieqtis
158
monawileobaze saboloo SemosavalSi. Tumca, inovaciis SedegSi
subieqtis Semosavlis damokidebuleba ar amowuravs erToblivi
saqmianobis yvela motivs, rac mas am marTvis sistemaSi
gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs.
inovaciebis marTva, rogorc rTuli horizontaluri struq-
turizebuli sistemebis menejmenti, sabazro urTierTobebis
damoukidebel komponentad gvevlineba.
inovaciebis masStabebSi, romelic ara mxolod biznesis da
mewarmeobis xasiaTiT ganisazRvreba, aramed yvela monawilis
TviTganviTarebis xarisxobriobiTac, srulad vlindeba asocire-
bis, kooperirebis (sinergiuli efeqti), TviTorganizaciis da
ganviTarebis efeqtebi. aman ar SeiZleba gavlena iqonios
inovaciis menejmentze, romelic iZulebulia, marTvis tradi-
ciuli meTodebi inovaciebSi ganviTarebul TviTmmarTvelobas
SeuTavsos. TviTmmarTveloba yalibdeba adamianuri faqtoris
safuZvelze, romelic inovaciebSi ganisazRvreba rogorc
xarisxobrivad axali urTierTobisa da komunikaciebis aqtiuri
elementi. inovaciur menejerad CaiTvleba is, visac SeuZlia
biznesis gadayvana sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvelSi. inovaciur
sistemebSi komunikaciebis menejeri inovaciebis subieqtebTan
gansazRvruli wesebiT urTierTqmedebs, ramdenadac saqme aqvs
specialistebis farTo wresa da maT amxanagobebTan, qmnis
gansakuTrebul socialur teqnologiebs.
aq, upirveles yovlisa, vgulisxmobT im saqmianobas,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, sxva saqmianobis gardaqmnisken aris
mimarTuli, meorec, mTel rig Tanmimdevrulad gamouyenebel
analizs da zemoqmedebis meTodebs, romelic inovaciebSi Camoya-
libda. socialuri inovaciuri teqnologiebi, Cveni azriT, iyofa
virtualurad (romelic iqmneba xelovnurad inovaciebis subieq-
tebis droebiTi da sxva sakomunikacio urTierTqmedebis
gansazRvrisaTvis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi gadaWris
mizniT) da operatiulad (subieqtebis urTierTqmedebis organi-
zebisTvis garkveul droSi, inovaciebis saSinao da sagareo
pirobebis cvlilebebze reagirebisTvis inovaciur sistemaSi
sakomunikacio cvlilebebis saSualebiT).
159
aRniSnuli socialuri teqnologiebis CarCoebSi moqmedebis
struqturas, praqtikulad, erTnairi safexurebrivi cvlileba
aqvs: organizaciuli diagnostika, gadawyvetilebis SemuSaveba,
realizaciis procesebi.
organizaciuli diagnostikis amocanaa informaciis mizno-
brivi damuSaveba, problemebis gamovlena, Sefaseba da
klasifikacia; dasasrul, cvlilebebis inovaciuri procesis
organizebisTvis mimarTulebis gansazRvra.
gadawyvetilebis SemuSavebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba inova-
ciuri subieqtebis poziciebi, anu ganisazRvreba poziciebis
SeTanxmebis pirobebi.
sarealizacio teqnologiebis mizania inovaciuri procesebis
warmatebuli dasruleba da biznesis faqtobrivi gadasvla axal
xarisxSi (kategoriebSi). erTdroulad unda realizdes subieq-
turi miznebis mTeli sistema da siaxlis SemomtanTa interesebi,
rac fiqsirdeba maTi potencialis zrdiT, ekonomikuri ganvi-
TarebiT.
socialuri teqnologiebi aucilebelia sabazro meqanizmebis
arasrulyofilebis gamo. Tavisufali sasaqonlo urTierTobebi
inovaciebSi, damyarebuli kerZo sakuTrebaze, TviTganviTarebisas,
moqmedebs, rogorc brma Zala da gaaCnia damangreveli muxti,
romelsac SeuZlia `aafeTqos~ inovaciuri komunikaciebi da
mTeli inovaciuri procesi. maSasadame, sasaqonlo urTierTobebi
inovaciebis subieqtebs Soris unda iyos regulirebadi da unda
Seivsos `arasasaqonlo~ ekonomikiT.
inovaciebSi `arasasaqonlo~ ekonomikis ZiriTad elementebs
miekuTvneba:
• inovaciebis xelmisawvdomoba inovaciuri komunikaciebis
sitemebSi inovaciis yvela subieqtisaTvis da misi gamo-
yenebis SesaZlebloba sakuTari ganviTarebisaTvis.
• uflebebisa da garantiebis warmoSoba inovaciebSi monawi-
leobis SewyvetisaTvis warmoqmnili riskis individualuri
xasiaTis gamo, agreTve maTi Semcirebis SesaZleblobaTa
arseboba riskebis kooperaciuli gadanawilebis xarjze.
• socialuri ganviTarebis kooperaciuli perspeqtivebi.
160
• partnioruli garemos, inovaciuri samewarmeo kulturis
Seqmna.
• regulireba inovaciebSi exeba rogorc urTierTobebs
subieqtebs Soris, aseve sagareo urTierTqmedebebs inova-
ciur procesebze.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi menejeri moqmedebs, rogorc Suamavali
(mesenjeri), meore SemTxvevaSi ki misi moqmedebebi sabazro
garemoTi ganisazRvreba.
mesenjeruli funqcia inovaciis monawileTa interesebis
marTvis safuZveli xdeba, radgan inovaciuri menejmentis sagans
warmoadgens droebiTi sakomunakacio sistemebis damoukidebeli
inovatorebis resursSemomtani urTierTobebis organizeba. am
sistemas, agebuls sakuTrebiT urTierTobebze, gaaCnia mudmivad
cvalebadi parametrebi da droebiTi mTlianoba, agreTve moti-
vaciebi TviTorganizaciisa da TviTganviTarebisaken; is ayalibebs
specialur moTxovnebs inovaciuri menejeris pirovnebisadmi.
inovaciuri menejmenti, rogorc mecniereba da marTvis
xelovneba axla iwyebs Tavisi ganviTarebis axal etaps sameurneo
cxovrebaSi principuli cvlilebebis gamo. inovaciuri xasiaTis
mewarmeoba warmoSobs axal organizaciebs, marTvis sistemas,
menejerebis instituts, romelTa xelmZRvanelobiTac xorciel-
deba inovaciebi da romelTac mesakuTreni da investorebi
andoben TavianT qonebas, fulad saxsrebs da uflebebs
samewarmeo saqmidan (biznesidan) Semosavlis imediT.
inovaciuri menejmenti dRes mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis
gansakuTrebul formas warmoadgens, rac ganisazRvreba misi
mewarmeobiTi xasiaTiT da miznobrivi mimarTulebebiT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ZiriTadi funqciebiT, marTvis principebiT da
meTodebiT mas bevri saerTo gaaCnia Cveulebriv menejmentTan,
misTvis damaxasiaTebelia kavSiri ufro farTo sferosTan,
romelic moicavs samrewvelo, finansur, sainvesticio da sxva
procesebs.
marTvis obieqti inovaciur menejmentSi _ inovaciuri
procesi warmoebaSi, romelic rTul saorganizacio sistemas
warmoadgens, mtkiced orientirebulia inovaciebis miznebze
sagareo da saSinao pirobebis cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aq
161
igulisxmeba faqtorebis mniSvnelobaTa erToblioba, romlebic
arsebiTad moqmedebs inovaciur procesze, inovaciis yoveli
ciklis sasicocxlo fazaze yovel konkretul periodSi.
situaciuri midgoma gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi farTo SesaZleb-
lobaa manevrirebisa da adekvaturi reagirebisaTvis inovaciaTa
parametrebis transformirebaze.
inovaciuri menejmenti mowodebulia marTos inovaciuri
procesi. inovaciis, rogorc marTvis obieqtis specifika winaswar
gansazRvravs inovaciuri menejmentis Sromis Taviseburebebs,
romelsac, garda saerTo moTxovnebisa (SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi,
mravalmxrivi codna da analitikuri unari), moeTxoveba speci-
fikurobac, maT Soris Tavisi gadawyvetilebis motivireba
inovaciebis mravalricxovani monawileebis winaSe, xolo profe-
siuli ekonomikuri codna saSualebas aZlevs inovaciur
menejments, efeqturad imuSaos ekonomikur informaciasa da
bazebTan, romlebic mocemulia bazrebTan, teqnikasTan da a.S.
inovaciuri menejmentis saqmianobis safuZvelia muSaoba
inovaciur obieqtSi ekonomikur informaciasTan, e. i. movlenebisa
da gadawyvetilebebis aRricxvisa da analizis organizeba
inovaciur procesSi. sainvesticio kapitalis mesakuTreni,
investorebi, kreditorebi masTan erTad axorcieleben kontrols
inovaciuri proeqtis Sesrulebis msvlelobaze inovaciis
saproeqto da faqtobriv maCvenebelTan Sepirispirebis gziT.
inovaciuri menejmentis saboloo mizani ki inovaciis
subieqtis grZelvadiani sakonkurencio funqcionirebis uzrunvel-
yofaa, risi Sefasebac SeiZleba investiciebis efeqturobiT,
bazarze mdgomareobis perspeqtiviT da warmoebis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis rezervebiT.
sainovacio periodSi investiciebis realizacia moqmed
sawarmoSi iseTivea, rogorc axali sawarmos mSeneblobisas.
inovaciur menejments mouwevs inovaciuri movlenebis da
Sedegebis kontrolireba.
inovaciebis marTvaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
urTierTobebs axalSemonaRebis mesakuTresa da investors Soris.
Cveni azriT, aseTi inovaciuri politika SeiZleba realiz-
des inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis _ bazris sakanonmdeblo da
162
sakonstitucio ganviTarebis pirobebSi, romelic stimulirebuli
iqneba investoris mier, saxelmwifo garantiebis sistemis inova-
ciebis sagadasaxado pirobebis srulyofiT.
amave dros, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifos soci-
alur politikas inovaciaTa mimarT mxardaWeraSi.
sazogadoeba unda gamodiodes fundamenturi faseulo-
bebidan da uTavsebdes mas Tanamedrove warmoebis pirobebs.
aqedan gamomdinareobs socialuri dakveTis aucilebloba
inovaciaze, mis prioritetze ekonomikuri amocanebis mimarT.
aseTi gansazRvra exeba ara marto erovnul faseulobebs, aramed
im faseulobebsac, romlebic miRebulia inovaciuri urTierTo-
bebis dros partniorebis mier da Tavisi arsiT erToblivi
saqmianobis ufro mniSvnelovan mizans warmoadgens.
rac Seexeba socialur faqtors, sawarmoSi inovacias per-
sonali ufro Sinaarsian da mimzidvel Sromaze gadahyavs, qmnis
mas ufro efeqturs, rac mis keTildReobaze aisaxeba. pirovnebis
ganviTareba gamovlindeba codnis gaRrmavebasa da gafarToebaSi,
axali Tvisebebis CamoyalibebaSi, urTierTobebis, Semoqmedebisa
da kulturis ganviTarebaSi.
uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili
momxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgili
Tanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSi
1. postindustriul epoqaSi firmebis saqmianobaSi gadamwyve-
ti sityva marketingul samsaxurs ekuTvnis. maqsimaluri mogebis
miRebisaTvis swored marketinguli samsaxuri Seiswavlis bazars
da gansazRvravs momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis maqsimaluri
dakmayofilebisaTvis ra saqoneli (momsaxureba), ramdeni, ra
fasad, rodis iwarmoos, rogor iqnes dayvanili momxmareblamde
da gaweuli iqnes gayidvis Semdgomi momsaxureba. naTqvamidan
gamomdinare, Tu myidvels raRac ar akmayofilebs _ iqneba es
saqoneli, gamyidveli, fasi Tu miwodeba, es imas niSnavs, rom
marketingis mimarTulebiT arsakmarisadaa Catarebuli samuSaoebi;
2. Tanamedrove biznesis sistemaSi centraluri figuraa
momxmarebeli (klienti) da sawarmoo personali. SesaZlebelia
163
momxmarebeli da klienti erTmaneTs ar daemTxvas. momxmarebeli
imitom, rom swored is axali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis avtori;
swored is iRebs gadawyvetilebas kompaniis saqmianobis gafar-
Toebisa Tu Sekvecis Sesaxeb; swored is, arCevnebSi xmis micemiT,
miuTiTebs saxelmwifos Tu rogor unda aagos man sakuTari
politika: „marcxniv“, „marjvniv“ Tu „pirdapir“ unda iaros.
klienti imitom, rom swored mis xarjze finansdeba biznesmenis
mogeba, daqiravebul muSakTa xelfasebi da saxelmwifos
Semosavlebis udidesi nawili; swored amitom, kompaniisa Tu
saxelmwifos saqmianoba momxmarebelTa interesebis garSemo unda
trialebdes. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ara gyavT momxmarebeli,
ar iqneba Tqveni biznesi. sawarmoo personali ki imitomaa
mniSvnelovani, rom swored is aRasrulebs momxmarebelTa
survilebs. saWiroa am orive jgufis warmomadgenlebze zrunva,
bazari izrunebs Tqvenze da warmatebuli iqneba Tqveni biznesi;
3. miuxedavad amisa, bevri biznesmeni uSvebs Secdomas. zogs
hgonia, rom raki sakuTari saqme aqvs, icnobs kidec sakuTar
momxmarebels. es mcdari azria. zogsac hgonia, rom raki
droulad uSvebs maRali xarisxis produqcias, es imas niSnavs,
rom, Tavis mxriv, akeTebs yvela SesaZlebels momxmarebelTa
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. aseTi TviTdajerebac, aseve,
mcdaria;
4. biznesis momgebiani mdgomareobis, anu bazarze mdgradobis
SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelia myidvelTa daintereseba sakuTari
produqciis maRali xarisxiT an dabali fasiT, aseve,
novatoruli saqonliTa (momsaxurebiT) da mimzidveli reklamiT.
Cveulebriv, bazarze xangrZlivad is sawarmo rCeba, romelsac
momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis mimarT swrafi reagirebis unari
aqvs;
5. cudi klientebi arian isini, romlebic xSirad ar yidu-
loben, droulad an saerTod ar ixdian an mudmivad abruneben
nayidobas. maTi yidvebis moculoba imdenad mcirea, rom aseTi
klientebis SenarCuneba metad Zviri jdeba. Secdomaa, rodesac
saxsrebs xarjaven cudi klientebis SenarCunebaze da gamudmebiT
eZeben axal-axals. es maSin, rodesac Zveli klientebis Senar-
Cuneba bevrad iafi jdeba axlebis moZiebasTan SedarebiT
164
(klientTa Rirebulebis dadgenisaTvis wina wlis marketingis
xarjebs yofen SekveTebis raodenobaze);
6. kompaniis kargi klientebi isini arian, romelTa wiladac
modis gayidvebis udidesi wili. statistikuri dakvirvebebidan
gamomdinare, klientebis daaxloebiT 25% uzrunvelyofs
kompaniis mogebis 95%-s. swored eseni arian kargi klientebi.
isini endobian kompanias da amitomac iZenen mis produqcias. maT
SenarCunebaze kompaniebi xarjaven minimalur saxsrebs, xolo
isini mniSvnelovan mogebas iZlevian. mizanSewonilia, kargi da
cudi klientebis gamijvna da cudi klientebisagan gaTa-
visufleba;
7. kargi klientebis SenarCunebaze zrunva ar unda iyos
sagangebo da nametani xarjiani. magaliTad, bevri klientisaTvis
wamaxalisebeli iqneba is, Tu gaxsovT misi saxeli da saxeliT
mimarTavT an miulocavT dabadebis dRes, iubiles, rogorc
pirads, ise korporaciuls. swored amitom, calke failSi unda
gqondeT Tqveni klientebis, partniorebis vinaoba, maTi dabadebis
dReebi, kompaniebis iubileebi da sxva mniSvnelovani TariRebi,
raTa gamoiCinoT yuradReba da miulocoT RirsSesaniSnavi
TariRebi. yvelaferi es dadebiTad ganawyobs maT Tqveni kompaniis
mimarT.
8. yovelive zemoTqmulisaTvis firmis (sawarmos) marke-
tinguli samsaxuri unda flobdes klientebTan efeqtiani komuni-
kaciis, sareklamo kampaniis dagegmvis, marketinguli politikis
SemuSaveba-Sefasebis, misi drouli koreqtirebisa da srulyofis,
bazris segmentaciisa da klientebis moZiebis, saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis pozicionirebis, unikaluri savaWro winadadebis
SeTavazebis da mediadagegmvis codnasa da unarCvevebs. mokled,
mas unda SeeZlos pasuxi gasces marketinguli komunikaciis sam
mTavar kiTxvas: “vis vuTxraT?” (vin arian Cveni klientebi da
rogor moviZioT isini?), “ra vuTxraT?” (rogori winadadeba
mivceT maT?) da “rogor vuTxraT?” (rogor daviyvanoT es
winadadeba klientamde?).
roland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimelia
warmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebis
165
cvlilebebTan kavSirSicvlilebebTan kavSirSicvlilebebTan kavSirSicvlilebebTan kavSirSi
Tanamedrove msoflios ekonomikis strategiul miznebSi
bunebrivia, wina planze iyos wamoweuli mdgradi ekonomikuri
zrdis miRweva, umarTav inflaciasTan brZola da misi moTokva.
postkomunistur saqarTveloSi amas emateba sruli dasaqmebi-
saTvis pirobebis Seqmnaze zrunva, raSic Cveni azriT momgebiani
iqneba CairTos warmoebis marTvis optimizaciisaTvis riskis
masStabebis gafarToeba da misi gaaqtiureba. dasaqmebis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT da samuSao adgilebis
deficitis pirobebSi, mosalodnelia, gamosavali moinaxos axali
samuSaos formirebiT, misi ganxorcielebisaTvis riskze wasvlis,
zogjer iZulebiTi RonisZiebiTac ki, magaliTad dazRvevis
moSveliebiT. Ggarda amisa, SeiZleba Seiqmnas SesaZlebloba,
minimumamde iqnes dayvanili riskis uaryofiTi Sedegebi, xolo
ndobis faqtori gaumjobesdes riskis doneze warmoebis momge-
bianobis zrdiT (riskis masStabebis gafarTovebaSi vgulisxmobT
riskiT mogebisa da wagebis albaTur SefasebaTa absolutur
mniSvnelobebis jamis zrdas). yovelive es aisaxeba cxovrebis
donis zrdis perspeqtivaSi, rodesac qveyana Tavisi Semosavlebis
did nawils gonivrul dazogvasa da investirebaze iyenebs. amas
is axerxebs kapitalis maragiTa da mSp-is zrdiT, im qveynebisagan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic riskis gareSe naklebs zogaven da mcire
danaxarjebze «Cerdebian».
Mmosaxleobis dasaqmebis srulyofil zrdas maRalxel-
fasiani samuSaoebis Sesruleba ganapirobebs, xolo didi mogebebi
sawarmoebs aZliereben. rodesac aqtiurdeba riskis faqtoric,
gansakuTrebiT deficitis ekonomikaSi, maSin qveyana didi siZne-
leebis winaSe dgeba, romelic TavisTavad ar daregulirdeba.
sruli dasaqmeba dabalrentabeluri sawarmoebiT TavisTavad ar
miiRweva. mosaxleobis dabalmsyidvelunarianoba, riskze wasvlis
drosac, sawarmoebis maRal momgebianobaze gadasvlas xels ar
uSlis, Tuki mizezebi gaanalizebulia da gamovlinebas
eqvemdebareba maTi Tavidan acilebis SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad,
privatizebis gonivruli CatarebiT sawarmoebis gamdidrebis
SesaZleblobis efeqtiani gamoyeneba postkomunistur saqarTve-
loSi. Aanalogiuri sirTule maSinac warmoiSoba, roca dasaqme-
166
bulTa xelfasebi mcirea da isini (dasaqmebulebi) iZulebulni
arian arsebobis SesanarCuneblad gaagrZelon muSaoba dabali
xelfasebiTa da maRali gadasaxadebis pirobebSi, raSic post-
komunisturi qveyana imyofeba xolme da gamosavlad sesxis aRebas
miiCneven, xolo, es rom did riskTanaa dakavSirebuli, amas
yuradRebas ar aqceven an brma riskiT kmayofildebian, rac
saxifaToa.
mcire kapitaldabandebebis Sesabamisad, rodesac saeWvo
xdeba warmoebis funqcionirebis gaZliereba, gamosavali SeiZleba
aRmoCndes riskze wasvla maRali donis momgebiani produqtebis
gamoSvebis zrdiT da misTvis saWiro samamulo resursebis
SerCeviT, romelTa nawili SeiZleba deficitic ki aRmoCndes. am
SemTxvevaSi vadgenT warmoebis dagegmvis ekonomikur-maTematikur
models Semosavlis maqsimumiT (an rentabelobis, an Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis maqsimumiT), rasac emateba sawarmoSi dasaqme-
bulTa ricxovnobis zrdis moTxovna riskis pirobebSi.
Ddasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad ekonomikur-maTematikuri
modelis Sedgenas da masTan dakavSirebul msjelobas warvmar-
TavT, postkomunisturi saqarTvelos amJamindeli sinamdvilis
gaTvaliswinebiT, warmoebis optimaluri organizaciisaken da
maqsimaluri raodenobis samuSao adgilebis gamosavlenad.
bunebrivia, mewarmeebisaTvis Seiqmnas didi mogebiT riskze
wasvlis pirobebi zaralis minimizaciiT. saWiroebisamebr riskis
dazRveva ndobis faqtoris gaaqtiurebiT, maRal doneze aiyvans
mewarmis prestiJs da riskze wasvliT sawarmos momgebianobis
Semdgom gamovlenasac Seuwyobs xels.
Catarebuli msjelobis safuZvelze, produqciis warmoebis
teqnologiur koeficientebze dayrdnobiT, maTSi riskis elemen-
tebis CarTviT, Sesabamisad resursebsa da produqtebze moTxovna-
miwodebas Soris damaregulirebeli pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
saSualeba gveZleva SevadginoT warmoebis dagegmvisa da marTvis
ekonomikur-maTematikuri modeli. xolo misi (modelis) analizis
Sedegad SesaZlebelia riskis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoebis optima-
luri dagegmvis modificirebuli amocanis dasma, romelSic
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba, rogorc dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis
167
maqsimizaciis piroba, ise samamulo warmoebis produqciis
deficitis arsebobac.
maia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTuri
marketingis marTvis marketingis marTvis marketingis marTvis marketingis marTvis zogierTizogierTizogierTizogierTi
aspeqtisaspeqtisaspeqtisaspeqtis SesaxebSesaxebSesaxebSesaxeb
_ marketingis marTvas maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac
potenciuri gacvlis erTi mxare mainc SeimuSavebs da
iyenebs saSualebebs sxva mxareebisagan sasurveli gamoZa-
xilis misaRwevad.
_ marketingis marTva gulisxmobs ideebis, produqtis
da momsaxurebis faswarmoqmnis, win wawevis da ganawilebis
dagegmvisa da realizaciis process, romelic mimarTulia
gacvlis ganxorcielebisaken rogorc calkeul individTa,
aseve organizaciebis dasakmayofileblad, es ki, SeuZlebelia,
didi Zalisxmevisa da siaxleTa danergvis gareSe ganxorcieldes.
_ marketingis marTva damyarebulia gacvlis cnebaze;
marketingis marTva mimarTulia gacvlis TvalsazrisiT gan-
sazRvruli Sedegebis misaRwevad miznobriv bazarze, es aris
procesi, romelic moicavs analizs, dagegmvas, gegmebis
realizaciasa da kontrols.
_ marketingis efeqtiani marTva xels uwyobs sawarmos
warmatebas. unari imisa, rom gansazRvro rogor SeiZleba
marketinguli marTvis srulyofa romelime kompaniaSi, Sem-
deg ki ganaxorcielo es ideebi, gansakuTrebulad mniSvne-
lovania.
_ strategiuli marketingis koncefcia SeiZleba gani-
sazRvros, rogorc konkurentebTan myari upiratesobebis Ziebis
korporaciis mizanmimarTuli qmedebebi, momxmarebelTa saWiroebe-
bis dakmayofilebis gziT. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ki
mniSvnelovania mudmivi fiqri imis Sesaxeb, rogor davakmayo-
filoT bazarze momxmarebelTa saWiroebani ufro efeqtianad da
Sedegianad.
_ konkurentebiT gajerebul bazarze marketingul gada-
wyvetilebaTa miRebis process konkurentul racionalurobas
uwodeben. sityva “konkurentuli” gulisxmobs, rom firma
168
bazarze moqmedebs sxva kompaniebs Soris, romlebic msgavs
gadawyvetilebebs iReben; “racionaluria” _ gulisxmobs, rom
firma miiswrafis, iyos Tanmimdevruli momxmareblebTan
gacvlis organizaciaSi mudmivad ganviTarebad bazarze.
_ marketingis marTvaSi monawileoben analitikosebi,
saqonlis warmoebis da realizaciis menejerebi, gayidvebis
menejerebi, gasaRebis ganyofilebis, reklamisa da saqonlis
win wawevis menejerebi, savaWro markis mmarTvelebi da a. S.
TiToeul maTgans kompaniaSi mkafiod gansazRvrul amocanebi
da pasuxismgebloba gaaCnia. maTi Tanamdebobrivi valdebulebebi
moicavs marTvas specialuri marketinguli resursebiT.
_ marketingis menejerTa ZiriTadi samuSaoa analizi,
dagegmva da programebis realizacia. marketingis mmarTveli
asrulebs marketinguli RonisZiebebis Zalze farTo speqtrs.
marketingis marTva mimarTulia moTxovnis doneze, struqtu-
rasa da droebiT sazRvrebze zemoqmedebisaTvis iseTi amocanebis
Sesasruleblad, organizaciam dasaxul mizans rom miaRwios.
_ marketingis marTva xorcieldeba marketinguli kvle-
vebis, gegmebis Sedgenis, gegmebis realizaciisa da kontro-
lis CatarebiT. bazris aqtiurma subieqtebma unda miiRon
gadawyvetilebebi miznobrivi bazrebis warmoebis ganviTarebis,
markis pozicionirebis, ganawilebis arxebis, safaso poli-
tikis, saqonlis bazarze win wawevis da komunikaciis Sesaxeb.
_ marketingis marTvis safuZveli unda iyos socialurad
sapasuxismgeblo saqmianobis kargad gaazrebuli filosofia.
organizaciebs SeuZliaT marketingis marTvis xuTi koncefciidan
romelime midgoma daudon safuZvlad. es gadawyvetileba ki maTi
ZiriTadi filosofiis ganmsazRvreli xdeba.
_ kompaniis yvela ganyofilebis samuSao Tu klientis
interesebis samsaxurzea mimarTuli, yalibdeba integrirebuli
marketingis sistema. integrirebuli marketingi ordoniani siste-
maa. misi pirveli done sxvadasxva marketinguli funqciebia:
reklama, marketinguli gamokvleva, gasaReba, produqtis warmo-
ebisa da realizaciis marTva da a.S. es funqciebi unda
iyos urTierTgadajaWvuli, maTi Sesruleba koordinirebuli.
169
_ integrirebuli marketingis meore donea kompaniis yvela
ganyofilebis urTierTSeTanxmebuli muSaoba. marketingi efeq-
tiania, rodesac kompaniis TiToeuli muSaki pirad wvlils
Seitans klientTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis.
mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili sabanko eleqtronuli sistemebissabanko eleqtronuli sistemebissabanko eleqtronuli sistemebissabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis
usafrTxoebausafrTxoebausafrTxoebausafrTxoeba
usafrTxoebis sakiTxis saTanado Seufaseblobis Sedegi
SeiZleba katastrofuli aRmoCndes nebismieri bankisaTvis. saban-
ko eleqtronuli sistemis usafrTxoeba – es aramarto borot-
moqmedebisagan Tavis dacvaa. informaciis droulad ar miwodeba,
am sistemis funqcionirebis uunarobis gamo, an klientis
momsaxurebaze uaris Tqma, raRac mizezebis gamo, Tavisi
SedegebiT, informaciis dakargvis tolfasia. usafrTxoebis
sistemebis agebisas gamokveTilia ori midgoma: fragmentuli –
garkveul pirobebSi garkveuli muqarisadmi (safrTxisadmi)
winaaRmdegobis gaweva (mag., specializebuli antivirusuli
programebi, kriptografiuli meTodebi da a.S.) da kompleqsuri _
informaciis damuSavebisaTvis daculi pirobebis Seqmna, romelic
muqaris aRkveTis sxvadasxva saSualebebs aerTianebs (samarTleb-
rivi, organizaciuli, programul-teqnikuri). dReisaTvis, informa-
ciuli teqnologiebis menejerebi ganuwyvetliv cdiloben bankSi
ufro srulyofili da Tanamedrove programuli uzrunvelyofis
SerCevasa da danergvas, raTa uzrunvelyon bankis funqcionirebis
uwyvetoba da nebismieri safrTxis mimarT mdgradoba – es iqneba
bunebrivi, SemTxveviTi Tu winaswarganzraxuli safrTxe, agreTve,
muSaobis swrafad aRdgenis SesaZlebloba sistemis dazianebis
SemTxvevaSi, bankis klientebs problemebi rom ar SeeqmnaT
nebismier sabanko momsaxurebaze.
eleqtronuli sistemis usafrTxoebis mimarT nebismier
RonisZiebaTa dasaxvas win uZRvis dagegmvis etapi, romlis
drosac unda vupasuxoT kiTxvebs: ra saSualebebisa da Ronis-
Ziebebis miRebaa saWiro sistemis saimedoobis garantirebisaTvis
da ra danaxarjebia saWiro. amisaTvis ki unda moxdes: sistemis
170
dacvisadmi wayenebul moTxovnaTa Segroveba da analizi misi
susti mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT; usafrTxoebis politikis
formulireba, romelic formdeba dokumentis saxiT, sadac
gansazRvrulia bankis amocanebi sabanko sistemis dacvis sferoSi
zedmeti detalizaciis gareSe; arCeuli usafrTxoebis politikis
gaTvaliswinebiT dgindeba dacvis gegma – oficialuri dokumenti,
romelic aRwers konkretul moqmedebebs sabanko saqmianobis
avtomatizaciis usafrTxoebisaTvis. igi regularulad gadaisin-
jeba da saWiroebis mixedviT koreqtirdeba; xorcieldeba gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis meqanizmi; xdeba dacvis meqanizmis
moqmedebaze mimdinare kontroli.
usafrTxoebis politika warmoadgens im normebis, wesebisa
da meTodebis erTobliobas, romelTa safuZvelzedac Semdeg
sainformacio sistemis saqmianoba aigeba. am SemTxvevaSi sainfor-
macio sistema moicavs ara mxolod aparaturul-programul
kompleqss, aramed momsaxure personalsac. usafrTxoebis poli-
tika formirdeba SesaZlebeli safrTxeebis mimdinare mdgoma-
reobis analizisa da informaciuli sistemis ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebis safuZvelze da igi gansazRvravs: usafrTxoebis
sistemis miznebs, amocanebsa da prioritetebs; calkeuli qvesis-
temebis moqmedebis areebs; dacvis garantirebul minimalur dones;
personalis valdebulebebs dacvis uzrunvelsayofad; sanqciebs
dacvis darRvevaze.
Tu usafrTxoebis politika formulirebuli iqneba arasru-
li saxiT an araSedegobrivad, maSin informaciis dacvis
darRvevis albaToba mkveTrad izrdeba. informaciis dacvisas
igulisxmeba RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romelic uzrunvelyofs:
informaciis konfidencialobas, rac niSnavs informaciis gacno-
bis aRkveTas im pirTaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT masTan SeRwevis
uflebamosileba; informaciis daculobas (informacia SeiZleba
dazaraldes borotmoqmedis Segnebuli moqmedebisgan, personalis
Secdomebisgan, xanZrisgan, avariisgan da a. S.); SeRwevas (usa-
frTxoebis sistemis arseboba ar unda aferxebdes sistemis
normalur muSaobas).
usafrTxoebis politikis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia riskis
analizis gareSe, romelic ramdenime etaps moicavs: sistemis
171
Semadgenlobis aRwera, safrTxeTa realizaciis albaTobaTa
Sefaseba, mosalodneli danakargebis moculobis Sefaseba, dacvis
SesaZlo meTodebisa da saSualebaTa analizi, SemoTavazebuli
RonisZiebebidan SesaZlo danakargTa Sefaseba.
leila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvili mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebimcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebimcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebimcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi
saqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiK
ekonomikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelsac SeuZ-
lia nebismieri qveynis ekonomika gamoiyvanos krizisidan, aris
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba. swored maT aqvT yvelaze
didi potenciali, rom gaajansaRon qveynis ekonomika da swori
mimarTulebiT warmarTon biznesi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire
biznesi sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis mniSvnelovani da ganu-
yofeli nawilia. mcire biznesi _ es aris umcires da mcire
sawarmoTa erToblioba. dasavleTis literaturaSi mas "mcire
ekonomika"-sac uwodeben. ,,ekonomikis es seqtori qmnis samuSao
adgilebs, konkurenciisaTvis aucilebel atmosferos, swrafad
reagirebs sabazro koniunqturaSi momxdar nebismier cvlilebaze,
warmoadgens saSualo fenis formirebis ZiriTad wyaros” [Малый
бизнес, под. pед. А.В. Косьянова, М., “Гросс”, 2005, с 6.]. msoflio
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom mcire da saSualo biznesi sabazro
ekonomikis mniSvnelovani elementia, masze mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebi, saerTo
erovnuli produqtis struqtura da xarisxi.
harvardis (aSS) universitetis mcire mewarmeobis ganvi-
Tarebis centris direqtoris _ uilford l. uaitis ganmartebiT,
mcire biznesi, upirvelesad, sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobiT
ganisazRvreba. es sargeblianoba unda gamoixatebodes, jer erTi,
momxmareblisaTvis saWiro saqonlis Seqmna-miwodebiT da momsa-
xurebis gaweviT, meore, xelsayreli samuSaoTi adamianebis
uzrunvelyofiT, mesame, amis sanacvlod mogebis miRebiT.
mcire biznesi bolo ocwleulSi msoflio qveynebis eko-
nomikuri zrdis da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mniSvnelovan
wyarod iqca. mcire biznesis adgili msoflio ekonomikaSi metad
172
STambeWdavia. Tu XX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde mcire biznesi erT-
erT uperspeqtivo da sustad ganviTarebul seqtorad iTvleboda,
amJamad igi aSS-s da dasavleT evropis qveynebis ekonomikis erT-
erTi dinamikurad ganviTarebadi nawilia da did rols asrulebs
maT socialur-ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovre-
baSi. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom swored mcire biznesis sferoSi
iqmneba erToblivi erovnuli produqciisa da erovnuli Semosav-
lis metad mniSvnelovani nawili, ase, magaliTad, mcire sawar-
moebi awarmoeben germaniaSi warmoebuli produqciis 60%, da
isini qmnian samuSao adgilebis 70-75%-ze mets.
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaniSnavi magaliTebia aSS,
iaponia, safrangeTi, italia, didi britaneTi da sxv. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi centralur da aRmosavleT evropis, agreTve Sua aziis
qveynebSi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas ZiriTadad mcire da
saSualo biznesis seqtori uwyobs xels.
saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis ganviTareba radikaluri gar-
daqmnebis Semdeg daiwyo. imis miuxedavad, rom TiTqmis 17 weli ga-
vida, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mcire biznesis adgili da roli
iseTi STambeWdavi ar aris, rogorc ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
saqarTvelos mcire biznesSi 2006 wels warmoebulia 590 mln. la-
ris produqcia. am maCvenebliT mas produqciis saerTo moculo-
baSi mxolod 8% ukavia. daaxloebiT amdenivea 8,2% mcire bizne-
sis wili produqciis brunvis saerTo moculobaSi (ix. cxr. 1).
mTlianad saqarTvelos mewarmeobaSi produqciis gamoSveba
da brunva 2000 - 2006 wlebSi samjer aris gazrdili. aRniSnul
periodSi mcire sawarmoebSi produqciis gamoSveba mxolod 19,4%-
iT aris gazrdili, xolo produqciis brunva, gazrdis nacvlad
14,8%-iT aris Semcirebuli. Tu 2000 wels produqciis brunva
mcire sawarmoebSi Seadgenda mTeli brunvis 33,5% da daasaqmebda
mTel dasaqmebulTa 33,3%-s, 2006 wels am maCveneblebma
Sesabamisad Seadgina 8,2% da 23,4%. am maCveneblebiT mcire
biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi metad
mokrZalebulia. es gamoiwvia arasrulyofilma sakanonmdeblo
bazam, aramastimulirebelma sakredito da fiskalurma politikam
da mravalma sxva faqtorma.
173
mdgomareoba arc 2007 da 2008 wlis ganvlil periodSi
Secvlila. am periodSi, yvela zemoT CamoTvlil faqtors,
daemata inflacia (oficialuri monacemebiT 11%), kreditis
saprocento ganakveTis gazrda da sxv. mcire sawarmoTaA didi
nawili gakotrda, nawilma ki uari Tqva muSaobis gagrZelebaze.
zemoaRniSnuli xels uwyobs umuSevrobis da siRaribis matebis
zrdas saqarTveloSi. migvaCnia, rom qveyanaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda daeTmos mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebas
cxrili 1 cxrili 1 cxrili 1 cxrili 1
mcire biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelosmcire biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelosmcire biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelosmcire biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelos
mewarmeobaSi mewarmeobaSi mewarmeobaSi mewarmeobaSi
maCveneblebi 2000 2005 2006
dinamika 2006 w. %-ad 2000
welTan
1 produqciis gamoSveba saqarTvelos mewarmeobaSi (mln. lari)
2388,6 5838,3 7412 310,4
2 m.S. produqciis gamoSveba mcire sawarmoebSi (mln. lari) xvedriTi wili (%-ad)
493,7
20,7
551,2
9,4
590
8,0
119,4 _
3 produqciis brunva saqarTvelos mewarmeobaSi (mln. lari)
3781,4 10076,3 13090,3 346,2
4 maT Soris mcire sawarmoebis brunva (mln. lari) xvedriTi wili (%-ad)
1265,4
33,5
1155,8
11,5
1079,3
8,2
85,2 _
5 dasaqmebulTa ricxvi (kaci)
378055 388946 360987 _
6 maT Soris mcire sawarmoebSi (kaci) xvedriTi wili (%-ad)
125805
33,3
100415
25,8
84555
23,4
_ _
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis monacemebi. Tb., 2007.
174
da xelSewyobas. mcire sawarmoebs gadamwyveti roli da mniSvne-
loba eniWeba saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis
zrdis mimarTulebiT.
saqarTvelos dRevandeli ekonomikis krizisidan gamoyvanisa
da misi aRorZinebis erT-erTi mTavari magistraluri gza mcire
biznesis ganviTarebaa. amdenad, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politi-
kis ZiriTadi sakiTxi swored mcire biznesis yovelmxrivi mxarda-
Wera unda iyos. Tumca, es ise ar unda gavigoT, rom mcire biznesi
biujetis Sevsebis uSreti wyaroa. misi upirvelesi movaleoba
socialuri sakiTxebis mogvareba, kerZod, umuSevarTa dasaqmeba
da am gziT mosaxleobis siRaribisagan Tavis daRwevaa.
dasaqmeba da Semosavlebis zrda adamianTa normaluri
cxovrebis safuZvelia. xelisuflebas kargad aqvs gacnobiere-
buli pasuxismgebloba sakuTari xalxis winaSe da siRaribis
dasaZlevad 2007 wlis dekemberSi SeimuSava saxelmwifo programa
saxelwodebiT _ ,,iafi krediti”. aseve qveynis mTavrobam SeimuSava
2008_2032 ww. programa _ ,,erTiani saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe”.
am programaSi mocemulia saSemosavlo gadasaxadis 15%-mde
Semcireba da qonebaze gadasaxadis saerTod gauqmeba. siRaribis
dasaZlevad es sakmarisi ar iqneba. saWiroa, mowesrigdes da
gaumjobesdes mTeli biznesgaremo. mcire bizness unda mieces
ganviTarebis impulsis mqone SeRavaTebi dabegvraSi, dakrediteba-
dafinansebaSi, licenzirebaSi, registraciaSi, kontrolsa da
SemowmebebSi da sxva procedurebSi. amasTan, biznesgaremos
gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi unda gatardes ara cal-calke da
fragmentulad, aramed erToblivad, kompleqsurad. amiT mewar-
meobaSi miiReba sinergiuli efeqti, romelic ufro metia, vidre
cal-calke da sxvadasxva dros gatarebuli TiToeuli am
RonisZiebis jami.
mcire biznesis ganviTareba qveynis ekonomikuri politikis
mTavari mimarTuleba unda gaxdes, vinaidan mcire bizness
SesaZlebloba aqvs, gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos ekonomikuri da
socialuri problemebis gadaWraSi. mcire sawarmoTa marTvas ar
sWirdeba didi kapitali, isini gacilebiT moqnilni da
operatiulni arian sameurneo saqmianobaSi, swrafad reagireben
175
sabazro koniunqturis nebismier cvlilebebze, vidre msxvili
sawarmoebi. mcire sawarmoebi uzrunvelyofen adgilobrivi
bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis gamoyenebis maRal dones.
mcire biznesi komerciuli ideebis swrafi realizaciis SesaZleb-
lobas iZleva. mcire sawarmoebs SeswevT unari, SesaZleblobebis
farglebSi, daikavon bazarze sakuTari segmenti da xeli Seuwyon
konkurenciis gaRrmavebas. es im upiratesobebis nawilia,
romlebic mcire bizness axasiaTebs. mas sxva upiratesobebic
gaaCnia, mcire biznesis upiratesobaTa kompleqsi asabuTebs, rom
saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebas xelSewyoba sWirdeba,
maT ki qveynisTvis bevri sikeTis motana SeuZliaT _ mcire
biznesi Seasrulebs Tavis socialur movaleobas _ daasaqmebs
umuSevrebs da Seamcirebs siRaribes.
P P P P giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili
proeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliproeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliproeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliproeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavali
1969 wels amerikis pensilvaniis Statis q. derbiSi Seiqmna
proeqtis menejmentis instituti, romelic warmoadgens saerTa-
Soriso profesiul asociacias da mowodebulia, rom gaaRrmaos
proeqtis menejmentis mecniereba. zemoaRniSnul institutSi Cata-
rebuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, ,,proeqtis menejmenti aris cod-
nis, unaris, xerxebisa da teqnologiis erToblioba konkretuli
proeqtis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad~ [www.pmi./projectmana
gement/project. htm.].
80-ian wlebSi mikrokompiuteruli programirebis gamoCenam
kompiuteruli dagegmva da kontrolis meTodebis gamoyeneba
yvela proeqtisa da organizaciisaTvis misawvdomi gaxada.
proeqtebis marTvam sayovelTao aRiareba moipova. proeqtis
dagegmvisa da kontrolis meTodebTan erTad, adamianis faqtorma
SeiZina udidesi mniSvneloba da SesaZlebeli gaxda erTdroulad
ramdenime proeqtis marTva paraleluri teqnologiebis, uwyveti
gaumjobesebisa da strategiuli cvlilebebis safuZvelze.
proeqtebis marTvam Tavisi gamoyenebis sfero pova im problemebis
gadaWraSi, romlebic globalur sawarmoebs gauCnda XXI saukuneSi. Aaqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis
176
mniSvnelovania im gamocdilebis gaziareba, romelic ukve
gaaCniaT msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebsa da rig wamyvan
kompaniebs _ Coca-Cola, Kodak, Xerox, Motorola, General Motors , 3M-s
proeqtebis marTvaSi. proeqtebis marTvis cnobili mecnieri d. klivlendi
,,proeqtebis marTvis saukunis~ dasawyisad XXI saukunes miiCnevs
[Clifford F. Graj, Erik W. Larson, Project Management, (Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000), p.20.]. informaciis myisierma gavrcelebam, warmoebisa da
daproeqtebis avtomatizaciam gamoiwvia proeqtis sasicocxlo
ciklis Semcireba. 50 wlis win produqciis saSualo sasicocxlo
cikli 15-20 weliwads Seadgenda. amJamad sawarmoebis xelmZRva-
nelebi Tvlian, rom sasicocxlo cikli aris sami weli, xolo im
firmebis xelmZRvanelebi, romlebic iyeneben maRalmwarmoeblur
teqnologiebs, sasicocxlo cikls eqvs Tved miiCneven. axali
produqciis Seqmnis siswrafe gaizarda geometriuli progresiiT.
mokle sasicocxlo cikli zrdis proeqtebis raodenobas. resur-
sebis naklebobam da konfliqtebma SeiZleba gaarTulon garemoze
kontroli. maSin rogor Seurigdeba bazari resursebis proble-
mas? Aam faqtorma proeqtebis SerCevisa da marTvis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebuli uamravi problema warmoqmna.
produqciis sasicocxlo ciklTan uSualo kavSirSi
imyofeba codna da teqnologiuri afeTqeba. bolo ori Tu sami
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi dagrovda gacilebiT meti codna, vidre
kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze. dRes mTliani erovnuli
produqtis 33%-s qmnis axal codnaze dafuZnebuli produqcia.
axali codna da inovaciebi biznesis teqnologiuri safuZvelia.
arc erT qveyanasa da produqcias ar SeuZlia gverdi auaros
globalur konkurencias. mkacr konkurenciul brZolaSi gadar-
Cena da warmateba gvkarnaxobs, mxari davuWiroT siaxleebs. brZo-
laSi imarjveben saukeTeso kompaniebi. proeqtis marTva sawarmos
zrdisa da misi gadarCenis dominirebadi saSualeba xdeba.
rogorc proeqtis marTvis eqsperti pol dins muri apol dins muri apol dins muri apol dins muri aRniSnavs,
momavalSi `kompaniebi ganixileba ara, rogorc ierarqiuli
funqcionaluri organizaciebi, aramed, rogorc sakuTari Tavidan
proeqtebis portfelis warmomdgeni swrafad ganviTarebadi
sawarmoebi, romlebic mudmivad icvlebian, axldebian da saWiro
177
xdeba maTi gardaqmna ufro swrafad, iafad da ukeTesad" [Clifford
F. Graj, Erik W. Larson, Project Management, (Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000), p. 514.].
analizi gviCvenebs, rom proeqtebis Cavardnis mTavari
mizezia cudi dagegmva. zogadi rekomendaciebi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom meti yuradReba da dro daeTmos proeqtis gegmis Sedgenasa
da mkafio sazRvrebis gansazRvras. icvleba proeqtis SemkveTTa
moTxovnebic, marTvis umaRlesi rgolis strategiebic da
prioritetebic, Sesabamisad konkurentebic icvlian saqmianobis
sferos. biznesis axlandel samyaroSi ganusazRvreloba
fufunebaa, xolo jildo damyarebulia moqnilobaze. erT
proeqtze erTdroulad ramdenime Soreuli regionidan momuSave
mmarTveli globaluri gundebi proeqtis menejerisagan moiTxoven
marTvis stilis Secvlas garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad. proeqtis
menejerebi mzad unda iyvnen sxvadasxva qveynebSi samuSaod ucnobi
biznesiT da Seeguon sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis ucnob qcevas.
momavalSi proeqtebi mWidrod iqneba dakavSirebuli strate-
giul moTxovnebTan, kavSiri strategiul miznebsa da proeqtebs
Soris naTeli iqneba organizaciis yvela wevrisaTvis. proeqtebis
portfeli orientirebuli iqneba organizaciul miznebsa da
biznesgegmebze. organizaciuli resursebi saguldagulod iqneba
SerCeuli moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad da proeqtebis prioritetuli
sistemis Seqmna-gamoyeneba ganixileba, rogorc marTvis rgolis
mTavari pasuxismgebloba.
bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxda gadasvla teqnikurad
orientirebuli menejeridan kvalificiur menejeramde. msoflio
konkurenciam proeqtebis aqcenti gadaitana teqnologiebze,
infrastruqturaze, samomxmareblo saqonelze, ekologiur sakiT-
xebze da Sesabamisad moiTxova proeqtis menejerTa pasuxis-
mgeblobis gazrda am TvalsazrisiT. amitom proeqtebis Sesru-
lebaze orientirebuli kompaniebi proeqtebis menejerebs ganixi-
laven iseT adamianebad, romelTac cvlilebebi SeaqvT momavalSi.
nunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistauri
saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis
ganxorcielebaSiAganxorcielebaSiAganxorcielebaSiAganxorcielebaSiA
178
saxelmwifo auditoruli saqmianobis marTva-regulirebas
saTanado kanoniT axorcielebs. CvenTan auditoruli saqmianoba
etapobrivad dainerga. jer Camoyalibda axali azrovneba, axali
mentaliteti da, amis Semdeg, saxelmwifo makontrolebel orga-
noTa reformirebis gziT Seiqmna auditoruli saqmianobis
samsaxuri.
iseve, rogorc yvela sabazro ekonomikis mqone saxelm-
wifoSi, CvenTanac ganxorcielda makontrolebel organoTa
transformacia. amis Sedegad Camoyalibda safinanso-sameurneo
saqmianobis kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli sistema _ profe-
sional auditorTa instituti, romlis valia, mTel qveyanaSi
uzrunvelyos kanonis uzenaesoba. es saqmianoba sabazro
ekonomikis universalur instruments warmoadgens.
vinaidan CvenTan auditoruli saqmianoba jer kidev Camo-
yalibebis procesSi imyofeba, aucilebelia saxelmwifos mier am
saqmianobis aqtiuri marTva-regulireba. amis gamo Seiqmna audi-
toruli saqmianobis sabWo, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos: auditis
ganviTarebis pirobebis Seqmna, auditorTa swavleba da maTi
kvalifikaciis amaRleba, atestacia, licenzireba, xarisxis
kontrolis ganxorcieleba, TviTregulirebad organizaciebTan
koordinacia da sxva.
auditurma organizaciam, garda zemoaRniSnulisa, unda
daicvas konfidencialobis principi.
msoflio praqtikam gviCvena, rom auditis marTva-regu-
lireba, misi xarisxis kontroli imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom
amas aucileblad saxelmwifo unda axorcielebdes da ara TviT-
regulirebadi profesiuli organizaciebi.
aucilebelia, Cvens qveyanaSi saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis
gadmoReba nacionalur pirobebTan adaptaciiT. am safuZvelzea
SemuSavebuli da danergili “auditis saqmianobis Sesaxeb” kanoni.
es kanoni harmonizebulia amerikisa da dasavleTis qveynebis amave
tipis kanonebTan.
saqarTveloSi mecnierebma unda Seqmnan auditis profesiuli
meTodologia, romelic adekvaturi iqneba sabazro ekonomikis
infrastruqturis elementebTan.
179
Cvens qveyanaSi auditorul saqmianobis marTavs da
aregulirebs auditoruli saqmianobis sabWo. saxelmwifo, Tavisi
funqciebis ganxorcielebis dacvis garda, TviTregulirebad
organizaciebTan koordinaciasac awarmoebs.
msoflioSi auditoruli saqmianobis regulirebaSi saxelm-
wifos roli izrdeba. amis mizezi gaxda “enronisa” da “veld-
komis” fiasko, ris Semdegac aSS-Si, auditorul saqmianobaze
kontrolis gaZlierebis mizniT, Seiqmna auditis regulirebis
saxelmwifo departamenti.
Cveni SexedulebiT, auditis ganviTareba (da saerTod
auditoruli saqmianobis marTva-regulireba) TviTregulirebadi
organizaciebis da saxelmwifos erToblivi ZalisxmeviT unda
ganxorcieldes, anu unda moxdes maTi saqmianobis gonivruli
SeuRleba (erTmaneTisadmi Sesabamisoba).
Cvens qveyanaSi auditoruli saqmianobas sabWos sakmaod
Zlieri auditis maregulirebeli funqciebi gaaCnia. es garemoeba
specialistTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. nawili Tvlis,
rom gaumarTlebelia saxelmwifosaTvis yvela funqciis gadacema,
mizanSewonilad miiCnevs zogierTi funqciis (atestacia, ganaT-
lebis sakiTxebi da sxv.) TviTregulirebadi profesiuli organi-
zaciebisaTvis gadacemas, nawili ki samarTlianad miiCnevs saxel-
mwifos mkacr kontrols auditorul saqmianobaze.
amrigad, mTels msoflioSi auditorul saqmianobaa saxelm-
wifo aregulirebs sazedamxedvelo kanonebis saSualebiT, amas-
Tan, zogierT qveyanaSi, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, adgili aqvs
sazogadoebriv auditorul organizaciebze zogierTi funqciis
delegirebas. aq mTavaria saxelmwifosa da profesiuli organi-
zaciebis interesTa dabalansebis miRweva.
2005 wlidan auditis saerTaSoriso standartebis gamoyeneba
savaldebulo gaxda evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis.
saqarTveloSi auditoruli saqmianobis marTva-regulirebas
axorcielebs saxelmwifo. saqarTvelos kanoni “auditoruli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb” ZiriTadad agebulia evroparlamentisa da
evrokavSiris mier miRebuli direqtivebis moTxovnebis safuZ-
velze. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli
aqtebis miRebas, auditis standartebis SemuSavebas, meTodo-
180
logiur uzrunvelyofas, auditorTa sertificirebas (ganaTlebis
sistemis Seqmnas) da licenzirebas (auditorebisa da audituri
firmebis registracia da sajaro reestris warmoeba).
aucilebelia auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifo reguli-
rebis mudmivi srulyofa, auditoruli saqmianobis sabWos funqci-
ebis mudmivad ganaxleba, maTi axleburi gaazreba. saWiroa, kidev
ufro daixvewos sabWosa da TviTregulirebad organizaciebs
Soris urTierToba, ganxorcieldes maT Soris funqciebis prag-
matuli urTierTgadanawileba.
amJamad Cvens qveyanaSi aucilebelia, auditoruli saqmiano-
bis marTva-regulireba ganaxorcielos saxelmwifom, romlis
valia auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifo warmarTvis (marTva-
regulirebis) meqanizmi Camoayalibos mTlianobiTi sistemis
saxiT. es ukanaskneli unda moicavdes Semdeg ingredientebs
(Semadgenlebs):
1. sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli uzrunvelyofa, rac
gulisxmobs meTodologiur uzrunvelyofas, standartebis
SemuSavebas, normatiuli aqtebis miRebas.
2. auditorTa sertificirebas, rac gulisxmobs ganaTlebis
saTanado sistemis Seqmnas.
3. maT licenzirebas (esaa auditorebisa da audituri
firmebis registracia da sajaro reestris warmoeba).
4. auditorebisa da audituri firmebis kontroli, rasac
axorcielebs saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis organo (esaa
auditoruli saqmianobis xarisxis kontroli), romelic
moicavs saerTaSoriso standartebTan Sesabamisobis dadge-
nas, uzrunvelyofs kanonmdeblobisa da eTikis kodeqsis
dacvas.
naira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvili
inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi
momsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSi
menejmentis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawili xdeba
inovaciebi _ mudmivi ganaxlebis procesi mewarmeobis yvela
sferoSi. bolo wlebSi samamulo servisma aiTvisa momsaxurebis
181
mravali saxe _ konsaltingi, inJineringi, lizingi, saTamaSo da
Sou-biznesi da sxva.
inovaciebis danergvis aucileblobas astimulirebs kon-
kurentuli brZola da bazris mTeli rigi sxva moTxovnebi. maTi
gamoyenebis mniSvneloba ganpirobebulia, aseve, demografiuli,
ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis cvlilebebiT, momxma-
rebelTa moTxovnebiT da survilebiT, cvlilebebiT Tanamedrove
adamianis fsiqologiaSi.
inovaciuri menejmenti samecniero-teqnikuri, socialur-
ekonomikuri, aseve, samewarmeo saqmianobis saxea, romelic mimar-
Tulia, inovaciuri procesebis efeqturi organizaciis safuZ-
velze, organizaciis miznebis miRwevisaken.
momsaxurebis sferoSi gamoyofen inovaciebis Semdeg ZiriTad
tipebs: teqnikurs, saorganizacio-teqnologiurs, mmarTvelobiTs,
kompleqsurs.
inovaciuri procesi _ es sawarmos saqmianobis sxvadasxva
sferoebis balansirebulobis srulyofaa TiToeuli rgolis
muSaobis rentabelobaze kontrolisas. yvela inovacia xorciel-
deba firmis muSaobis sxvadasxva mxareebis sistematuri,
kompleqsuri analizis safuZvelze, romelSic mTavaria miRebuli
Sedegebis Sedareba ara ukve miRweulTan, aramed bazris im
potencialTan, romelic arsebobs am periodSi.
servisis mraval sawarmoSi arian sainovacio menejerebi, e. i.
specialistebi, romlebic profesiulad arian dakavebulni
mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobiT firmis muSaobaSi inovaciebis daner-
gvaze. mTlianobaSi, efeqturi inovaciuri danergva saSualebas
aZlevs sawarmos, gazardos momsaxurebis gawevis procesis momge-
bianoba, ganamtkicos saqmis imiji, mTlianobaSi, moaxdinos Tavisi
mdgomareobis stabilizacia bazarze.
inovaciuri procesi moicavs sawarmoo, saorganizacio-
teqnologiur, marketingul da mmarTvelobiT saqmianobas, imis
miuxedavad, Tu rogor aRniSnaven TviT menejerebi danergvis
process da romel struqturul qvedanayofebSi amuSaveben isini
mas.
acnobiereben ra servisul praqtikaSi inovaciebis danergvis
udides sirTules, mewarmeebma da menejerebma unda danergon
182
inovaciis aTvisebis mTeli procesi, yuradRebiT adevnon Tvali
mis msvlelobas da Sedegebs. amaSi maT inovaciuri programis
SemuSaveba daexmareba.
inovaciuri programa uzrunvelyofs sistemis ,,marketingi _
teqnikuri politika _ warmatebul funqcionirebas, romelSic
marketingis roli gamoixateba sainformacio uzrunvelyofaSi,
aseve, miRweuli Sedegebis Sefasebis sistemis formirebasa da
monawileobis miRebaSi mTavari miznebis gansazRvrisas.
inovaciuri programis arseboba amartivebs organizaciis
resursebis gamoyenebasa da miznis misaRwevad saukeTeso saSuale-
bebis arCevas, mniSvnelovnad amcirebs saSiSroebas, romelic
gamomdinareobs garemodan.
inovaciuri programebis SemuSavebisas SeiZleba Semdegi
principebis gamoyeneba: mniSvnelobis principi, vakuumis Sevsebis
principi, kapitaldabandebaTa minimumis principi, ekologiurobis
principi, axali teqnikisa da teqnologiebis gamoyeneba tradi-
ciuli momsaxurebis gawevaSi, momsaxurebis axali saxeebis
danergva, axali turistuli resursebis amoqmedeba, cvlilebebi
tradiciuli turistuli momsaxurebis warmoebisa da moxmarebis
organizaciaSi, turistul momsaxurebaTa da saqonlis gasaRebis
axali bazrebis gamovlena da gamoyeneba.
mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi servisis inovaciuri meTo-
debis ZiebaSi rigi turistuli firmebi SeimuSaveben da nergavren
dasvenebis axal sistemebs. magaliTad, dasvenebis erT-erTi axali
sistema saqarTvelos bazarze gaxda TaimSeri.
TaimSeris garda, turistuli firmebi iyeneben sxva
inovaciur meTodebs, raTa kvaldakval gahyvnen progress.
magaliTad, VIP momsaxureba. VIP _ es saqmiani adamianebia,
romelTac TavianT fulze SeuZliaT Tavs neba miscen gamoiyenon
,,yvelaze didi xelSewyobis reJimi’’ sazRvargareT mogzaurobisas.
kulturuli turizmis axali saxesxvaobis warmoqmnasTan
dakavSirebuli kidev erTi inovaciaa saqarTvelos turizmSi
civiluri turebis organizacia.
qveynis samuzeumo centrebi dakavebulni arian momsaxurebis
axali formebis ZiebiT, romlebsac SeuZliaT maTSi mraval-
ricxovani turisti moizidon.
183
es im inovaciebis mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia, romlebsac
servisisa da turizmis sferos sawarmoebi iyeneben momsaxurebaTa
organizaciasa da momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis formebSi.
SoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSvili
ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi
termini `ofSori~ (off shore – napirebs miRma) pirvelad erT-
erT amerikul gazeTSi gamoiyenes iseTi organizaciis mimarT,
romelmac saxelmwifoebrivi kontrolisagan Tavis aridebis
mizniT, saqmianoba sagadasaxado iurisdiqciis sazRvrebs gareT
gadaitana. Tanamedrove pirobebSi es termini ufro farTo
gagebiT gamoiyeneba da aRniSnavs rogorc firmebs, romlebic sxva
qveynebs iyeneben Tavisi safinanso saqmianobis dagegmvis dros,
aseve zonebs (saxelmwifo an teritoria), sadac ucxouri
kompaniebisaTvis moqmedebs specialuri savaluto, sagadasaxado
da organizaciuli SeRavaTebi.
gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom ofSoruli kompania mxolod
qaRaldze arsebuli sawarmoa da igi warmoadgens angariSs bankSi.
am angariSs eleqtronuli saSualebebiT marTavs cru magieri
piri, romlis saxelze registrirebuli dokumentebi sekretarul
kompaniaSi inaxeba. miuxedavad amisa, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ofSoruli
kompaniebi Cveulebrivi wesiT muSaoben da sxva firmebisagan
mxolod dabegvrisa da konfidencialobis doniT gansxvavdebian.
amasTan, ofSorul kompanias SeiZleba sxva qveyanaSi hqondes
filiali, romelSic is realur saqmianobas ganaxorcielebs.
iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, ofSoruli kompania principulad
arafriT gansxvavdeba sxva sawarmoebisagan. is warmoadgens
samewarmeo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis sruluflebian su-
bieqts da SeuZlia garigebebi sxva iuridiuli pirebis
Tanasworad dados. miuxedavad amisa, `ofSoruli kompania~ ar
aris iuridiuli termini. kanonSi, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba
mocemuli tipis firmebis registracia, isini SeiZleba
ganisazRvros, rogorc ararezidentebi (Non Resident), gadasaxa-
debisagan gaTavisuflebuli (Exept) an saerTaSoriso biznesis
184
kompaniebi (International Business Company) [mamulaSvili l., tuRuSi g.
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi _ ofSoruli centrebi, Tbilisi,
2005, gv. 87.]. SeiZleba gamovyoT ofSoruli kompaniis Semdegi ZiriTadi
Taviseburebebi:
• mflobelebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen mocemuli ofSoruli
iurisdiqciis rezidentebi;
• nebismieri komerciuli operacia unda ganxorcieldes
registraciis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebs gareT;
• kontrolisa da marTvis centri ganlagebulia sazRvar-
gareT;
• sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi;
• yovelwliuri saregistracio mosakrebelis gadaxdis val-
debuleba;
• registraciis proceduris da sawarmos marTvis simartive;
• wardgeniTi aqciebis, nominaluri mflobelebisa da direq-
torebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba;
• saerTo krebisa da direqtorTa sabWoebis Catarebis
Sesaxeb moTxovnebis formaluri xasiaTi;
• minimaluri moTxovnebi finansur angariSgebasa da audito-
ruli Semowmebis Catarebaze;
• savaluto kontrolis ararseboba.
ofSoruli kompaniis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi aseve
damokidebulia konkretul qveyanaze. magaliTad, aSS, germania da
Sveicaria mkacr moTxovnebs awesebs ararezidenti kompaniebis
mimarT (didi sadamfuZneblo kapitali, gamkacrebuli angariSgeba,
finansuri operaciebis gamWvirvaloba). hibraltarSi ofSoruli
firmis gaxsnisaTvis aucilebelia, waradginoT bankSi angariSis
damadasturebeli dokumentebi da bankis rekomendacia. bevri
kunZulovani ofSori, rogorc wesi, maqsimalurad liberaluria.
isini ZiriTadad orientirebulni arian kompaniebidan yovel-
wliuri Senatanebis miRebaze da xSirad buRaltruli aRricxvis
warmoebasac ar iTxoven (bahamis, marSalis, kaimanis kunZulebi)
[Налоговый рай без двойной бухгалтерии, ж.`Валютный спекулянт~, №4 (18),
2001, с.76-78.].
185
qveynebis did nawilSi arsebobs SezRudvebi ararezidenti
kompaniebis saqmianobaze. Tu daculi ar iqneba gansazRvruli
pirobebi, maSin ofSorul firmebs mouwevT igive odenobis
gadasaxadebis gadaxda rac rezident kompaniebs.
ofSoruli kompaniebi sxvadasxva mizniT iqmneba, romelTagan
aRsaniSnavia: dabegvris optimizacia; saerTaSoriso imijis Seqmna;
biznesis realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva;
kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis uflebis
dacva. ganvixiloT am miznebis miRwevis meqanizmebi.
1111. dabegvris optimizacia. . dabegvris optimizacia. . dabegvris optimizacia. . dabegvris optimizacia. globalizaciis epoqaSi firmebi
aqtiurad axorcieleben saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado strategiebs,
romelic praqtikaSi SeRavaTiani dabegvris reJimis mqone
teritoriebis ZebnaSi gamoixateba. yvelaze xSirad ofSoruli
kompaniebi iqmneba rezidentobis principiT gadasaxdeli
gadasaxadebis (ZiriTadad pirdapiri gadasaxadebi) kanonieri gziT
minimizaciisaTvis. am dros biznesmenis motivebi zedapirulia da
SemdegSi mdgomareobs _ `ratom gadavixado zedmeti Tu SesaZ-
lebelia saerTod ar gadavixado~. Tu gadasaxadebis minimizacia,
magaliTad, erTdRiani firmebis gaxsniT, kanondarRvevaa,
ofSoruli kompaniebis gamoyenebiT es legaluri gziT miiRweva.
aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle l. xendi aRniSvnavs,
rom `yvelas aqvs ufleba ise moawyos Tavisi fuladi saqmeebi,
rom gadasaxdeli gadasaxadebi minimumamde Seamciros... aravinaa
valdebuli ise dagegmos Semosavlebi da xarjebi, rom asiamovnos
finansTa saministros... moqalaqisaTvis ar arsebobs aranairi, maT
Soris patriotuli valdebulebac ki, gazardos gadasaxadebis
gadaxda~ [Макдауэлл Д., Новис Г. Последствия отмивания денег и других
финансовых преступлений, Экономические перспективы. Электронный журнал государственного департамента США, 2001, №2. http:// usinfo.state.gov/journals/journal.htm.].
dabegvris optimizaciis mizniT firmebi aqtiurad iyeneben
egreT wodebul transfertul faswarmoqmnas (transfer pricing). am
dros ZiriTadi mwarmoebeli kompania bazirebuli maRali
gadasaxadebis mqone qveyanaSi Tavis produqcias dabal fasebSi
miyidis ofSorul firmas, romelic produqcias ukve realur
fasad gadayidis. amgvarad, mogeba Tavs iyris ofSorul zonaSi,
186
sadac minimaluri ganakveTiT ibegreba. Tu gvsurs ofSoruli
firma (magaliTad, amerikuli kompania delaveris Statidan)
gamoviyenoT, rogorc gadasaxadebis optimizaciis sqemis rgoli,
aucilebelia davaregistriroT ucxouri SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-
lobis sazogadoeba (Foreign Limited Liability Company (FLLC)). am
SemTxvevaSi Semosavlebi ar daibegreba aSS-is teritoriaze im
pirobiT, Tu misi wyaro imyofeba qveynis iurisdiqciis gareT.
magaliTad, Tu Tqven yidulobT saqonels germaniaSi da yidiT
saqarTveloSi, amerikaSi registrirebuli FLLC-is germanuli
firmis kontragentad gamoyenebis da Semdeg saqonlis saqarTve-
loSi gayidviT mTeli Semosavali Tavs moiyris ofSorSi da ar
daibegreba.
2.2.2.2. saerTaSoriso imijis SeqmsaerTaSoriso imijis SeqmsaerTaSoriso imijis SeqmsaerTaSoriso imijis Seqmnananana. bevr qveyanaSi investiciebis misazidad Seqmnilia SeRavaTiani pirobebi, romelic mxolod ucxour kompaniebze vrceldeba. meore mxriv, sagadasaxado samsaxurebi ofSoruli firmebis kontraqtebs gansakuTrebulad amowmeben. rig qveynebSi moqmedebs antiofSoruli kanonmdeb-lobac. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organi-zacia ganagebs im saxelmwifoebis da teritoriebis sias, romlebic ar gascemen informacias sagadasaxado da finansur operaciebze. dRes am siaSi 7 qveyana Sedis: andora, liberia, lixtenSteini, marSalis kunZulebi, monako, nauru da vanuatu. am saxelmwifoebis mimarT ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebi iyeneben finansur da ekonomikur sanqciebs. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso jgufs (Financial Action Task Force) Sav siaSi Seaqvs yvela is qveyana, romelic aqtiurad ar ibrZvis fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg. didi Svideulis qveynebis mxardaWeriT Seqmnili finansuri stabilurobis forumi sistematurad aqveynebs ofSoruli zonebis saimedoobis reitings, sadac mTavar kriteriums gamWvirvalobis done warmoadgens, anu saimedod miiCneva ofSori, sadac ar arsebobs sabanko saidumloeba, ganviTarebulia makontrolebeli organoebi da kanonmdebloba. aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ofSoruli zonis politikur da ekonomikur saimedoobas. Sesabamisad, gansakuTrebuli popula-robiT gamoirCeva teritoriebi, romlebic ganviTarebuli qvey-nebis gavlenis zonaSi imyofebian [Лаханов Ю. Оффшори: надёжность и популярность, ж.”Валютный спекулянт”, №6 (8), 2000, с.74-75.].
aseT viTarebaSi firmis saerTaSoriso imijis asamaRleblad SeiZleba martivi xerxis gamoyeneba. kompania registrirdeba
187
ofSorul iurisdiqciaSi (mag., virjiniis kunZulebze), ofisi ki (safosto yuTi) arsdeba londonSi, aqve ixsneba sabanko angari-Sic. amis Semdeg firma garegnulad gamoiyureba, rogorc brita-nuli [Нетёсова А. Как работать с офшорами, ж. "Финансовый директор", № 2, 2005. www.fd.ru.].
arsebobs imijis amaRlebis sxva saSualebebic. magaliTad, Tanamedrove sqemebSi ofSoruli kompaniis ganTavseba xdeba ara pirvel (xilul), aramed meore (SeniRbul) doneze. pirvel doneze unda figurirebdes prezentabelur, saimedo qveyanaSi (dania, espaneTi, inglisi, kanada da a.S.) registrirebuli firma. am prezentabeluri firmis mflobelad gvevlineba ofSoruli kompania, romelic SeRavaTiani pirobebis mqone teritoriazea registrirebuli. finansuri operaciebi aseTi prezentabeluri firmebis meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, ofSorul kompaniasTan saagento SeTanxmebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. miuxedavad mniSvnelovani Tanxisa, romelic am gziT saimedo firmaze gaivlis, ukanaskneli gadasaxads ixdis sakomisiodan, rac mTliani brunvis mxolod ramdenime procents Seadgens.
3. biznesi3. biznesi3. biznesi3. biznesis realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis s realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis s realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis s realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis
dafarva. dafarva. dafarva. dafarva. ofSoruli kompaniebis gamoyeneba biznesmens saSualebas
aZlevs, darCes inkognitod. ofSoruli firmebis gaxsna ZiriTadad
iseT qveynebSi xdeba, sadac didia korufciis done, adamianis
usafrTxoeba naklebad daculia, sajaro moxeleebi aqtiurad
monawileoben biznesSi da surT amis damalva. saqarTveloSi
aqtiurad mimdinare privatizebis programebSi monawile
ofSoruli firmebis siuxvec albaT amiT aixsneba. magaliTad,
mesakuTre, romelsac ar surs Tavis afiSireba, ofSorul firmas
gaxsnis kviprosSi an antiliis kunZulebze (holandia), sadac
daculia ofSoruli kompaniis mflobelis anonimuroba. Semdeg
ofSoruli kompania yidulobs qarTuli sawarmos aqciebs. imis
garkveva, Tu vin flobs sinamdvileSi qarTul firmas, praqti-
kulad SeuZlebeli xdeba, Tu mflobeli Tavad ar isurvebs amas.
ofSorul kompaniasTan efeqtiani muSaobisaTvis zustad
unda ganisazRvros mesakuTris Sesaxeb informaciis konfi-
dencialobis aucilebeli done. imisaTvis, rom daimalos
informacia mflobelis Sesaxeb, ofSorul biznesSi iyeneben
marTvis iseT xerxebs, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis mTlianad an
TiTqmis mTlianad amoiZirkvos misi saxeli sabuTebidan
(magaliTad, aqciebi warmdgenze). xSirad amisaTvis iyeneben
188
nominalur aqcionerebs (Tu amis saSualebas iZleva ofSoruli
teritoriis kanonmdebloba) da niSnaven nominalur direqtorebs
(prezidentebs). nominaluri aqcionerebi sabuTebiT gvevlinebian
ofSoruli kompaniis damfuZneblebad, magram ar gaaCniaT aqciebis
gankargvis ufleba. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
pretenziebi aseTi aqcionerebis mxridan, maT xeli unda moaweron
deklaracias aqciebis gankargvaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb
damfuZneblis sasargeblod. amgvarad, ofSoruli teritoriis
kanonmdebloba daculi iqneba, xolo realuri mflobelis
saxeli ar Seva reestrSi.
nominaluri direqtoris (prezidentis) Tanamdebobaze xSir
SemTxvevaSi iniSneba im kompaniis TanamSromeli, romelic
ofSorul teritoriaze axorcielebs saregistracio momsa-
xurebas. misive monacemebi miewodeba saregistracio organos.
nominaluri direqtoris (prezidentis) uflebebis SezRudvi-
saTvis, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba `uaris werili~ _ mis mier
xelmowerili gancxadeba gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb TariRis dasmis
gareSe, romelic mesakuTresTan inaxeba. Tu mesakuTres surs,
kompania marTos Tavisi saxeliT, am SemTxvevaSi masze gamoweren
mindobilobas.
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi sekretarul kompanias SeuZlia
uzrunvelyos sruli nominaluri momsaxureba (full-time nominal
service). es momsaxureba gulisxmobs, rom mis mier daqiravebuli
ofSoruli firmis TanamSromlebi ara mxolod nominalurad
iricxebian, aramed realuradac muSaoben _ amzadeben dokumen-
tebs, xels aweren kontraqtebs, xvdebian kontragentebs da a.S.
4. kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis 4. kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis 4. kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis 4. kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis
uflebis dacva. uflebis dacva. uflebis dacva. uflebis dacva. ofSoruli firmebis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad
amartivebs didi Tanxebis sazRvargareT gatanis process.
magaliTad, qarTul sawarmos SeuZlia Seqmnas ofSoruli
kompania, gaaformos masTan momsaxurebis gawevis an sesxis
xelSekruleba da regularulad gadaricxos momsaxurebis
Rirebuleba an sesxis procentebi.
amas garda, aqciebis da sxva aqtivebis ofSorul kompaniaze
gaformeba sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis instruments warmoadgens.
ofSoruli firmisaTvis aqtivebis CamorTveva sasamarTlo
189
gadawyvetilebiTac ki rTulia. amisaTvis saWiroa misi mesakuTris
dadgena (amis gakeTeba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT sakmaod rTulia),
ris Semdegac sasamarTlo aRmasruleblebma unda moZebnon is da
aiZulon aqtivebi gadasces axal mflobels. ofSorul
kompaniebTan sasamarTlo davebis warmoeba sazRvargareT aris
saWiro, rac damatebiT bariers warmoadgens. aqtivebis dacvis
mizniT, xSirad iqmneba ofSoruli kompaniebis mTeli jaWvi (erTi
ofSoruli firma ekuTvnis meores, meore _ mesames da a.S.).
Sedegad, aqtivebis realuri mflobelis dadgena da misTvis
pretenziis wardgena SeuZlebeli xdeba.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ofSoruli sqemebis
dagegmvis procesi, mTel rig safrTxeebTan erTad, dakavSi-
rebulia firmis momgebianobis zrdasTan. ofSorul biznesSi
realuri muSaoba, ukve arsebuli meqanizmebis mudmiv aproba-
ciasTan erTad, axali gadawyvetilebebis dauRalav Ziebas
moiTxovs. amitom, es procesi kompaniis saerTaSoriso saqmianobis
optimizaciis erT-erT rTul da efeqtian saSualebad unda
ganvixiloT.
eka Coxelieka Coxelieka Coxelieka Coxeli
produqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi da I SO sertsertsertsertifikatiifikatiifikatiifikati
saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikurma procesebma qarTuli
kompaniebi garkveuli problemebis winaSe daayena. ruseTTan
urTierTobis garTulebam, romlis bazari aTeuli wlebis
manZilze saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani iyo da romelzec
viTardeboda qarTuli biznesi, kompaniebs mravali sirTule
Seuqmna. im xarisxis produqcia, romelic rusul bazarze
warmatebiT iyideboda, sxva bazrisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda.
qarTul bizness, arsebuli mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, sxva
bazrebis moZieba da iq damkvidrebisaTvis brZola uxdeba, rac
mkacri konkurenciisa da cvalebadi garemos pirobebSi sakmaod
rTulia.
warsulSi firmas SeeZlo warmatebisTvis mieRwia, Tu bazars
SesTavazebda produqcias, romelzec iyo moTxovna da konku-
rentebTan SedarebiT dabali fasi. produqciis miwodebis
190
gazrdam, bazris gajerebam saqonliTa da asortimentis gafar-
Toebam gaarTula biznesSi warmatebis miRweva. mxolod is
kompania aRwevs bazarze gamarjvebas, romelic yvelaze ukeTesad
akmayofilebs momxmarebelTa moTxovnebs da, Sesabamisad, romel-
sac hyavs meti momxmarebeli. momxmarebels ki im kompaniis
produqcia izidavs, romlis mier Seqmnili saqonlis xarisxi da
fasi romlebic optimaluria.
dRes, aRniSnuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, kompaniebis
umetesoba, romlebic miiswrafian myari konkurentuli upira-
tesobis Sesaqmnelad da warmatebis misaRwevad, ZiriTadad
prioritetad unda miiCnevdes xarisxis mudmiv srulyofas.
mxolodMmisi saSualebiT SeuZliaT kompaniebs maT mier warmo-
ebuli produqciis xarisxi iyos konkurentuli (konkurentebze
maRali) an, minimum, saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi,
radgan swored xarisxi warmoadgens produqciis im Tvisebebisa
da maxasiaTeblebis erTobliobas (daniSnuleba, saimedooba,
teqnologiuroba, ergonomikuloba, esTetikuroba, transportabe-
luroba, ekologiuroba, usafrTxoeba...), romlebic uzrunvelyofs
momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas.
xarisxis srulyofa pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli terminTan
`xarisxis Sesabamisoba~ (`conformance quality~). igi gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba produqciis xarisxi dadgenil
moTxovnebs. Ees moTxovnebi aisaxeba standartebSi, romelic
warmoadgens xarisxis garkveuli normebis, wesebisa da maxa-
siaTeblebis erTobliobas.
saerTaSoriso masStabiT, standartebs SeimuSavebs `stan-
dartizaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia (ISO)~. igi 157 qveynis
erovnuli standartizaciis organos aerTianebs da gansazRvravs
industriul da komerciul standartebs mTeli msoflios
masStabiT. ISO standartebi mTels msoflioSia aRiarebuli da
gamoxatavs produqciis xarisxis _ ekologiurobis, usafrTxo-
ebis, saimedoobis, efeqturobis da a.S. dones. igi momxmarebelTa
ndobis safuZvelia, radgan myidvelebi upiratesobas aniWeben im
kompaniis produqcias, romelsac aqvs ISO-s standartebis ser-
tifikati. ISO-s standartebi xels uwyobs biznesSi warmatebas,
radgan misi saSualebiT:
191
• produqciis warmoeba da miwodeba xdeba ufro efeqturi da
sando;
• maRldeba kompaniis saeqsporto SesaZleblobebi;
• xdeba teqnologiuri siaxleebisa da Tanamedrove miRwe-
vebis, kompaniis marTvis Tanamedrove formebis urTierT-
gaziareba;
• xdeba momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva.
dRes saqarTveloSi ISO-s standartebs iyenebs mxolod 23
kompania, romelic sertificirebulia TUV SUD-is oficialuri
warmomadgenlis kompania `menejmentis sistemebis~ mier, rac
Zalian mcirea, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom
gamudmebiT izrdeba rogorc ucxouri investiciebis moculoba
qveynis SigniT, aseve saerTaSoriso bazarze gasvlis perspeq-
tivebi.
amrigad, xarisxze zrunva da xarisxis mudmivi srulyofa
unda gaxdes aqtualuri qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis. saerTaSoriso
gamocdileba, cnobil kompaniebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom
mxolod xarisxiani produqciiT aris SesaZlebeli kompaniis
kargi imijis Camoyalibeba, momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebis dakma-
yofileba da maTi ricxvis zrda da, saerTod, warmatebis miRweva.
vano cevano cevano cevano cercvaZercvaZercvaZercvaZe
sainformacio teqnologiebis roli sainformacio teqnologiebis roli sainformacio teqnologiebis roli sainformacio teqnologiebis roli
ekonomikaSiekonomikaSiekonomikaSiekonomikaSi
sainformacio teqnologiebis industria msoflioSi ekonomikuri
zrdis mZlavri stimulatoria. am sferoSi, 4 aTasze met kompaniaSi
dasaqmebulia 9 mln. adamiani. garda amisa, ekonomikis es seqtori
damatebiT 20 mln-ze met samuSao adgils qmnis sxva dargebSi.
1996-2002 wlebSi samuSao adgilebis raodenoba sainformacio
teqnologiebis sferoSi gaizarda 40%-iT, xolo programuli
uzrunvelyofis dargSi _ 76%-iT. qveynebis biujetSi
sainformacio teqnologiebidan 700 mlrd. dolarze meti Sedis.
1996-2002 wlebSi sainformacio teqnologiebTan dakavSi-
rebuli saqmianobis dabegvris Sedegad, biujetSi Senatanebi 37%-
192
iT gaizarda, rac saSualebas iZleva damatebiTi saxsrebiT
dafinansdes skolebi, jandacva, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da sxv.
sainformacio teqnologiebis wili msoflio ekonomikaSi
Seadgens 1 trl. dolars wliurad, maT Soris 330 mlrd. modis
kompiuteruli aRWurvilobis warmoebaze, 180 mlrd. – programuli
uzrunvelyofis tiraJirebaze, xolo 420 mlrd. sainformacio
teqnologiebis momsaxurebis sferoze.
tradiciul dargebTan SedarebiT, sainformacio teqnolo-
giebis industria gacilebiT swrafi tempebiT viTardeba, risi
wyalobiTac am dargs SeuZlia Seqmnas meti samuSao adgili,
gazardos sabiujeto Senatanebi da ganaviTaros ekonomika
mTlianobaSi. rac ufro swrafia sainformacio teqnologiebis
industriis zrdis tempi, miT meti sargeblis motana SeuZlia mas
ekonomikisTvis.
am sferos daCqarebuli ganviTarebis mTavari mamoZravebeli
Zalaa programuli uzrunvelyofis dargi.
programuli uzrunvelyofa da masTan dakavSirebuli momsa-
xurebis dargi yvelaze ufro Semosavlian seqtors warmoadgens
am sferoSi. 2001 wels programul uzrunvelyofasa da momsa-
xurebaze gaweulma xarjebma Seadgina mTeli sainformacio
teqnologiebis sferos xarjebis 60% (diagrama 1). es dargi
gamoirCeva zrdis tempiTac. 1996-2002 wlebSi programul uzrun-
velyofaze gaweuli xarjebi izrdeboda 6-jer ufro swrafad
kompiuterul mowyobilobasTan dakavSirebul xarjebTan Seda-
rebiT (diagrama 2).
programuli uzrunvelyofa da momsaxureba iwvevs multi-
plikaciis efeqts da stimuls aZlevs ekonomikis sxva dargebis
ganviTarebas. kerZod, viTardeba adgilobrivi sacalo vaWroba,
farTovdeba adgilobrivi sainformacio teqnologiuri momsaxu-
rebis sfero, rac warmoadgens pasuxs axal moTxovnebze, izrdeba
sainformacio teqnologiebze gaweuli xarjebis wili yvela im
dargSi, romelic iyenebs am teqnologiebs, rac, Tavis mxriv,
uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri efeqtis gavrcelebas ekonomikis sxva
sferoebze.
193
45.50%54.50%
38.30%
61.70%
32.30%
67.70%
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
1996 2001 2006
diagrama 1
kompiuteruli aRWurviloba
programuli uzrunvelyofa da momsaxureba
8,60%
52,30%
43,40%
0,00%
10,00%
20,00%
30,00%
40,00%
50,00%
60,00%
diagrama 2
aRWurviloba programuli uzrunvelyofa momsaxureba
sainformacio teqnologiebis sferos gavlenas ekonomikaze
asustebs aralicenzirebuli progamebis gavrceleba. sxvadasxva
qveynebs sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
tempi gaaCniaT. Tu SevadarebT im qveynebs, romlebic gacilebiT
met sargebels iReben am sferos ganviTarebis Sedegad, qveynebTan,
sadac jer kidev ver moxerxda sruli ekonomikuri potencialis
amoqmedeba, davinaxavT, rom mTavari faqtori programuli uzru-
nvelyofis mekobrul gavrcelebas ukavSirdeba.
dabali mekobruli donis mqone qveynebSi sainformacio
teqnologiebis sfero did rols TamaSobs ekonomikur zrdaSi.
dadgenilia kompiuteruli mekobreobis donesa da mSp-Si sain-
formacio teqnologiebis sferos wilis ukuproporciuli urTi-
erTdamokidebuleba.
qveynebi, sadac kompiuteruli mekobreobis done 30%-ze
dablaa, gamoirCevian am sferos ganviTarebis maRali doniT da,
194
Sesabamisad, ekonomikaze mniSvnelovani gavleniT (didi britaneTi,
axali zelandia da fineTi – 3,5%-ze meti wiliT mSp-Si), xolo im
qveynebSi, sadac kompiuteruli mekobreobis done 85%-s aWarbebs,
mTlian Sida produqtSi am sferos wili 1,5%-s ver scdeba.
mekobreobis dabali maCveneblis mqone qveynebi, rogorc wesi,
gamoirCevian sainformacio teqnologiebis sferoSi meti samuSao
adgiliT, ufro didi SenatanebiT biujetSi da ufro meti wiliT
mSp-Si (diagrama 3).
lali xurcialali xurcialali xurcialali xurcia kompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategia
optimaluri strategiis SemuSaveba da yvela detalis
gaTvla SeuZlebelia winaswar gansazRvrul drois monakveTSi.
Tumca, SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas optimalurTan miaxloebuli stra-
tegiuli modeli, romelic Tanamimdevrulad gaimeorebs yvela
etaps Tavidan bolomde. yoveli aseTi iteracia adreul etapze
dasaxuli miznebisa da amocanebis dazustebisa da koreqtirebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, sawar-
mos strategiaze muSaoba iyos droSi gangrZobadi da Seuwyve-
teli procesi.
195
Tu kompanias surs, hqondes formalizebuli strategia, mas
Semdegi saxis dokumentebic unda hqondes SemuSavebuli: misia,
xedva, strategiuli miznebis sistema, strategiuli gegma.
strategia warmoadgens arsebulidan sasurvel mdgoma-
reobamde miRwevis gzas. sasurveli mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba
kompaniis misiiTa da xedviT, xolo miRwevis gza _ miznebisa da
samoqmedo gegmis sistemizaciiT. SemuSavebul gegmaze dayrdno-
biT, SesaZlebelia mizanmimarTuli nabijebis gadadgma _
strategiis ganxorcieleba.
misia aris mokle teqsti, romelic gansazRvravs kompaniis
”daniSnulebas”. igi pasuxobs kiTxvebze: ”ra faseulobas vqmniT
sazogadoebisTvis, qveynisTvis, kacobriobisTvis?” an ”ra gvsurs
SevcvaloT Cvens irgvliv?”
xedva aseve warmoadgens teqsts, romelic aRwers kompaniis
momavals 5-10 wlis perspeqtivaSi, sadac mocemulia kompaniis
damaxasiaTebeli yvela aRsaniSnavi niSan-Tviseba: klientis port-
reti, saqonlis maxasiaTeblebi, ZiriTadi faseulobebi da a.S.
strategiuli miznebi _ kompaniis ganviTarebis xarisxobrivi
an raodenobrivi orientirebi. miznebi SemuSavdeba arsebuli
misiisa da xedvis mixedviT, aseve dargis strategiuli analizis
Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, sadac fasdeba konkurenciis done,
arsebuli resursebi da konkurentuli SesaZleblobebi.
strategiis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa. staretegiuli gegme-
bis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia Sesabamisi resursebi.
resursebis gadanawileba biujetze muSaobis dros unda iqnes
gaTvaliswinebuli. amitom, maCvenebelTa dabalansebul sistemaSi
Cadebuli iniciativebi momdevno kalendaruli wlis biujetSi
organizaciulad formdeba mkveTrad gansazRruli proeqtis
saxiT Tavisi samuSaoebis moculobiT, biujetiT, pasuxismgeblo-
bebiTa da realizaciis vadebiT. biujetis SemuSavebisa da
SeTanxmebis kvaldakval zustdeba proeqtis finansirebis Sesa-
Zleblobebi, cvlilebebs ganicdis winaswar dagegmili mona-
xazebi.
droiTi intervalebi. droiTi intervalebis arCeva damoki-
debulia dargisa da mTlianad ekonomikis stabilurobaze, aseve,
kompaniis sasicocxlo ciklze. ra Tqma unda, 2-4 wliani gegmebis
196
gansazRvra gacilebiT ufro zustadaa SesaZlebeli vidre 6-8
wliani gegmebisa. meore mxriv, Tu gvsurs, mivaRwioT garkveul
mizans 7 wlis Semdeg, qmedeba am mimarTulebiT ukve dResve unda
daviwyoT da movniSnoT Sualeduri 2-4 wliani miznebi. sxva
sityvebiT, orwlian samoqmedo gegmaSi unda gaiweros is
iniciativebi, romlebic mimarTulia Semdegi periodis miznebis
misaRwevad, vinaidan momdevno periodis xangrZlivoba SesaZlebe-
lia arasakmarisi aRmoCndes dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad.
miznebis sistemis gadanawileba. maCvenebelTa korporaciuli
sistemis safuZvelze unda SemuSavdes sxva bizneserTeulebis,
departamentebisa da ganyofilebebis maCvenebelTa dabalansebuli
sistema. sxva sityvebiT, unda moxdes strategiuli miznebis
gadanawileba TanamSromlebis piradi gegmebis doneze. aseTi ram
kompaniaTa umravlesobaSi namdvilad ar xdeba, Tumca sasurvelia.
TanamSromlebis strategiuli miznebisadmi morgeba, maTi gadam-
zadeba da kvalifakaciis amaRleba daqiravebuli personalis
miznebSic unda Sediodes. ganviTarebis yoveli mimarTulebisTvis
unda daigegmos kompetenciis zrdis mimarTulebebi, dadgindes
Sedegebis miRwevis vadebi da Sefasebis kriteriumebi. aucile-
belia, miznebis miRweva kompaniis yvela TanamSromlis mudmiv
orientirad iqces.
maCvenebelTa dabalansebuli sistemis ZiriTadi Rirebuleba
isaa, rom igi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevimuSaoT regularulad
moqmedi kontrolis sistema, romelic eyrdnoba ara mxolod
aRricxvis mkacr maCveneblebs (magaliTad, Semosavlebs), aramed
SedarebiT „rbil“ monitoringis maCveneblebs (magaliTad, kompa-
niis imijis).
maCveneblebis sistemidan strategiuli marTvisken. strate-
giis formalizebiT safuZveli eyreba strategiis ganxorcielebis
marTvis sistemis Seqmnas: samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba marTvis
yvela doneze; saqmianobis efeqtianobis Sefasebis maCvenebelebis
gadanawileba; motivaciis sistemis danergva, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, xels uwyobs gemebis efeqtianad ganxorcielebas; inicia-
tivebis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa startegiuli miznebisa da
biujetis dakavSirebiT.
197
maCveneblebis sistemis asamuSaveblad aucilebelia mudmiv
safuZvelze momuSave dagegmvis, monitoringis, pasuxismgeblobis,
motivaciis sistemis uzrunvelyofa. strategiuli marTvis aseTi
sistemis Seqmna iTvaliswinebs Semdegi etapebis ganxorcielebas:
pirveli etapi.pirveli etapi.pirveli etapi.pirveli etapi. danergvisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna.
meore etapi.meore etapi.meore etapi.meore etapi. kompaniis garemos strategiuli analizi, misi
susti da Zlieri mxareebis, SesaZleblobebisa da safrTxeebis
Sefaseba.
mesame etapi.mesame etapi.mesame etapi.mesame etapi. maCveneblebis dabalansebuli sistemis Semu-
Saveba korporaciul doneze: dagegmarebis horizontebis gan-
sazRvra; mimarTulebis arCeva; organizaciis ZiriTadi miznis
gansazRvra; proeqciis yvela miznis SemuSaveba, SeTanxmeba da
dokumentireba; warmatebis kriteriumebisa da normativebis
gansazRvra; saqmianobis strategiuli gegmis momzadeba; samoqmedo
gegmis vadebisa da resursebis Sejereba; reglamentisa da
struqturis SemuSaveba maCveneblebis kontrolis mizniT; stra-
tegiis gadasinjvis reglamentis SemuSaveba.
meoTxe etapi.meoTxe etapi.meoTxe etapi.meoTxe etapi. maCveneblebis dabalansebuli sistemis gada-
nawileba dabal mmarTvelobiT rgolebze, piradi Semadgenlobis
CaTvliT: struqturis gansazRvra; gadanawilebis Catareba; stra-
tegiuli rukebis SeTanxmeba da dokumentireba.
mexuTe etapi.mexuTe etapi.mexuTe etapi.mexuTe etapi. strategiis realizacia da misi ganxor-
cielebis monitoringi.
mamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZe, , , , zurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZe
ekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebi
cnobilia, rom sabazro ekonomikaSi wamyvan adgils ikavebs
mewarmeoba. is mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ara mxolod
ekonomikuri, aramed ekologiuri problemebis gadawyvetaSic.
mewarmeobisaTvis erT-erT yvelaze mTavar aspeqts warmo-
adgens Tavisufleba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, rasac Tan sdevs
sruli pasuxismgebloba mosalodnel ekonomikur Sedegebze.
mewarmeobaSi warmatebas aRwevs is, vinc swrafad reagirebs
sazogadoebis SekveTaze. aseTi amocanis ufro operatiulad
gadawyveta SeuZlia mcire da saSualo bizness. amasTan, saqmia-
nobis masStabebi da sawarmos zoma mwarmoebelma yovel
198
konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda SearCios mosalodneli ekonomikur-
ekologiuri Sedegebis Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ priori-
tetebis SezRudvebisa da efeqtianobis kriteriumis safuZvelze.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi mewarmeobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
mimarTulebaa ekobiznesi.
ekobiznesis konceptualuri safuZvlebi da ZiriTadi princi-
pebi gadmocemulia “samewarmeo saqmianobis qartiaSi”, romelic
moamzada saerTaSoriso savaWro palatam 1990 wels.
amJamad, msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, rasac, samwuxarod, ver
vityviT saqarTveloze, mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba imas,
rom garemo bunebis dacva da bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri
gamoyeneba unda iyos biznesis sferoSi nebismieri saqmianobis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi prioriteti.
zemoxsenebul qartiaSi Camoyalibebulia 16 principi, romel-
Ta realizaciis mizania, sawarmoebma maqsimalurad gaiTavison
bunebisdacviTi valdebulebebi, raTa saqmianobis procesSi
gaiTvaliswinon ekologiuri moTxovnebi. maT Soris yvelaze
mniSvnelovania: sawarmoebisaTvis ekologiuri usafrTxoebis
prioritetuloba; integrirebuli menejmenti; personalis ekolo-
giuri ganaTlebis amaRleba da garemosdacviT RonisZiebebSi
masobrivi monawileoba; mosalodneli ekologiuri Sedegebis
winaswari Sefasebebi; momxmareblisaTvis produqciis ekologiuri
sisufTavis Sesaxeb rCevebis micema da a.S.
ufro konkretuli principebi da debulebebi SemuSavda mog-
vianebiT, 1996 wels, organizacia GERES-s mier. aRniSnuli organi-
zaciis da misi partniori subieqtebis saqmianobis ZiriTad
amocanas warmoadgens cvalebadi teqnologiuri procesebisa da
inovaciebis misadageba garemo bunebis dacvis procesebTan.
ekonomikasa da garemo bunebas Soris urTierTobis regulirebisa
da ekobiznesis ganviTarebis mizniT aRniSnuli organizaciis mier
SemoTavazebul principebs mravalma qveyanam dauWira mxari. am
principebTagan ZiriTadia Semdegi: biosferos dacva; bunebrivi
resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisa da aRwarmoebisaTvis xel-
Sewyoba; narCenebis gamoyeneba; energoresursebis dazogva; ris-
kebis Semcireba; ekologiurad usafrTxo produqciis warmoeba;
199
sazogadoebis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa arsebuli da mosa-
lodneli ekologiuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da a.S.
ekologiuri mewarmeobis formebi SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari
iyos: ZiriTadi da Semavsebeli ekologiuri mewarmeoba, eko-
logiuri mewarmeoba sakuTrebis formis da saqmianobis sferoebis
mixedviT da sxva.
ZiriTadi mewarmeoba, romelic dakavSirebulia ekologiur
moTxovnebsa da SezRudvebTan, Tavis TavSi moicavs: ekoteqnikis
warmoebas; mcire-narCeniani teqnologiebis SemuSavebas da a.S.
Semavsebelia mewarmeoba _ rodesac arsebuli araekolo-
giuri warmoeba dakavSirebulia: narCenebis utilizaciasTan;
RonisZiebebTan, romlebic xels uwyoben sasargeblo wiaRiseulis
mopovebis gazrdas da sxva.
garda aRniSnuli formebisa, calke gamoiyofa mewarmeoba
ekologiurad sufTa produqciis warmoebis sferoSi.
saqmianobis sferoebis mixedviT ekologiuri mewarmeoba
SeiZleba klasificirdes, rogorc komerciuli (saqmianoba
mimoqcevis sferoSi), finansuri (kreditebi, aqciebi da a.S.) da
saSuamavlo (ekomarketingi, ekoinformacia da sxva). ekologiuri
mewarmeobidan gansakuTrebulad SeiZleba gamoiyos agreTve
ekologiuri dazRveva da lizingi.
ekologiuri mewarmeobis efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba misi
ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri Sedegebis SedarebiT maT
misaRwevad saWiro danaxarjebTan.
ekobiznesis efeqtianoba SeiZleba sxvadasxva doneze gani-
sazRvros:
_ erovnuli ekonomikis doneze (dasaqmeba, damatebiTi
produqcia da a.S.);
_ regionul doneze (meoradi resursebis gamoyeneba da sxv.);
_ firmis doneze (damatebiTi mogebis miReba da a.S.).
warmoebis ekologizaciis Sesaxeb axal midgomebs, rogorc
wesi, kargi Sedegebi moaqvs. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod Cans es
narCenebis gamoyenebis dros. izrdeba narCenebisagan moxmarebis
sagnebis warmoeba da Sesabamisad mcirdeba narCenebis ganTav-
sebisa da garemo bunebis gaWuWyianebisaTvis gadasaxadebi, mcir-
deba garemosadmi miyenebuli zarali. firmebi iafi meoradi
200
resursebis gamoyenebiTac Rebuloben damatebiT mogebas. garda
amisa, mcirdeba danaxarjebi pirveladi nedleulis mopovebaze.
msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi “mwvane” biznesis ganviTarebis
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom mravali sawarmo Rebulobs
solidur Semosavals garemo bunebis gaWuWyianebis Semcirebis
Sedegad. narCenebis utilizaciisa da ekosistemis gaWuWyiane-
bisagan dacvis mizniT kompaniebi, sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebebs
atareben. garemo bunebis dacva sul ufro metad xdeba kapitalis
dabandebis saimedo sfero. ekobiznesis dadebiTi efeqtebis Se-
saxeb informacia farTod vrceldeba sazogadoebaSi, rac zrdis
biznesis am sferoSi moRvawe firmebis reputacias da, agreTve,
xels uwyobs mosaxleobis ekologiuri azrovnebis amaRlebas.
ekologiuri mewarmeobis niSnebi saqarTveloSi postkomunis-
turi sabazro transformaciis dasawyisSi _ 1991 wels _ gaCnda,
rasac biZgi misca “mwvaneTa” moZraobis dawyebam. Tumca, bolo
wlebSi ekologiuri mewarmeobis subieqtebis raodenoba mniSvne-
lovnad Semcirda, xolo isini, vinc darCa, aqcents akeTebs
bunebrivi resursebis realizaciaze.
saqarTveloSi ekologiurma mewarmeobam Tavisi adgili unda
daikavos biznesSi. is warmodgenili unda iyos rogorc msxvili,
aseve saSualo da mcire biznesis saxiT. ekologiuri biznesis
ganviTareba Cvens qveyanaSi unda moxdes msoflios wamyvani
qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT da man xeli unda
Seuwyos sazogadoebis sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas,
misi ZiriTadi ekonomikuri miznebis realizaciasa da, rac mTa-
varia, ekologiuri situaciis gajansaRebas.
daviT jalaRoniadaviT jalaRoniadaviT jalaRoniadaviT jalaRonia
finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri
safuZvlebisafuZvlebisafuZvlebisafuZvlebi saerTaSoriso standartebisaerTaSoriso standartebisaerTaSoriso standartebisaerTaSoriso standartebiT T T T
PPPP
finansuri angariSgeba maCvenebelTa iseTi sistemaa, romelic
axasiaTebs saangariSgebo periodSi ganxorcielebul sameurneo
operaciebs da movlenebs drois konkretuli TariRisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso standartebiT finansuri angariSgeba Sedgeba Sem-
degi komponentebisagan: balansi; mogeba-zaralis uwyisi; fuladi
201
saSualebebis moZraobis uwyisi; sakuTar kapitalSi momxdari
cvlilebebis uwyisi; axsna-ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi.
finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi _ esaa
aRricxvasTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebis erToblioba, romleb-
sac amuSavebs buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standar-
tebis komiteti (bassk) da romelSic, finansuri angariSgebis
calkeuli elementebis mixedviT, mocemulia is ZiriTadi prin-
cipebi da mimarTulebebi, romlebic gasagebs xdis finansur
angariSgebaSi asaxulი informaciis arss. finansur angariSgebaSi
asaxuli informaciა mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba momxma-
reblisTvis aRqmadi da sasargeblo, Tu igi momzadebuli da
wardgenilia buRaltruli aRricxvisa da angariSgebis saerTa-
Soriso standartebiT aRiarebuli koncefciiT, romelic moicavs:
finansuri angariSgebis Sedgenis mizans; sabaziso varauds imis
Sesaxeb, rom finansuri angariSgeba unda momzaddes daricxvis
meTodiT da funqcionirebadi sawarmos principis gaTvalis-
winebiT; finansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli informaciis xaris-
xobriv maxasiaTeblebs; finansuri angariSgebis elementebs; finan-
suri angariSgebis elementebis aRiarebis kriteriumebs; finansuri
angariSgebis elementebis Sefasebis meTodebs.
finansuri angariSgebis meTodologiuri safuZvlebidan ga-
momdinare, misi mizania informaciis momxmareblebze sawarmos
finansuri mdgomareobis, saqmianobis Sedegebisa da cvlilebebis
Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba. aseTi SinaarsiT momzadebuli
finansuri angariSgeba saSualebas iZleva, Sefasdes sawarmos
calkeuli rgolis menejeris saqmianoba masze mindobili resur-
sebis marTvis Sedegebis da pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT.
saerTaSoriso standartebis moTxovnaTa safuZvelze momza-
debuli finansuri angariSgeba efuZneba or ZiriTad sabaziso
varauds, anu daSvebas: daricxvis meTods da funqcionirebad
sawarmos princips.
daricxvis meTodis Tanaxmad,daricxvis meTodis Tanaxmad,daricxvis meTodis Tanaxmad,daricxvis meTodis Tanaxmad, sawarmoSi ganxorcielebuli
sameurneo operaciebis an sxva movlenebis aRiareba xdeba ara
fuladi saSualebebis miRebis an gadaxdis dros, aramed maTi
moxdenisTanave. finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisas aseTi daSve-
bis aucileblobas ganapirobebs is faqti, rom sawarmos
202
sameurneo saqmianoba warmoadgens uwyvet process, maSin, rodesac
finansuri angariSgeba dgeba gansazRvrul droSi da xelovnurad
xdeba am uwyveti sameurneo procesis Sewyveta. Sesabamisad,
finansuri angariSgebis Sedgenis momentisaTvis ukve arsebobs
gaweuli, magram jer kidev aunazRaurebuli xarjebi valde-
bulebebis saxiT da gamomuSavebuli, magram jer kidev miuRebeli
Semosavali aqtivebis saxiT. swored daricxvis meTodis safuZ-
velze gaweuli xarjebis da miRebuli Semosavlebis, Sesabamisad,
valdebulebebisa da aqtivebis aRiareba xdeba ara xarjebis
anazRaurebis an Semosavlebis miRebis momentSi, aramed maTi mox-
denisTanave, rac saSualebas iZleva, Sefasdes ara marto
warsuli sameurneo operaciebi, aramed ganisazRvros momavalSi
gasanaRdebeli valdebulebebi da misaRebi moTxovnebi.
funqcionirebadi sawarmosfunqcionirebadi sawarmosfunqcionirebadi sawarmosfunqcionirebadi sawarmos daSvebis mixedviT igulisxmeba,
rom sawarmo funqcionirebs da Tavis saqmianobas gaagrZelebs
uaxloes saprognozo momavalSic. e.i. igulisxmeba rom sawarmo
ar apirebs da ar mouwevs Sewyvitos Tavisi saqmianoba an
sagrZnoblad Seamciros warmoebis masStabebi uaxloes saprog-
nozo momavalSi.
saerTaSoriso standartebiT momzadebuli da Sedgenili
finansuri angariSgeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba sasargeblo
momxmareblebisaTvis, Tu is agebulia iseTi xarisxobrivi maxa-
siaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa: aRqmadoba, Sesaba-
misoba, saimedoba da Sesadarisoba.
finansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli informacia advilad aRsaq-
meli unda iyos im momxmareblebisaTvis, romelTac aqvT biznesis,
ekonomikuri saqmianobisa da buRaltruli aRricxvis Sesabamisi
codna. Tumca, dauSvebelia informaciis gamotoveba mxolod imis
gamo, rom igi Znelad aRsaqmelia zogierTi sxva momxmareb-
lisaTvis.
finansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli informacia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos sasargeblod, Tu igi Seesabameba
momxmarebelTa mier ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad
saWiro moTxovnebs. amasTan, informacias mxolod maSin gaaCnia
Sesabamisobis Tviseba, Tu igi gavlenas axdens momxmareblis
203
ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze imiT, rom exmareba mas, Seafasos
sawarmos warsuli, mimdinare da momavali saqmianoba.
finansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli informacia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos sasargeblo, Tu is saimedoa. saimedoa
mxolod iseTi informacia, romelic ar Seicavs arsebiT
Secdomebs, ar aris tendenciuri da sruliad miukerZoeblad
asaxavs saqmis realur viTarebas.
buRaltruli aRricxvisa da finansuri angariSgebis Tval-
sazrisiT, informaciis saimedoba niSnavs, informaciis utyuar,
samarTlian da Tavisdroul wardgenas, neitralobas, windaxe-
dulobas, sisrules.
ffffinansur angariSgebaSiinansur angariSgebaSiinansur angariSgebaSiinansur angariSgebaSi asaxulma informaciam, sawarmos
finansuri mdgomareobisa da saqmianobis Sedegebis tendenciebis
gansazRvris mizniT, unda uzrunvelyos sawarmos ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis Sedareba da Sefaseba wlebis mixedviT. finansur
angariSgebaSi asaxuli informaciis Sedareba unda ganxor-
cieldes rogorc drois, aseve msgavsi sawarmoebis Sesabamisi
safinanso maCveneblebis mixedviTac.
saerTaSoriso standartebis konceptualuri safuZvlebis
mixedviT sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad, ro-
gorc wesi, gamoiyeneba aqtivebi, valdebulebebi da sakuTari
kapitali. xolo sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegebis dasaxasiaTeb-
lad ki _ Semosavlebi da xarjebi.
CamoTvlili xuTi elementidan _ aqtivebi, valdebulebebi da
sakuTari kapitali _ warmoadgens buRaltruli balansis, xolo
Semosavlebi da xarjebi _ mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebis
maxasiaTebel elementebs.
saerTaSoriso standartebis konceptualuri safuZvlebidan
gamomdinare finansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli elementebi SeiZleba
Sefasdes: pirvandeli, mimdinare, sarealizacio da diskon-
tirebuli RirebulebiT.
204
regionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqcia
Kklimenti aCelaSviliKklimenti aCelaSviliKklimenti aCelaSviliKklimenti aCelaSvili
saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos regionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis Sesaxeb
saqarTveloSi istoriulad Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri
sivrcis araerTgvarovneba da diferenciacia arsebiT gavlenas
axdens erovnuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis efeqtianobaze. ekono-
mikuri sivrcis araerTgvarovnebisa da diferenciaciis uaryofiTi
mxareebis Sesaxeb saubris dros ar igulisxmeba qveynis
regionebis mixedviT sxvadasxva dargebis Tanabari ganlageba,
radganac swored maTi araTanabari ganlageba warmoadgens
nebismieri organizebuli ekonomikuri sivrcis gardauval Tvise-
bas, rac ganpirobebulia Sromis regionuli ganawilebiT,
warmoebis koncentraciiTa da specializaciiT, mosaxleobis
urbanizaciiT da a.S. araerTgvarovneba da diferenciacia gaigeba,
pirvel rigSi, rogorc Sidaregionuli da regionTaSorisi
gansxvavebebi ekonomikur aqtivobasa da cxovrebis doneSi. maTi
Semcireba ufro xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis erovnuli ekonomikis
ganviTarebisa da saxelmwifos mTlianobis gamyarebisaTvis.
postkomunisturi sabazro transformaciis periodSi saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikuri sivrcis araerTgvarovneba da diferenciacia
mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda. es Semdegi mizezebiT aixsneba: pirveli,
konkureniciis moqmedebiT, romlis drosac regionebi ekonomikis
gansxvavebuli struqturiTa da mentalitetiT sxvadasxvanairad
adaptirdebian sabazro pirobebisadmi. meore, mniSvnelovnad
Semcirda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis regionuli regulireba da
gaizarda regionebis ekonomikuri uTanabroba. mesame,
mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemidan darCa arcTu ise mcire
regionuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis specifikuri problemebi:
calkeuli regionebis viwro specializacia, zogierTi warmoebis
metismeti koncentracia da rig regionebSi Warbi mosaxleoba,
patara qalaqebis kritikuli mdgomareoba, sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis miwebis degradacia da a.S.
205
uaxloes periodSi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisas,
savaraudoa, ara CamorCenili regionebis wamyvan regionebTan
miaxloeba, aramed warmoebis zrdis dadebiTi tempebis mqone
regionebis raodenobis gazrda. amasTan, rac meti iqneba
ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi, miT meti iqneba finansuri resursebis
regionTaSorisi gadanawilebis SesaZlebloba regionebis socia-
luri ganviTarebis doneebis gaTanabrebisaTvis. maRali konku-
rentunarianobisa da xelsayreli samewarmeo klimatis mqone
calkeuli regionebis mzardma mimzidvelobam, kapitalisa da
Sromis mobilurobis zrdasTan erTad, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos
regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneebis kidev ufro met
diferenciacias.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT problemad rCeba auci-
lebeli samarTlebrivi da instituciuri safuZvlebis Seqmna,
romlebic xels uwyobs ekonomikisa da misi regionebis efeqtian
funqcionirebas. amasTan, didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTrebis
uflebebis dacvas. sakuTrebis uflebebis arasakmarisi dacva
safrTxes uqmnis politikur da socialur stabilurobas, dana-
zogebisa da investiciebis stimulirebas, ucxouri investiciebis
mozidvas. unitaruli saxelmwifodan regionuli federalizmis
sistemaze gadasvla saqarTveloSi centrsa da regionebs Soris
mravalricxovani koliziebiT mimdinareobs rogorc politikur,
aseve ekonomikur sferoebSi. rogorc gamocdileba mowmobs, am
problemebis ignorirebas sxvadasxva saxis negatiuri movlenebi
mosdevs, romlebic SeiZleba konkretuli regionebis ganviTarebis
krizisis mizezi gaxdes da saxelmwifos erTianobac ki
daarRvios. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, regionuli ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis “optimaluri” mimarTulebebis gansazRvris (erov-
nuli interesebidan gamomdinare) sakmao sirTule, radganac es
gulisxmobs erovnuli ekonomikisa da misi regionebis ganvi-
Tarebis sxvadasxva scenarebis dawvrilebiT analizsa da
Sedarebas.
axlo momavalSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis regionuli regu-
lirebis sakiTxebisadmi interesi saqarTveloSi kidev ufro
gaizrdeba, radganac is mniSvnelovani politikuri, ekonomikuri
da socialuri movlenebi, romlebic amJamad qveyanaSi xdeba,
206
mosalodnelia, rom sakmao xans gagrZeldes. moxdeba postindus-
triul da, sainformacio sazogadoebaze gadasvla regionebis
gansakuTrebuli funqciebiT da Semdeg, regionuli ekonomikuri
ganviTareba Tvisebrivad axal dones miaRwevs. amave dros,
ekonomikis ekologizaciis gaZlierebasTan erTad, regionebSi
gamkacrdeba moTxovnebi garemos dacvis mimarT. regionul
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze Zlier zegavlenas iqoniebs msoflioSi
mimdinare integraciuli procesebi. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
globalizaciis perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ismis kiTxva imis
Sesaxeb, SeZlebs Tu ara saqarTvelo axal pirobebSi, efeqtianad
daicvas teritoriuli mTlianoba da ekonomikuri suvereniteti,
aqtiur Tu pasiur rols iTamaSebs regionuli ekonomikuri
politika da a.S.
vaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burduli
teritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis mewarmeobis teritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis mewarmeobis teritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis mewarmeobis teritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis mewarmeobis
ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da sabazro ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da sabazro ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da sabazro ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da sabazro
koordinaciis srulyofis gzebikoordinaciis srulyofis gzebikoordinaciis srulyofis gzebikoordinaciis srulyofis gzebi
teritoriul doneebze mewarmeobis ganviTarebis ori Ziri-
Tadi mimarTulebis gardaqmnis aucilebloba arsebobs: pirveli
dakavSirebulia adgilobrivi komunaluri, socialur-ekonomikuri
amocanebis gadawyvetasTan, meore (romelic Cveni ganxilvis
sagania) – mewarmeobis sxvadasxva dargis sawarmoebis (romelTa
funqcionireba mocemul teritoriaze xelsayrelia) ganTavsebisa
da funqcionirebis xelSewyobasTan.
saqarTveloSi saWiroa mewarmeobis saerTo seqtorebis
(romelic araa dakavSirebuli komunalur meurneobasTan) terito-
riuli ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi meqanizmis Seqmna, iseTis,
rogoric arsebobs ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac ekonomikuri
regulirebis liberalizaciasTan erTad, mimdinareobs reguli-
rebis TandaTanobiTi decentralizaciis procesi da, amave dros,
Zlierdeba centris kontroli daniSnulebisamebr saxsrebis
xarjvis mimarT. mowinave qveyanebSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis
teritoriuli regulirebisa da sabazro koordinaciis meqanizmi
sxvadasxvanairia, rac damokidebulia qveynis zomebze, tradi-
207
ciebze, samarTlis sistemebze da a.S. meqanizmi aseve icvleba
ekonomikis ganviTarebis donis zrdis Sesabamisad, politikuri
situaciis da gare ekonomikuri urTierTobebis SesaZleblobebis
cvlilebisa da sxva garemoebebis gamo.
ekonomikis ZiriTadi seqtorebis ganviTareba da funqcio-
nireba, upirveles yovlisa, regulirdeba sxvadasxva bazris moT-
xovnebiT saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul farglebSi.
am regulirebaSi gansazRvruli roli aqvs sxvadasxva rangis
teritoriul regulirebas da mewarmeTa sabazro koordinacias.
mniSvnelovania, ganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTze dayrdno-
biT, mewarmeebma sabazro koordinaciis ganxorcielebis xerxebi
daadginon saqarTveloSi arsebuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
teritoriuli ekonomikuri politikis ganviTarebaSi sul ufro
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda mis im mimarTulebebs, romelTa
realizacia gulisxmobs mWidro kavSirs biznesTan. amitom, misi
gatareba Tanamedrove periodSi SeuZlebelia samewarmeo sazoga-
doebasTan adgilobrivi xelisuflebis dialogis gareSe.
bolo periodSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis teritoriuli
regulirebisa da sabazro koordinaciis ZiriTadi sakiTxebia:
regionuli monospecializaciis daZleva da axali da maRali
teqnologiebis bazaze mewarmeobis teritoriuli diversifikaciis
uzrunvelyofis xelSewyoba rogorc soflad, aseve qalaqebSi;
mewarmeobis teritoriuli regulirebis xelSemwyobi safinanso
da arasafinanso organizaciebis Camoyalibeba; erovnuli mewarme-
ebis mier axali teqnologiebis Semozidvis da maRalteqno-
logiuri samrewvelo transerovnuli korporaciebis sawarmoebis
mozidvisa da adgilobriv sawarmoebTan maTi kooperirebisaTvis,
teritoriul doneze xelsayreli sainvesticio klimatis Seqmnis
xerxebis gansazRvra. amJamad gaCnda teritoriebis swrafi ganvi-
Tarebis axali SesaZleblobani. iseTi meqanizmebis gamoyenebis
safuZvelze, rogoricaa franCaizingi da autsortingi,
regionul TeoriebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia regi-
onuli mizidulobis centrebis ganviTarebas. aseTi centrebi
aucilebelia, radganac emsaxurebian soflad Seqmnili produq-
ciis samrewvelo gadamuSavebas, xels uwyoben axali teqnolo-
208
giebis aTvisebas da uzrunvelyofen dasaqmebis mkveTri zrdi-
saTvis pirobebis xelSewyobas.
meqanizmSi aucileblad unda Caidos yoveli regionis mosax-
leobis interesebis dacvis elementebi (umuSevrobis yvelaze
minimalur, anu bunebriv donemde Semcireba, kargad anazRaurebadi
samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, profesiuli gadamzadeba da sxva).
gadamwyveti mniSveloba aqvs mewarmeobis daxmarebis safi-
nanso organizaciebs. esaa sxvadasxva saxis regionuli (an
saxelmwifo donis regionuli filialebiT) miznobrivi saxelm-
wifo, Sereuli da kerZo fondi, regionuli depozitariebi,
sadazRvevo organizaciebi da sxva. mravalia aseve arasafinanso
xasiaTis damxmare organizacia, magaliTad, inJineringuli, sakon-
sultacio, eqsportis xelSewyobis da marketinguli (strate-
giuli teritoriuli marketingi amJamad ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
xelSewyobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba) organizaciebi, aseve
biznesis inkubatorebi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi sul ufro metad
izrdeba teqnopolisebis da teqnoparkebis mniSvneloba, romlebic
inovaciebis SemuSavebis umniSvelovanes wyarod xdebian.
teritoriuli miznobrivi sabiujeto da biujetgareSe
sxvadasxva fondi (regionuli ganviTarebis, socialuri, inova-
ciebis, sagareo ekonomikuri operaciebis regulirebis, sapensio,
socialuri dazRvevis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis da a.S.) sxvadasxva
formiT arsebobs nebismier ganviTarebul qveyanaSi.
teritoriul doneze mewarmeobis ganviTarebis waxalisebi-
saTvis aseve gamoiyeneba: saxelmwifo investiciebi, e.i. saxelmwi-
fos wilobrivi monawileoba pirvel xanebSi kerZo mewarmeebze
datvirTvis SemsubuqebisaTvis, subsidiebis miniWeba, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo usasyidlod gadascems saxsrebis
garkveul nawils kerZo investorebs da sxva.
mcire biznesis xelSewyobisaTvis ganviTarebul qveynebSi
saxelmwifo regulirebis iseTi meTodebi gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa
sxvadasxva saxis fondSi sabiujeto saxsrebis gamoyofa da maT
mier mcire biznesis safinanso mxardaWera, garantiebis gacema
komerciuli bankebis kreditebze (SesaZlo danakargebis kompen-
saciiT), sadazRvevo fondebis (“riskebis fondebis”) Seqmna.
209
regionuli fondebi safinanso saSualebebis akumulirebas
Semdegi wyaroebis xarjze axdenen: Sesatanebi centraluri da
adgilobrivi teritoriuli biujetebidan; anaricxebi saxelmwifo
sakuTrebis privatizaciiT miRebuli Tanxebidan; Sesatanebi
sabanko struqturebidan; Sesatanebi sxvadasxva sawarmosa da
organizaciidan; anaricxebi saxsrebidan, romelic miRebulia
sawarmoebis registraciiT; Semosavlebi, miRebuli fondebis
samewarmeo saqmianobisagan; ucxouri investiciebi; Sesabamisi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier gamoyofili Tanxebi.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mewarmeobis ganviTarebis uzrunve-
lyofis saxelmwifo instrumentebis nusxas (rogorc centralur,
aseve teritoriul doneebze). am instrumentebis ricxvSi Sedis:
regionebSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis SemuSavebuli progra-
mebis realizaciisaTvis centraluri biujetidan gamoyofili
transferebi da adgilebze mobilizebuli safinanso saxsrebi;
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi; sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi (mewarmeobis
waxalisebis mizniT), teritoriul doneze gamoiyeneba terito-
riuli gadasaxadebidan droebiTi gaTavisufleba (an gadasa-
xadebis Semcirebuli ganakveTebi); instrumentebi mewarmeobisaTvis
komunaluri infrastruqturis Seqmnis, funqcionirebis uzrunvel-
yofis da ganviTarebis stimulirebisaTvis; instrumentebi momu-
Saveebis gadamzadebisaTvis axali teqnologiebis aTvisebis
mizniT; instrumentebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis
dasaqmebas (esaa axali sawarmoebis, an sawarmoebis, romlebic
Rebuloben sawarmoebSi damatebiT muSa Zalas, droebiTi (ramde-
nime wlis ganmavlobaSi) gaTavisufleba adgilobrivi gadasaxa-
debisagan da sxva); instrumentebi, romlebic xels uwyobs
xelsayreli investiciuri klimatis Sesaqmnelad maRal-
teqnologiuri transerovnuli sawarmoebis mocemul teritoriaze
ganlagebas esaa _ ZiriTadi saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis droebiTi
Semcireba, warmoebisaTvis saWiro teqnologiebis Semozidvis
ganbaJebisagan gaTavisufleba, adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis droe-
biTi moxsna, produqciis qveyanaSi realizaciisa da eqsporti-
saTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna, adgilobrivi sawarmoebis
kooperirebis variantebis SemoTavazeba (rac xels uwyobs orive
210
mxaris transformaciuli da transaqciuli danaxarjebis
Semcirebas) da sxva.
amJamad, ekonomikuri liberalizaciis pirobebSi ganviTa-
rebul qveynebSi gaCnda sxva meqanizmi: regionebis mTavrobebis
uflebamosilebebis da pasuxismgeblobis gafarToeba da regi-
onebs Soris konkurenciis ganviTareba investiciebis, specialis-
tebis, kvalificiuri muSa Zalis da sxva komponentebis
(magaliTad, Tanamedrove tradiciuli dargebis teqnologiebis an
“maRali” teqnologiebis) mozidvisaTvis xelsayreli sainvesticio
da socialuri uzrunvelyofis garemos Seqmnis safuZvelze.
didi mniSveloba aqvs aseve saxelmwifo, Sereul da kerZo
berketebs, romlebic xels uwyobs mecnierebis da teqnologiebis
ganviTarebas, teqnopolisebis da teqnoparkebis Seqmnas, venCu-
ruli kapitalis regionebSi mozidvas. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba
Semcirebuli gadasaxadebis an gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebis
praqtika, saxelmwifo xarjebiT gansakuTrebiT teqnopoli-
sebisaTvis saWiro sawarmoo infrastruqturis Seqmna.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mewarmeobis ganviTarebis sabazro
koordinacias, romelSic vgulisxmobT: mewarmeTa gaerTianebuli
jgufebis mier sxvadasxva regionul da, Tu saWiroa, centralur
mTavrobasTan sxvadasxva urTierTSeTanxmebuli gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebas, romelic orive mxares moutans sargebels im gare-
moebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom regionuli da centraluri xeli-
suflebebi mosaxleobis interesebs icaven; mewarmeTa mier
kanonmdeblobiT daSvebul farglebSi saSualo an fiqsirebuli
fasebis dadgena gansazRvrul saqonelsa da gansazRvrul
bazrebze (erTi kviris, ori kviris da a.S. ganmavlobaSi), rac
miRebulia mravali qveynis praqtikaSi; urTierTSeTanxmebebi
calkeul mewarmeebs (korporaciebs) da centralur an regionul
xelisuflebas Soris, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo SeRavaTebze
saeqsporto produqciis SemuSavebis da ucxour qveynebSi reali-
zaciis mizniT, meore mxriv, mewarmeebis (korporaciebis) mier
Sesabamisi valdebulebebis aRebaze; mewarmeTa asociaciebis Seqmna
calkeuli dargebis mixedviT, romlebic Tavis dargebSi wyveten
sakiTxebs keTilsindisieri konkurenciis Sesaxeb, produqciis
konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze, samecniero da sxva daniS-
211
nulebis erToblivi (wilebis mixedviT) holdingebis Seqmnaze,
romlebic imuSaveben dargobrivi produqciis Tvisebebis gaumjo-
besebaze an, gansakuTrebiT, produqciis eqsportis SesaZleb-
lobebis zrdaze, rac aseT samuSaoebze saerTo danaxarjebs
amcirebs.
Ggiga maisuraZeGgiga maisuraZeGgiga maisuraZeGgiga maisuraZe Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli
biznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSi
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona warmoadgens erovnuli ekono-
mikuri sivrcis nawils, sadac miRebulia SeRavaTebisa da stimu-
lebis iseTi gansakuTrebuli sistema, romelic qveynis danarCen
nawilebSi ar gamoiyeneba.
Tez-is Seqmnis mizezebi ganzogadebuli saxiT SeiZleba ase
Camoyalibdes:
- jansaRi sainvesticio garemos Seqmna;
- mowinave teqnologiebis gavrceleba-danergva;
- biznesis aqtivizacia-ganviTareba ucxouri kapitalis mo-
zidviT;
- savaluto Semosavlebis miReba da savaluto rezervebis
zrda;
- sagadamxdelo balansis gaumjobeseba;
- samuSao Zalis racionaluri gamoyeneba da dasaqmebis donis
amaRleba;
- biznesis marTvisa da administrirebis msoflio gamoc-
dilebis miReba;
- depresiuli regionebis (raionebis) daCqarebuli ganviTareba;
- Tanamedrove infrastruqturis Seqmna;
- eqsportis stimulireba da saeqsporto potencialis gazrda;
msoflioSi arsebobs sami aTasze meti sxvadasxva tipis
ekonomikuri zona. maT Soris specialuri:
1. safinanso (ofSoruli)
2. savaWro
212
3. e.w. teqnoparkebi.
Tez-is Seqmnis aRniSnuli mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT q.
foTSi gaixsna meore tipis specialuri Tavisufali savaWro zona.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom oficialurad daasaxela
im oTxi kompaniis vinaoba, romlebic foTis sazRvao navsadguris
teritoriaze Tavisufali industriuli zonis Sesaqmnelad inte-
resTa gamoxatvis konkursSi gamarjvebulad gamocxadda.
es kompaniebia: dubais porti ,,da jafba”, ,,haCison vest-
porti”, ,,hamburger hafer da lojistiki” da ,,rak investmenti”.
saboloo arCevani arabul kompania ,,rak investmentze” SeCerda.
investorma unda moaxdinos (samuSaoebi ukve dawyebulia) sruli
modernizacia, moumzados samuSao garemo msoflios cnobil
brendebs. foTis Tavisufali industriuli zonis SeqmniT
saqarTvelom pretenzia ganacxada msoflio bazarTan integri-
rebaze, risTvisac saeqsporto potencialis zrda, sainvesticio
da safinanso jgufebis xelSewyoba erT-erTi aucilebeli
pirobaa. Tu investori ar aRmoCnda maRali donis operatori
firma, ver SeZlo msxvili kapitalis mozidva, firmebis dainte-
reseba an saxelmwifos zedmetad Carevs biznesSi, foTSi
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona ar ganviTardeba.
dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi moRvawe mecnierTa Soris ar
arsebobs erTnairi azri imis Sesaxeb, mizanSewonilia Tu ara
qveyanaSi iyos Tez-i. Cveni azriT, msoflio gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, q. foTSi Tez-is arseboba mizanSewonilia da mxars
vuWerT Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo:
1. saqarTvelos gaaCnia Tez-is funqcionirebis (1878_1886)
istoriuli gamocdileba ,,porto frankos” (Tavisufali
navsadguri) saxiT q. baTumSi. aRniSnul periodSi q. ba-
TumSi aSenda sazRvao navsadguri, gayvanil iqna baTumi-
baqos sarkinigzo xazi, q. baTumi navTobproduqtebis
birJis erT-erTi ZiriTadi rgoli gaxda. am periodSi
Seiqmna qalaqis infrastruqtura.
2. geopolitikuri mdebareoba da istoriulad did savaWro
gzebTan siaxlove aris erT-erTi piroba Tez-is Seqmnisa
da misi efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis. saqarTvelo am
orive pirobas akmayofilebs.
213
3. q. foTi istoriulad strategiuli obieqtia, erT-erTi
mTavari portia ,,trasekas” koridorSi, kavkasiis satrans-
porto tranzituli qselis nawilia da emsaxureba yvela
saxis tvirTbrunvas, rac mas q. baTumis portisagan
radikalurad gansxvavebuls xdis. rumineTis navsadguri
konstanca xdeba samxreT evropis mZlavri porti,
romelsac partniori sWirdeba, es ki mniSvnelovani
faqtoria da saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT did rols
TamaSobs. dRes foTis ports saSualod 8 mln tvirT-
brunva aqvs da SeuZlia es maCvenebeli gazardos, xolo
axali portis aSenebis Semdeg gaasammagos.
4. qveyanaSi Seqmnilia sakanonmdeblo baza da miRebulia
Tez-is maregulirebeli kanonebi (kanoni ,,Tavisufali
industriuli zonebis Sesaxeb” _ 2007 w. ivlisi,
mTavrobis 2008 w. ivnisis # 131 da # 157 dadgenilebebi
da sxv.). Tez-is fundamenturi principebidan TiTqmis
yvelas, samoqmedod legitimuri normatiuli baza gaaCnia.
5. Tavisufali savaWro ekonomikuri zonis funqcionireba
q. foTSi saerTaSoriso biznesTan daaxloebis da
urTierTobis saukeTeso saSualebaa.
dRes Sedegebze saubari naadrevad migvaCnia, Tumca garkve-
uli miRwevebi saxezea, kerZod, wlis bolomde q. foTis
navsadguris tvirTbrunva miaRwevs 10 mln t. dawyebulia Tez-is
integrirebis procesi rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs
gareT, aseve ritmulad mimdinareobs infrastruqturis mowyoba. q.
foTis portis sruli reabilitaciisaTvis 200 mln. dolaris
investiciaa gaTvaliswinebuli. Seqmnilia kargi pirobebi saeqs-
porto, importisa da satranzito tvirTebis dasawyobeba-
SenaxvisaTvis. m/w agvistos cnobilma movlenebma garkveulwilad
imoqmeda Tez-is infrastruqturis, portis ganaxlebis samu-
Saoebze, Tumca mniSvnelovani negatiuri zegavlena ar mouxdenia.
Tea munjiSviliTea munjiSviliTea munjiSviliTea munjiSvili
rusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZe Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi
214
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona erovnuli ekonomikuri
sivrcis gancalkevebul nawils (teritoriasa Tu segments)
warmoadgens, sadac SeRavaTebisa da stimulirebis iseTi gansa-
kuTrebuli sistemaa SemoRebuli, romelic qveynis danarCen
teritoriaze (an ekonomikis sxva segmentebSi) ar gamoiyeneba.
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi, maTi Seqmnis mizezisa da
qveynis ekonomikisaTvis mniSvnelobis donis TvalsazrisiTac,
erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, ganviTa-
rebuli da, amasTan, didi teritoriis mqone qveynebi Tavisufal
zonebs regionaluri politikis realizebis mizniT qmnian. Amisi
naTeli gamovlinebaa Tundac didi britaneTis mier Seqmnili
zonebi, romlebic am qveynis ZiriTadi teritoriidan moSorebiTaa
(magaliTad, virjiniis kunZulebi) ganlagebuli da ruseTis
federaciis periferiebze Seqmnili zonebi, sadac centralur
mTavrobas zogadad maregulirebeli da makoordinirebeli
funqciebis ganxorcieleba uWirs.
rac Seexeba ganviTarebad da postkomunistur qveynebs,
maTTvis Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi Ria ekonomikis prin-
cipebis danergvis poligonebs warmoadgens. aseT qveynebs
ucxouri kapitalis nakadebisaTvis Tavisi ekonomikis sruli
gaxsna, gansakuTrebuli savaWro Tu sainvesticio politikis
gatareba, mTeli teritoriisa da erovnuli ekonomikis masStabiT
xSirad ar surT an ar SeuZliaT; amitom isini ekonomikis
lokalur “gaxsnas” zonebis Camoyalibebis meSveobiT axor-
cieleben. Amas Tundac CineTis magaliTi adasturebs, sadac
zonebis Seqmnis procesi jer kidev gasuli saukunis 70-ian wleb-
Si daiwyo da, praqtikulad, sabazro urTierTobebis gamoyenebis
eqsperiments warmoadgens.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis
mniSvnelobis ganxilvis dros ar SeiZleba yuradReba iseT
sakiTxze ar gamaxvildes, rogoricaa zonebis gavlena qveynis
ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. amasTan, sayuradReboa, rom ganvi-
Tarebad qveynebSi zonebis zegavlenis done erovnul ekonomikaze
sakmaod SezRudulia, xolo ganviTarebul qveynebSi aseTi gavle-
nis sakiTxi arcki ganixileba.
215
TiTqmis yvela tipis zonisaTvis Semdegi SeRavaTebisa da
gamartivebuli meqanizmebis moqmedebaa damaxasiaTebeli: sagareo
savaWro SeRavaTebi, romlebic sabaJo-satarifo liberalizacias
(sabaJo gadasaxadebis Semcireba an moxsna, eqsport-importze dRg-
sa da aqcizis SeRavaTiani sistemis daweseba da sxv.) da
arasatarifo SezRudvebis (eqsport-importis akrZalva, kvotireba,
licenzireba, registrireba) ararsebobas efuZneba; fiskaluri
SeRavaTebi, romlebic pirdapiri gadasaxadebis liberaluri
sistemis arsebobasTanaa dakavSirebuli; safinanso SeRavaTebi,
romlebic sxvadasxva formis subsidiebs, SeRavaTian sakredito
sistemas, miwisa da SenobebiT sargeblobis saijaro gadasaxadis
Semcirebul ganakveTebsa da sxv. Seicavs; savaluto operaciebze
SezRudvebis ararseboba; administraciuli SeRavaTebi, romelTa
mizania ekonomikuri agentebis registraciis, angariSgebis siste-
mis, savizo reJimis gamartiveba da sxv.
sayuradReboa, rom xsenebuli SeRavaTebi mxolod zonis
SigniT vrceldeba. Sedegad zonidan qveynis danarCen terito-
riaze saqonlis Setana zustad im procedurebs eqvemdebareba,
rac zogadad importzea dadgenili. swored amitom qveynis
mosaxleobis zonaSi Sesvla SezRudulia da mxolod specialuri
nebarTviTaa SesaZlebeli.
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmnam da warmatebulma
funqcionirebam SesaZloa mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos saqarTve-
los mZime safinanso da ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamosayvanad.
zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom aseTi zonebis SeqmniT miiRweva
Semdegi dadebiTi Sedegebi: mTlianad qveyanaSi da mis calkeul
regionebSi gaizrdeba ekonomikuri aqtivoba; SeRavaTiani reJimi
moizidavs ucxour da adgilobriv investiciebs; Seiqmneba
damatebiTi samuSao adgilebi; SesaZlebeli gaxdeba warmoebaSi
Tanamedrove, maRalefeqturi saSualebebis danergva, mecnierebis
uaxles miRwevaTa praqtikaSi gamoyeneba; adgilobrivi resursebis,
nedleulis masalebis efeqturi gamoyeneba; gaizrdeba qveynis
simZlavreebi maRalxarisxovani, konkurentunariani produqciis
warmoebiT; ganviTardeba qveyis infrastruqtura; gaizrdeba
qveynis savaluto da sxva saxis Semosavlebi, gaumjobesdeba
sagadasamxdelo balansi da a.S.
216
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebac. maTi azriT, sakiTxSi garkveuli admianisaTvis zonis
Seqmnis ideis aqtualizacia mxolod sagareo ekonomikur
urTierTobaTa reJimebis gauaresebas SeiZleboda mohyoloda,
sinamdvileSi araferi msgavsi ar momxdara. ufro metic, kidev
ufro liberaluri gaxda. bolo periodSi mTels qveyanaSi
arsebiTad gamartivda biznesis dawyebis biurokratiuli
procedurebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom Sesaqmnel zonas verc am
tipis SeRavaTebs mivaniWebT. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi ucxoelTa
uvizo Semosvlas, Tu am reJimiT adre mxolod dsT-is zogierTi
wevri qveynis moqalaqe sargeblobda, bolo periodSi miiRes
gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac es reJimi aSS-is, evro-
kavSiris qveynebis, Sveicariis, iaponiis, israelis da sxv.
saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebzec gavrcelebuliyo. maSasadame, Sesaq-
mneli zonisaTvis verc am SeRavaTis miniWebas SevZlebT. bolo
xanebSi miRebulma sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebma kidev ufro
uazro gaxada saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis
Seqmnis idea da Tu mainc moxerxdeba raime damatebiTi SeRavaTis
gamogoneba, umjobesia, es ukanaskneli mTels qveyanaze da ara mis
calkeul zonebze gavrceldes. Tu Tavisufali ekonomikuri zo-
nis SeqmnisaTvis zomebi mainc gatardeba, maSin mas mohyveba yvela
reformistul miRwevaze uaris Tqma, ekonomikis Caketva, rasac
aseve avtomaturad mohyveba yvela saerTaSoriso safinanso
institutTan urTierTobis gafuWeba, saqarTvelosaTvis parizis
klubis karebis daxurva, rom araferi vTqvaT msoflio savaWro
organizaciidan gasvlaze. imedia, mTavroba dafiqrdeba da
mixvdeba, rom Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis ideis
realizacia SeiZleba yovelive amad ar Rirdes.
saqarTvelos dargobrivi ekonomikisa da ekonomikuri
politikis komiteti 2007 wlis 15 _ 19 oqtombers gaecno
specialuri (Tavisufali) ekonomikuri zonebis funqcionirebis
poloneTis gamocdilebas. vizitis farglebSi komitetis ori
specialisti imyofeboda q. varSavaSi. poloneTSi kanoni
“specialuri ekonomikuri zonebis regulirebis Sesaxeb” miiRes
1994 wlis 20 oqtombers. pirveli specialuri (Tavisufali)
ekonomikuri zona Seiqmna 1995 wels. amJamad poloneTSi funqcio-
217
nirebs 14 specialuri zona. aRniSnul kanonSi mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi ganxorcielda 2000 da 2003 wlebSi. cvlilebebis
mizezs ZiriTadad evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis procedurebi
warmoadgenda, radgan EU wesebi garkveul SezRudvebs
iTvaliswinebs specialur zonebTan dakavSrebiT. aRniSnulma
cvlilebebma zonaSi operirebuli kompaniebisaTvis SeRavaTebis
Semcireba gamoiwvia.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Zalian mniSvne-
lovania didi sifrTxiliT movekidoT Tavisufali ekonomikuri
zonebis Seqmnas saqarTveloSi, saWiroa, gaviziaroT sxvadasxva
qveynis gamocdileba da gaviTvaliswinoT Cveni qveynis specifi-
kuroba imisTvis, rom saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri
zonebis funqcionirebam qveynisaTvis sasurveli dadebiTi Sedegi
gamoiRos.
zurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvili saqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo Sinameurneobebis
zomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris (2004) monacemebis
safuZvelze sasoflo Sinameurneobebis zomebis, sawarmoo
potencialis, maT sargeblobaSi arsebuli miwis farTobebisa Tu
kuTvnili pirutyvis raodenobebis SedarebiTma analizma gviCvena
rogorc maTi mniSvnelovani diferenciacia, ise metad mcire
zomis meurneobebis maRali xvedriTi wona. gamokvleuli
sasoflo-sameurneo miwiT mosargeble 691577 aTasi Sinameurne-
obidan 43,2%-s hqonda 0,5 ha-ze naklebi; 75,2%-s ki 1 ha-ze naklebi.
1-1,99 ha-mde hqonda mxolod 18,3%-s, 2-2,99 ha-mde - 3%, xolo 3-4 ha-
mde 1,4 %-s. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sinameurneobebis mcire zomis
farTobebic ki danawevrebuli da gabneulia 2-3 da, rig
SemTxvevebSi, ufro met nakveTad.
saqarTveloSi saSualod erT sasoflo Sinameurneobaze
modioda 3,59 wevri. maT hqondaT: 0,68 ha saxnavi, 0,14 ha
mravalwliani nargavebiT 0,35 ha saTib-saZovari da 0,05 ha sxva
kategoriis miwa. saSualod erT meurneobaze modioda: msxvilfexa
saqoneli (kameCis CaTvliT) - 1,71, maT Soris furi da furkameCi -
1,01, Rori - 0,7, cxvari da Txa - 1,04 suli. futkari - 0,22 ska,
218
frinveli - 13,8 frTa; cxeni, viri da jori - 0,08 da bocveri -
0,022 suli.
meurneobis zoma warmodgenas gviqmnis mis ekonomikur
potencialze, gviCvenebs meurneobaTa ganviTarebis dones, amasTan,
meurneobaTa specializacia, fermerul meurneobebadD gardaqmna,
rodesac mTavar orientirad iqceva sasaqonlo warmoeba, gana-
pirobebs maT mier 1-2 kulturis warmoebaze an erTi saxeobis
pirutyvis moSenebaze resursebis mimarTvas, Sedegad rig
meurneobebSi moimatebs saxnavi miwebi an mravalwliani nargavebi,
msxvilfexa an wvrilfexa saqonlis, frinvelisa Tu skebis raode-
noba.AaRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso Sedarebebisas da Sina-
meurneobebis ganviTarebis tendenciebis gansazRvrisas, qveynis
Sinameurneobis saSualo zoma warmoadgens mniSvnelovan ganma-
zogadebel maCvenebels. saqarTveloSi, Cveni azriT, aucilebelia
miwebis gadanawilebis iseTi politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic
xels Seuwyobs meurneobaTa saSualo zomebis gadidebas 2-3 ha-mde.
aseve aucilebelia, sasoflo-sameurneo miwis resursebis, Sina-
meurneobebis funqcionirebis arsebuli viTarebis gaTvaliwinebiT
ganisazRvros perspeqtuli Sinameurneobis optimaluri zomebi
rogorc qveynis, ise regionebisTvis.
agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebis zogadi tendenciaa warmo-
ebis optimaluri koncentracia, romelic efuZneba Tanamedrove
maRalmeqanizebuli soflis meurneobis moTxovnebs. msoflio
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom meurneobaTa saSualo zomebis
gadidebis tendencia da mamulebis konsolidacia mimdinareobs
rogorc sabazro Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, ise saxelmwifo poli-
tikis gavleniT. vfiqrobT, kanonmdebloba unda aregulirebdes
optimaluri ojaxuri meurneobebis SenarCunebas. igi ar unda
uwyobdes xels arc Zalian msxvili meurneobebis Seqmnas da arc
maT araracionalur danawevrebas.
Sinameurneobebis teqnikuri aRWurviloba metad dabalia,
sasoflo-sameurneo operaciebi umetesad xelis iaraRebiT da
cocxali gamwevi Zalis gamoyenebiT tardeba. aRweris monacemebiT,
meurneobebis mxolod 2,1%-s gaaCnda sakuTrebaSi romelime
saxeobis traqtori (borbliani, muxluxa, mini); 2,8%-s gaaCnda
xelis traqtori (motobloki), 0,16% flobda kombains, xolo 2,6%
219
_ satvirTo avtombils, 8,4% _ sxva saxis avtomobils. unda
aRiniSnos, rom SemorCenili sasoflo-sameurneo parkis mniSvne-
lovani nawili, amortizebulia da metad araefeqtianad funqci-
onirebs.
mcire da saSualo zomis Sinameurneobebis udides nawils
ar aqvs kreditis aRebis SesaZlebloba, regionebis umetesobaSi
ganuviTarebelia infrastruqtura, romelic moamaragebda maT
TeslebiT, Sxam-qimikatebiT, sasuqebiT da warmoebis sxva saSua-
lebebiT. ganuviTarebelia samsaxurebi, romlebic maT konsul-
taciebs gauweven axali agroteqnologiebis danergvaSi, ZiriTadi
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlianobis gadidebasa da
mecxoveleobis produqtiulobis gazrdaSi, sasaqonlo produq-
ciis warmoebasa da realizaciaSi.Bbunebrivia, Sinameurneobis
aRniSnuli problemebi gavlenas axdens maT mosavlianobasa da
produqtiulobaze.
mravali wvrili Sinameurenobis arseboba metad arTulebs
erTgvarovani sasaqonlo nedleulis Seqmnisa Tu Sekrebis
SesaZleblobebs, rac, bunebrivia, seriozuli barieria soflis
meurneobis gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobisa da mniSvnelovani
investirebisaTvis am sferoSi. amrigad, qveynis ekonomikisaTvis
umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens imgvari politikis gan-
xorcieleba, romelic xels Seuwyobs erTgvarovani, sanedleulo
resursebis Seqmnas.
xeli unda Seewyos SinameurneobaTa kooperativebis, gaer-
Tianebebis, asociaciebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic orientire-
bulni iqnebian ama Tu im kulturisa Tu nedleulis mniSvne-
lovani sasaqonlo partiebis Sekrebasa da sakontraqto moTxov-
naTa Sesrulebaze.
SinameurneobaTa perspeqtivebis gansazRvrisas mxedvlobaSia
misaRebi koordinirebis miRweva mosavlis aRebasa da gada-
muSavebaSi. gadamamuSavebeli warmoebis rigi sasoflo-sameurneo
nedleuliT momarageba unda warimarTos winaswari sakontraqto
urTierTobebiT, teqnikuri kreditebis micemis safuZvelze. maga-
liTad, msxvil wisqvils SeuZlia, dadebuli xelSekrulebebis
safuZvelze, Sinameurneobebs miawodos garkveuli jiSis xorb-
220
lis Tesli, sasuqebi, sawvavi da sxv. da mosavali Caibaros
garantirebuli SeTanxmebuli fasebiT.
sainformacio-sakonsultacio da teqnikuri momsaxurebis
centrebis (raionuli, regionuli) sistemis formirebam xeli unda
Seuwyos axali, gaumjobesebuli teqnologiebis gavrcelebas,
daexmaros glexebsa da fermerebs da maT gaerTianebebs teqnikis
da sxva warmoebis saSualebebis SeZenaSi, axali jiSebis da
kulturebis danergvaSi, warmoebis Sida da gare bazrebze swor
orientaciaSi, marketingul kvlevebSi. samTavrobo xelSewyobiT,
saWiroa iseTi dabalprocentiani sakredito xazebis organizeba,
romelic daexmareba Sinameurneobebs da maT gaerTianebebs, aseve
soflo-sameurneo teqnikiT momsaxureobis gamwev centrebs
(samsaxurebs) traqtorebis, kombainebisa Tu sxva sasoflo-
sameurneo manqanebis SeZenaSi. aseve unda ganviTardes sasoflo
Sinameurneobebis mikro-kreditebiT uzrunvelyofis sistemac.
Tengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi da problemebi da problemebi da problemebi da
maTi gadaWris maTi gadaWris maTi gadaWris maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTulebazogierTi mimarTulebazogierTi mimarTulebazogierTi mimarTuleba
1. qveynis mTlian dasaqmebaSi, bolo sam weliwadSi soflis
meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili Zalze
maRalia (45 _ 54%). igi CamorCeba mxolod albaneTs (57%).
aRniSnul periodSi soflis meurneobis wili mTlian Sida
produqtSi Semcirda 20,2%-dan 14,8%-mde (es maCvenebeli
albaneTSi Seadgens 46%-s). specialistebis azriT, amgvari
kleba, soflis meurneobis produqtebis fasebis aSkara mate-
basTan erTad, soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis Semci-
rebis tendenciazec metyvelebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa
sabazro situaciis CvenTvis axali saanalizo obieqtebis
kvlevis gafarToeba da gulmodgine Seswavla, rogoricaa: sa-
warmos ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba, konkurentunarianoba, Crdi-
lovani ekonomikis done, miznobrivi kompleqsuri programebi,
gadarCenis balansi da sxv.
221
2. mcire da saSualo zomis fermerul meurneobebSi finansuri
analizis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, maTi sawarmoo
saqmianobis Sefaseba rekomendebulia Catardes Semdegi mimar-
Tulebebis mixedviT: sawarmoo saqmianobis programis analizi;
SromiTi resursebis analizi; xarisxis analizi; produqciis
marketingis analizi. maT unda uzrunvelyon sawarmoos momge-
bianoba, gadaxdisunarianobis prognozireba.
3. mcire sawarmos momgebianobis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovani
roli unda Seasrulos sabazro situaciis analizma, romelic
mimarTulia: moTxovnis moculobis, zrdis tempis, momxma-
reblis struqturis kategoriis, mTavari konkurentis, maTi
strategiis analizisaken. biznesis amocanebi mxolod situ-
aciis analizis, Sedegebis da bazris mimdinare analizis
safuZvelze unda Camoyalibdes.
4. mcire sawarmos momgebianobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa
upiratesoba gagvaCndes konkurentebTan SedarebiT mocemuli
periodisaTvis, aseve mniSvnelovania, efeqtianad ganvaxor-
cieloT mimdinare saqmianoba. mcire sawarmoebis sameurneo
saqmianobis analizSi gansakuTrebuli adgili unda daikavos
gadarCenis balansis Sedgenam, romlis mizania sakuTari
produqciis warmoebis perspeqtivebis SeTanawyoba sawarmos
resursTuzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebTan.
5. mcire sawarmos gadarCenis balansis analizi unda davu-
kavSiroT konkurentebis sameurneo saqmianobis analizs. amas-
Tan, mniSvnelovania gamovavlinoT, Tu vin iTvlebian ZiriTad
konkurentebad, rogoria maTi strategia, gasaRebis, gafar-
Toebis miznebi, konkurentebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
mcire sawarmoebis analizisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda davuTmoT konkurenciul brZolaSi upiratesobis miRwe-
vis meTodebis SemuSavebas, produqciis xarisxis, saqonlis
imijisa da siiafis miRwevas.
6. qveynis sameurneo sferoSi sworad unda gaanalizdes da gani-
sazRvros mosaxleobis sakiTxebi. Cvengan gansxvavebiT,
Tanamedrove pirobebSi ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTliani Sida
produqtis naxevarze metis warmoeba axali codnis SeZenasTan
da gavrcelebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. am sferoSi dasaqmebulia
222
ufro meti adamiani, vidre materialur warmoebaSi. ganvi-
Tarebis aseT modelze gadasvla saqarTvelos ekonomikis
ganviTarebis strategiis erT-erT mTavar amocanad unda
miviCnioT. mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donem unda gansazRvros
samewarmeo sferos sabazro situaciis analizSi ekonomikis
ganviTarebis mimarTuleba da tempi.
konferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebi
1. abeabeabeabesaZe ramazsaZe ramazsaZe ramazsaZe ramaz _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis direqtori, e.m.d., profesori
2. ananiaSvili iuri _ ananiaSvili iuri _ ananiaSvili iuri _ ananiaSvili iuri _ Tsu sruli profesori, e.m.d.
3. arevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuli _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
4. aCelaSvili kliaCelaSvili kliaCelaSvili kliaCelaSvili klimentimentimentimenti _ e.m.d., Tsu asocirebuli profesori
5. barbaqaZe xabarbaqaZe xabarbaqaZe xabarbaqaZe xaTTTTuna _ una _ una _ una _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori
6. benaSvili ciala _ benaSvili ciala _ benaSvili ciala _ benaSvili ciala _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
7. beriSvili xaTuna _beriSvili xaTuna _beriSvili xaTuna _beriSvili xaTuna _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
8. berulava giorgiberulava giorgiberulava giorgiberulava giorgi _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.d., profesori
9. bibilaSvili nana _bibilaSvili nana _bibilaSvili nana _bibilaSvili nana _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.k.
223
10. burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.d.
11. gabriWiZe abesalom _ gabriWiZe abesalom _ gabriWiZe abesalom _ gabriWiZe abesalom _ Tsu asistent-profesori
12. gamsaxurdia Tamar _ gamsaxurdia Tamar _ gamsaxurdia Tamar _ gamsaxurdia Tamar _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori, e.m.d.
13. gvelesiani merab gvelesiani merab gvelesiani merab gvelesiani merab ____ e.m.k.
14. gvenetaZe lili _ gvenetaZe lili _ gvenetaZe lili _ gvenetaZe lili _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori, e.m.k.
15. gelaSvili madonagelaSvili madonagelaSvili madonagelaSvili madona _ soxumis universitetis asocirebuli
profesori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
16. gumberiZe marina _gumberiZe marina _gumberiZe marina _gumberiZe marina _ Tsu doqtoranti, e.m.k.
17. gulua ekaterine _ gulua ekaterine _ gulua ekaterine _ gulua ekaterine _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
18. davlaSeriZe natadavlaSeriZe natadavlaSeriZe natadavlaSeriZe nata _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
19. daTunaSvili linadaTunaSvili linadaTunaSvili linadaTunaSvili lina _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k., docenti
20. ToTlaZe liaToTlaZe liaToTlaZe liaToTlaZe lia _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
21. kakulia eTerkakulia eTerkakulia eTerkakulia eTer _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
22. kakulia nazirakakulia nazirakakulia nazirakakulia nazira _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
23. kurataSvili alfredkurataSvili alfredkurataSvili alfredkurataSvili alfred _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.d., profesori
24. kurataSvili anzor kurataSvili anzor kurataSvili anzor kurataSvili anzor _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
25. kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.d., profesori
26. lazaraSvili TealazaraSvili TealazaraSvili TealazaraSvili Tea _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.k.
27. maisuraZe giga _ maisuraZe giga _ maisuraZe giga _ maisuraZe giga _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori
28. masuraSvili soso _ masuraSvili soso _ masuraSvili soso _ masuraSvili soso _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori
29. mesxiamesxiamesxiamesxia iakobiakobiakobiakob _ _ _ _ e.m.d., profesori
30. meqvabiSvili elguja _ meqvabiSvili elguja _ meqvabiSvili elguja _ meqvabiSvili elguja _ Tsu sruli profesori, e.m.d.
31. meyanwiSvili ekaterinemeyanwiSvili ekaterinemeyanwiSvili ekaterinemeyanwiSvili ekaterine _ Tsu asistent-profesori
32. miqiaSvili nino _ miqiaSvili nino _ miqiaSvili nino _ miqiaSvili nino _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori, e.m.k.
33. munjiSvili Tea _munjiSvili Tea _munjiSvili Tea _munjiSvili Tea _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis
akademiuri doqtori
224
34. naTelauri iza _ naTelauri iza _ naTelauri iza _ naTelauri iza _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.k.
35. nozaZe zurabnozaZe zurabnozaZe zurabnozaZe zurab _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri TanamSromli
36. nucubiZe xaTuna _ nucubiZe xaTuna _ nucubiZe xaTuna _ nucubiZe xaTuna _ sanqt-peterburgis saxelmwifo universite-
tis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaTedris aspiranti
37. papava vlpapava vlpapava vlpapava vlaaaadimer _ dimer _ dimer _ dimer _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mTavari mecnieri TanamSromeli, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti, e.m.d.,
profesori
38. papava giorgipapava giorgipapava giorgipapava giorgi _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri konsultanti, e.m.d., profesori
39. reviSvili zurabireviSvili zurabireviSvili zurabireviSvili zurabi _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
40. samadaSvili uSangi _ samadaSvili uSangi _ samadaSvili uSangi _ samadaSvili uSangi _ e.m.d., , , , Tsu asocirebuli profesori
41. sarCimelia roland _ sarCimelia roland _ sarCimelia roland _ sarCimelia roland _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.d., profesori
42. seTuri maia _ seTuri maia _ seTuri maia _ seTuri maia _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori
43. seTuriZe rusudan _ seTuriZe rusudan _ seTuriZe rusudan _ seTuriZe rusudan _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis
akademiuri doqtori
44. tikiSvili mzia _ tikiSvili mzia _ tikiSvili mzia _ tikiSvili mzia _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori
45. tyeSelaSvili goderZi _ tyeSelaSvili goderZi _ tyeSelaSvili goderZi _ tyeSelaSvili goderZi _ stu departamentis ufrosi, sruli
profesori
46. faresaSvili nino _ faresaSvili nino _ faresaSvili nino _ faresaSvili nino _ Tsu asistent-profesori
47. futkaraZe ramfutkaraZe ramfutkaraZe ramfutkaraZe ramaz _ az _ az _ az _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis
akademiuri doqtori
48. qadagiSvili leila _ qadagiSvili leila _ qadagiSvili leila _ qadagiSvili leila _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis
akademiuri doqtori
49. qavTaraZe Tengiz qavTaraZe Tengiz qavTaraZe Tengiz qavTaraZe Tengiz _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
50. qeSelaSvili giuli _ qeSelaSvili giuli _ qeSelaSvili giuli _ qeSelaSvili giuli _ Tsu asistent-profesori
51. qistauri nunuqistauri nunuqistauri nunuqistauri nunu – s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
52. RvedaSvili naira _ RvedaSvili naira _ RvedaSvili naira _ RvedaSvili naira _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori
53. SaburiSvili SoTa _SaburiSvili SoTa _SaburiSvili SoTa _SaburiSvili SoTa _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis
akademiuri doqtori
225
54. Sengelia Temur _ Sengelia Temur _ Sengelia Temur _ Sengelia Temur _ Tsu kaTedris gamge, saqarTvelos
erovnuli bankis sabWos wevri, e.m.d., profesori
55. Ciqava leo _ Ciqava leo _ Ciqava leo _ Ciqava leo _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis
wevr-korespondenti, e.m.d., profesori
56. Ciqobava malxaz _ Ciqobava malxaz _ Ciqobava malxaz _ Ciqobava malxaz _ Tsu asistent-profesori
57. Coxeli ekaterine _ Coxeli ekaterine _ Coxeli ekaterine _ Coxeli ekaterine _ e.m.k., akademiuri doqtori
58. CxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTin _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare, s.m.m.d., profesori
59. cercvaZe vano _ cercvaZe vano _ cercvaZe vano _ cercvaZe vano _ Tbilisis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
institutis doqtoranti
60. cucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marine _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
61. xaduri nodar _ xaduri nodar _ xaduri nodar _ xaduri nodar _ Tsu sruli profesori
62. xaritonaSvili jemal _ xaritonaSvili jemal _ xaritonaSvili jemal _ xaritonaSvili jemal _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori
63. xurcia lali _ xurcia lali _ xurcia lali _ xurcia lali _ e.m.k.
64. xuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamuka _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.k.
65. javaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revaz – s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.
66. jalaRonia daviT _ jalaRonia daviT _ jalaRonia daviT _ jalaRonia daviT _ soxumis universitetis asocirebuli
profesori
s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i
plenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdoma
ramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZe
postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis etapebi ganviTarebis etapebi ganviTarebis etapebi ganviTarebis etapebi
3333
iuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSvili wonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxado
ganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis Sesaxeb
8888
merab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesiani qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi
13131313
226
dagvaxrCobdagvaxrCobdagvaxrCobdagvaxrCobs?s?s?s? iakob mesxiaiakob mesxiaiakob mesxiaiakob mesxia monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:
inflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTireba
16161616
elguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvili
globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos
ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtiekonomikaze zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtiekonomikaze zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtiekonomikaze zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqti
23232323
giorgi papavagiorgi papavagiorgi papavagiorgi papava Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli
sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!
25252525
vladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papava omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi
ekonomikuri problemebi ekonomikuri problemebi ekonomikuri problemebi ekonomikuri problemebi
27272727
Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia ekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobani saqarTveloSiSesaZleblobani saqarTveloSiSesaZleblobani saqarTveloSiSesaZleblobani saqarTveloSi
32323232
leo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqava demologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistema
33333333
nodar xnodar xnodar xnodar xaduriaduriaduriaduri saqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTis
“liberaluri” _ imperia“liberaluri” _ imperia“liberaluri” _ imperia“liberaluri” _ imperia
35353535
ekonomikuri Teoriis seqciaekonomikuri Teoriis seqciaekonomikuri Teoriis seqciaekonomikuri Teoriis seqcia
alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvili xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da
institucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmi
39393939
alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvili ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad
adamianuriadamianuriadamianuriadamianuri sazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzaze
42424242
anzor kurataSvilianzor kurataSvilianzor kurataSvilianzor kurataSvili sabazrosabazrosabazrosabazro ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis institucionalizacia institucionalizacia institucionalizacia institucionalizacia
da samarTlebrivi faqtorida samarTlebrivi faqtorida samarTlebrivi faqtorida samarTlebrivi faqtori
45454545
anzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSviliiii
socialuradsocialuradsocialuradsocialurad orientirebuliorientirebuliorientirebuliorientirebuli sabazrosabazrosabazrosabazro ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis
arsi daarsi daarsi daarsi da misi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSi
48484848
nazira kakulianazira kakulianazira kakulianazira kakulia nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis
SesaZleblobani postkomunisturi SesaZleblobani postkomunisturi SesaZleblobani postkomunisturi SesaZleblobani postkomunisturi
transformaciis pirobebSitransformaciis pirobebSitransformaciis pirobebSitransformaciis pirobebSi
51515151
murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi da ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi da ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi da ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi da
TanamedroveobaTanamedroveobaTanamedroveobaTanamedroveoba
54545454
227
jemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvili gardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturigardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturigardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturigardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi
sazogadosazogadosazogadosazogadoebaebaebaeba
56565656
revaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvili Crdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebiCrdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebiCrdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebiCrdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi
60606060
Давлашеридзе Ната ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЗАНЯТОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЧЕРЕЗ СОЗДАНИЕ СВОБОДНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗОН (МИРОВОЙ ОПЫТ)
63636363
makroekonomikis seqciamakroekonomikis seqciamakroekonomikis seqciamakroekonomikis seqcia
nanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZe Sromis bazari da dSromis bazari da dSromis bazari da dSromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiasaqmebis done saqarTveloSi
67676767
xaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvili lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis
moculoba, struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebimoculoba, struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebimoculoba, struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebimoculoba, struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebi
69696969
xaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvili lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:
arsebuli mdgomareoba srulyofis gzebiarsebuli mdgomareoba srulyofis gzebiarsebuli mdgomareoba srulyofis gzebiarsebuli mdgomareoba srulyofis gzebi
71717171
nanananana bibilaSvilina bibilaSvilina bibilaSvilina bibilaSvili dasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi
aspeqti postkomunistur qveynebSiaspeqti postkomunistur qveynebSiaspeqti postkomunistur qveynebSiaspeqti postkomunistur qveynebSi
74747474
madona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvili
ekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebi
76767676
marine gumberiZemarine gumberiZemarine gumberiZemarine gumberiZe Tanamedrove msoflios demografiuli politikaTanamedrove msoflios demografiuli politikaTanamedrove msoflios demografiuli politikaTanamedrove msoflios demografiuli politika
78787878
ekaterine guluaekaterine guluaekaterine guluaekaterine gulua saqarTvelos indusaqarTvelos indusaqarTvelos indusaqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebisstriuli ganviTarebisstriuli ganviTarebisstriuli ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebiperspeqtivebiperspeqtivebiperspeqtivebi
80808080
lina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvili xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynisxelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynisxelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynisxelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis
ekonomikis aRorZinebis safuZveliekonomikis aRorZinebis safuZveliekonomikis aRorZinebis safuZveliekonomikis aRorZinebis safuZveli
83838383
ekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSvili saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciasaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciasaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciasaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia
ekonomikuri zrdis procesSiekonomikuri zrdis procesSiekonomikuri zrdis procesSiekonomikuri zrdis procesSi
85858585
nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili adapturi adapturi adapturi adapturi molodinis makroekonometrikulimolodinis makroekonometrikulimolodinis makroekonometrikulimolodinis makroekonometrikuli
modelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxeb
88888888
iza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauri gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani
dasaqmebis modificirebuli modelis Sesaxebdasaqmebis modificirebuli modelis Sesaxebdasaqmebis modificirebuli modelis Sesaxebdasaqmebis modificirebuli modelis Sesaxeb
90909090
228
xaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZe saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori:
ganviTaganviTaganviTaganviTarebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safrebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safrebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safrebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebiuZvlebiuZvlebiuZvlebi
92929292
goderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSvili saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobis
problemebiproblemebiproblemebiproblemebi
94949494
nino faresaSvilinino faresaSvilinino faresaSvilinino faresaSvili umuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdis
mniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervi
99999999
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava moxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxeb
102102102102
TinaTin CxeiZe, mamuka xuTinaTin CxeiZe, mamuka xuTinaTin CxeiZe, mamuka xuTinaTin CxeiZe, mamuka xuskivaZeskivaZeskivaZeskivaZe garemos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikuri
aspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSi
106106106106
marina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZe dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis
meTodologiuri smeTodologiuri smeTodologiuri smeTodologiuri saaaafuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis Sesaxeb
107107107107
finansebis, saerTaSorisofinansebis, saerTaSorisofinansebis, saerTaSorisofinansebis, saerTaSoriso
ekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqcia
xaTuna barbaqaZexaTuna barbaqaZexaTuna barbaqaZexaTuna barbaqaZe finansuri refinansuri refinansuri refinansuri resursebis mozidvis strategiasursebis mozidvis strategiasursebis mozidvis strategiasursebis mozidvis strategia
109109109109
abesalom gabriWiZeabesalom gabriWiZeabesalom gabriWiZeabesalom gabriWiZe efeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebiefeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebiefeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebiefeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebi
114114114114
Tamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdia gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi ---- ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis
mniSvnelovani instrumentimniSvnelovani instrumentimniSvnelovani instrumentimniSvnelovani instrumenti
119119119119
lili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZe likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciulilikvidurobis marTvis roli komerciulilikvidurobis marTvis roli komerciulilikvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebisbankebisbankebisbankebis
finansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi
121121121121
lia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZe savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis
SemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebi
123123123123
Tea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSvili inflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi
126126126126
ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe saqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelo----germaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWro----ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis aqtualuri sakiTxebiTanamSromlobis aqtualuri sakiTxebiTanamSromlobis aqtualuri sakiTxebiTanamSromlobis aqtualuri sakiTxebi
1918191819181918----1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi
128128128128
229
biznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqcia
ciala benaSviliciala benaSviliciala benaSviliciala benaSvili danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino
momsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba
135135135135
Giorgi Berulava MICROECONOMIC ISSUES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA
139139139139
gulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSvili ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis
ganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSi
141141141141
nato kakaSvilinato kakaSvilinato kakaSvilinato kakaSvili aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da
dazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebi
144144144144
eTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakulia biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis
regulirebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTregulirebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTregulirebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTregulirebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTveloSiveloSiveloSiveloSi
148148148148
soso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvili inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebani inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebani inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebani inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebani
152152152152
uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili momxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgili
Tanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSi
156156156156
roland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimelia warmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebis
cvlilebebTan kacvlilebebTan kacvlilebebTan kacvlilebebTan kavSirSivSirSivSirSivSirSi
159159159159
maia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTuri marketingis marTvis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxebmarketingis marTvis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxebmarketingis marTvis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxebmarketingis marTvis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb
161161161161
mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili sabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis usafrTxoebasabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis usafrTxoebasabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis usafrTxoebasabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis usafrTxoeba
163163163163
leila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvili mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi
saqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiK
165165165165
giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili proeqtebis marproeqtebis marproeqtebis marproeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliTva: dRevandeloba da momavali
169169169169
nunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistauri saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis
ganxorcielebaSiganxorcielebaSiganxorcielebaSiganxorcielebaSi
171171171171
naira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvili inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi
momsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSi
174174174174
SoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSvili ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmiofSoruli biznesis meqanizmiofSoruli biznesis meqanizmiofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi
176176176176
eka Coxeeka Coxeeka Coxeeka Coxelililili
230
produqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi da I SO serTifikatiserTifikatiserTifikatiserTifikati 183183183183
vano cercvaZevano cercvaZevano cercvaZevano cercvaZe
sainformacio teqnologiebis roli ekonomikaSi sainformacio teqnologiebis roli ekonomikaSi sainformacio teqnologiebis roli ekonomikaSi sainformacio teqnologiebis roli ekonomikaSi
185185185185
lali xurcialali xurcialali xurcialali xurcia kompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategia
188188188188
mamuka xuskivaZe, zurab nozaZemamuka xuskivaZe, zurab nozaZemamuka xuskivaZe, zurab nozaZemamuka xuskivaZe, zurab nozaZe ekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebi
190190190190
daviT jalaRdaviT jalaRdaviT jalaRdaviT jalaRoniaoniaoniaonia finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri
safuZvlebi safuZvlebi safuZvlebi safuZvlebi saerTaSoriso standartebiT saerTaSoriso standartebiT saerTaSoriso standartebiT saerTaSoriso standartebiT
193193193193
PPPPregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqcia
klimenti aCelaSviliklimenti aCelaSviliklimenti aCelaSviliklimenti aCelaSvili saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos regionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis Sesaxeb
197197197197
vaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burduli teritoriul doteritoriul doteritoriul doteritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis neze saerTo daniSnulebis neze saerTo daniSnulebis neze saerTo daniSnulebis
mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo damewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo damewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo damewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da
sabazro koordinaciis srulyofis gzebi sabazro koordinaciis srulyofis gzebi sabazro koordinaciis srulyofis gzebi sabazro koordinaciis srulyofis gzebi
199199199199
giga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZe
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli
biznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSi
204204204204
Tea munjiSviliTea munjiSviliTea munjiSviliTea munjiSvili , , , , rusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZe Tavisufali ekonomikTavisufali ekonomikTavisufali ekonomikTavisufali ekonomikuri zonebiuri zonebiuri zonebiuri zonebi
206206206206
zurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvili saqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo Sinameurneobebis
zomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxeb
210210210210
Tengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe
saqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi
da maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTulebada maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTulebada maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTulebada maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTuleba
213213213213
konferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebi
222215151515
231
daibeWdadaibeWdadaibeWdadaibeWda saqarTvelos ssip paata guguSvilis ekonosaqarTvelos ssip paata guguSvilis ekonosaqarTvelos ssip paata guguSvilis ekonosaqarTvelos ssip paata guguSvilis ekonomimimimi----
kis institutis samecnierokis institutis samecnierokis institutis samecnierokis institutis samecniero----sagamomcemlo sabWos gasagamomcemlo sabWos gasagamomcemlo sabWos gasagamomcemlo sabWos gadadadada----
wywywywyvevevevetitititilebiT.lebiT.lebiT.lebiT.
gamomcemlobis redaqtori sesili xanjalaZegamomcemlobis redaqtori sesili xanjalaZegamomcemlobis redaqtori sesili xanjalaZegamomcemlobis redaqtori sesili xanjalaZe
gadaeca warmoebas _ 2.11.2008.gadaeca warmoebas _ 2.11.2008.gadaeca warmoebas _ 2.11.2008.gadaeca warmoebas _ 2.11.2008.
qaRaldis zoma qaRaldis zoma qaRaldis zoma qaRaldis zoma ____
pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi ____
saaRricxvosaaRricxvosaaRricxvosaaRricxvo----sagamomcemlo Tabaxi sagamomcemlo Tabaxi sagamomcemlo Tabaxi sagamomcemlo Tabaxi ____
tiraJi 150tiraJi 150tiraJi 150tiraJi 150
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba
Tbilisi, g. qiqoZis # 14Tbilisi, g. qiqoZis # 14Tbilisi, g. qiqoZis # 14Tbilisi, g. qiqoZis # 14
36 94 77, 93 22 60, 99 68 5336 94 77, 93 22 60, 99 68 5336 94 77, 93 22 60, 99 68 5336 94 77, 93 22 60, 99 68 53
EelEelEelEel----fosta: fosta: fosta: fosta: economisti 1@ rambler.ru
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