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Australopithecus afarensis
Time Range4.2-2.5 million years before present
GeographyEast Africa
LocomotionBipedalism and arboreal climbing
Cranial CapacityMean: 470 cc
Range: 375-540 cc
HeightFemale: 3.3-3.4 ftMale: 5 ft
WeightFemale: 66 lbs
Male: 99-154 lbs
Other Facts
This species was sexually dimorphic
Named for the Afar region of Africa
Most likely slept in trees
Most of the data for this species is fromDonald Johanssons 1970s fieldwork
Cranial features more apelike
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Australopithecus africanus
Time Range3.3-2.5 million years before present
GeographySouth Africa
LocomotionBipedalism and arboreal climbing
Cranial CapacityMean: 454 cc
Range: 405-515 cc
HeightFemale: 3.8 ft averageMale: 4.5 ft average
WeightFemale: 55-66 lbs
Male: 90-132 lbs
Other Facts
This species was sexually dimorphic, anddeveloped fast like chimpanzees
Name means southern ape of Africa
Identified in 1924 by Ramond Dart
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Australopithecus
aethiopicus
Time Range
2.5 million years before present
LocomotionBipedalism (assumed)
Cranial Capacity410 cc
HeightUnknown
Weightunknown
Other Facts
This species was very sexually dimorphic,
and had a pronounced sagittal crest
Paranthropus aethiopicus is anotherclassification for the species
Paranthropus means parallel to man
This species is the oldest robust form
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Australopithecus boisei
Time Range2.4-1.3 million years before present
GeographyEast Africa
LocomotionBipedalism
Cranial CapacityMean: 465 ccRange: 390-500 cc
HeightFemale: 4.1 ft
Male: 4.5 ft
WeightFemale: 75-88 lbsMale: 108-176 lbs
Other Facts
This species is more robust than A.
robustus (hyperrobust)
Discovered by Mary Leakey in OlduvaiGorge, Tanzania 1959
Original classification was Zinjanthropus
boisei
Zinj is Arabic for East-Africa
Boisei comes from Charels Boise whofunded the dig that discovered A. boisei
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Australopithecus robustus
Time Range2.0-1.0 million years before present
GeographySouth Africa
LocomotionBipedalism
Cranial Capacity530 cc
Height
Female: 36 ftMale: 4.3 ft
WeightFemale: 71-88 lbsMale: 88-176 lbs
Other Facts
This was the first species placed in the
genus Paranthropus
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Homo habilis
Time Range2.3-1.5 million years before present
GeographyEast and South Africa
LocomotionBipedalism
Cranial CapacityMean: 612 cc
Range: 509-674 cc
HeightFemale: 3.3 ftMale: unknown
WeightFemale: 71 lbs
Male: 82 lbs
Other Facts
H. habilis means able man
Louis Leakey and colleagues proposed H.habilis as a species in 1964
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Homo erectus
Time Range2.0-0.25 million years before present
GeographyAfrica, Europe, Asia
LocomotionFully modern bipedalism
Cranial CapacityMean: 962 cc
Range: 600-1,251 cc
Height4.9-6.1 ft
Weight101-150 lbs
Other Facts
Original classification Pithecanthropuserectus which means upright walking man
This species is sometimes split into two
species H. egaster(Africa) and H. erectus(Asia)
egaster means work man
Discovered by Eugene Dubois in Java
1891
1st
species to run long distances, and use
fire
1st
species out of Africa
This species relied heavily on culture
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Homo sapiens
Time Range850,000-28,000 archaic Homo sapiens195,000-present modern Homo sapiens
GeographyWorldwide
LocomotionFully modern bipedalism
Cranial CapacityMean: 1,330 ccRange: 1,000-2,000 cc
Other Facts
Neanderthals possibly a subspecies or sidebranch ofH. sapiens
Chins are a defining characteristic ofH.
sapiens skulls
Cultural changes since H. erectus:--Art (painting, figurines)
--long distance trade--intentional burial
--rituals
culture changes rapidly
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Lucy AL 288-1
Discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia (1974) by
D. Johansson and T. Gray
Most complete A. afarensis specimen with40% of skeleton found
36 tall adult female
named after Beetles song Lucy in the sky
with Diamonds
Mrs. Ples Sts 5
Discovered in Sterkfontein, Republic ofSouth Africa (1947) by John T. Robinson
450 cc
Most complete adult A. africanus cranium
Stored at the Tranvaal Museum, South
Africa
Taung
Discovered in Taung, Republic of South
Africa (1924)
It was the 1st
australopithecine craniumfound
The individual was approximately 3-4
years old at death
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Black Skull WT 17,000
Discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya by
Alan Walker
This specimen is known for its dark color
from the minerals that make up the fossil
One notable feature on this specimen is thepronounced sagittal crest
Zinj OH 5
Discovered in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania(1959) by Mary Leakey
Named after the original genus name ofZinjanthropus
This specimen has a notable sagittal crest
and large molars
SK 48
Discovered in Swartkrans, Republic of
South Africa by R. Broom and J. T.Robinson
It was recovered during mining activities
but was broken due to blasting
This specimen has a notable sagittal crestand large teeth
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OH 24
Discovered in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania(1968) by P. Nzube
This specimen was exposed and badlyweathered but was restored andreconstructed by R. J. Clarke
600 cc
ER 1813
Discovered in Koobi Fora a, East Turkana,Kenya (1973) by K. Kimeu
Discovered during the Koobi Fora aResearch Project
Most of the cranium and part of the cranial
base and dentition were recovered
ER 1470
Discovered in Koobi Fora, East Turkana,Kenya (1972) by B. Ngeneo
B. Ngeneo was a member of a team lead
by Richard Leakey
775 cc
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Dmanisi
Discovered in the Republic of Georgia
This specimen possibly represents a
transition between H. habilis and H.erectus
600 cc
Nariokotome boy WT 15,000
Discovered in Nariokotome III, WestTurkana, Kenya (1984) cranial fragments
were found by Kamoya Kimeu the restwas discovered later by Alan Walker and
Richard Leakey
80% of body recovered (all except lefthumerus, both radii and most of hands and
feet)
Was 11-15 years old at death
880-900 cc
ER 3733
Discovered in Koobi Fora, East Turkana,Kenya (1975)
Discovered during the Koobi Fora
Research Project
Was found in deposits similar to KNM-ER406 (A. boisei) and appears to be
similar to H. erectus from Asia
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Java Man
Discovered near Trinil, Java on the SoloRiver (October 1891) by Dubois
A skull cap and femur were all that wasfound at the site
Originally named Pithecantropus erectus
Pithecantropus means ape man
In 1951 re-categorized as H. erectus
Sangiran 4
Discovered in Sangiran, Indonesia (1939)by R. von Koenigswald and F. Weidenrich
Back 3/4th
of cranial vault is all that was
found
Steinheim Man
Discovered in Steinheim an der Murr,Germany (1933) by K. Sigristin
Was discovered in a gravel pit
Most likely a transition between H. erectus
and H. sapiens
1100 cc
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Atapuerca 5
Discovered in Sierra de Atapuerca,Burgos, Spain by Juan Luis Arsuaga
From a limestone cave Sima de los Huesospit of bones where at least 32individuals were recovered
Most complete pre-modern cranium
known
1125 cc
Broken Hill 1
Recovered during open cast mining in alimestone hill in 1921
This specimen has both rugged and gracile
features
Skhul 5
Discovered in Wadiel-Mughara, Israel(1932) by T. D. McCown and H. Movius
Jr.
The specimen was restored by C. E. Snow
This specimen possibly co-existed withNeanderthals
There is evidence that this specimen was
intentionally buried
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La Ferrassie 1
Discovered in Savignac du bugeu,Dordogne, France (1909) by D. Deyrony
and L. Capitan
This specimen is a nearly completeskeleton with typical Neandertal features
La Chapelle aux Saints
Discovered in La Chapelle-aux-Saints,
France (1908) by A. and J. Bouysonie andL. Bardon
The specimen has a small lower face most
likely caused by tooth loss
1600 cc
Cro-magnon 1
Discovered in Les Eyzies, Dordogne,
France (1868) by workmen and removedby L. Lartet
Was found with 3 other adults and 4children
Nicknamed Old Man and had a smalllower face possibly due to old age
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