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• AGE Unit 20: Subjunctive and Optative • You have already learned three moods of Greek verbs:
the indicative, infinitive, and the imperative. • The indicative mood conveys actual historical events
in the present, past or future. • The infinitive mood is used as a verbal noun, so it is
not necessary to indicate the person and number of the verb.
• The imperative mood conveys a command for someone to perform the action of the verb.
Subjunctive and Optative Introduction
• AGE Unit 20: Subjunctive and Optative • This Unit presents the last two moods: the
Subjunctive and Optative. • We begin here with how to form these moods. • In Unit 20 02, we will see how to use these
moods.
Subjunctive and Optative Introduction
The Subjunctive Mood • The subjunctive mood primarily refers to hypothetical
actions in the present or future, that is, in the same time covered by the primary tenses of verbs.
• The subjunctive occurs only in the present, aorist and perfect tenses. Since the subjunctive mood always refers to hypothetical events, it NEVER has an augment (which indicates historical events in the past).
Subjunctive Mood Introduction
The Subjunctive Mood • ALL verbs in Greek use exactly the same personal
endings to mark the subjunctive mood. • As a primary mood, the subjunctive always uses
primary endings. • These primary personal endings are those of –ω verbs,
but with the thematic vowel lengthened • ο ➔ ω, ε ➔ η
Subjunctive Mood Formation
• Review: The Master List of Endings • Posted in Sakai is a “Master List of Endings: Verbs,”
where you can see the overall scheme of verb endings. • On the second page you can see the single set of
endings for all subjunctive mood verbs.
Subjunctive Mood Formation
Building a Greek verb • Personal endings for subjunctive verbs are those of –ω
verbs, but with the thematic vowel lengthened. For the active voice, the endings are:
!• -ω ➔ -ω = I -ομεν ➔ -ωμεν = we • -εις ➔ -ῃς = you -ετε ➔ -ητε = y’all • -ει ➔ -ῃ = (s)he, it -ουσι ➔ -ωσι = they
Subjunctive Mood Active Voice
Building a Greek verb • Notice that these endings are also the present active
subjunctive of εἰμί: ! ὦ ὦμεν ᾖς ἦτε ᾖ ὦσι !
• The present subjunctive of εἰμί is not enclitic. • Note also that for each number and person, the accents and
breathing marks are identical.
Subjunctive Mood εἰμί
Building a Greek verb • Personal endings for subjunctive verbs are those of –ω
verbs, but with the thematic vowel lengthened. For the middle voice, the endings are:
!• -ομαι ➔ -ωμαι = I -ομεθα ➔ -ωμεθα = we • *-εσαι ➔ *-ησαι ➔ -ῃ = you -εσθε ➔ -ησθε = y’all • -εται ➔ -ηται = (s)he, it -ονται ➔ -ωνται = they
Subjunctive Mood Middle Voice
The Subjunctive Mood • As you can see, ALL verbs in the subjunctive are
essentially -ω verbs and thematic. • Recall that this also happens to all verbs in the
indicative future. • The tense of the subjunctive is indicated not by any
additional markers or endings, but only by the tense stem.
• For the subjunctive, we need only know the present, aorist and perfect tense stems.
Subjunctive Mood Tenses
The Subjunctive Mood • To see how to form the subjunctive in these three
tenses, let’s take a look at three examples: !• λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα • λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα • δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα
Subjunctive Mood Tenses
The Subjunctive Mood • Let’s begin with this verb: !• λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα • present tense stem: λυ- • aorist tense stem: λυσ- • perfect tense stem: λελυκ-
Subjunctive Mood Tenses
• λύω • λύῃς • λύῃ
Subjunctive Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Active of λύω
(GPH p. 71)
• λύωμεν • λύητε • λύωσι(ν)
• λύσω • λύσῃς • λύσῃ
Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of λύω
(GPH p. 79)
• λύσωμεν • λύσητε • λύσωσι(ν)
• λελύκω • λελύκῃς • λελύκῃ
Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of λύω
(GPH p. 92)
• λελύκωμεν • λελύκητε • λελύκωσι(ν)
• λύωμαι • λύῃ • λύηται
Subjunctive Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Middle of λύω
(GPH p. 71)
• λυώμεθα • λύησθε • λύωνται
• λύσωμαι • λύσῃ • λύσηται
Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Middle of λύω
(GPH p. 71)
• λυσώμεθα • λύσησθε • λύσωνται
The Subjunctive Mood • In the perfect tense, the forms of the subjunctive mood proved
difficult for Greeks to say. • Sometimes in the active voice, and always in the middle voice,
Greek used periphrastic forms; that is, they used the perfect participle (perfect active participle if perfect active subjunctive, and middle if perfect middle) followed by the subjunctive form of εἰμί:
• active: λελύκῃ (or λελυκὼς ᾖ) • middle: λελυμένος ᾖ (never λελυ- + -ηται)
Subjunctive Mood Periphrastic Forms
• λελυμένος ὦ • λελυμένος ᾖς • λελυμένος ᾖ
Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Middle of λύω
(GPH p. 92)
• λελυμένοι ὦμεν • λελυμένοι ἦτε • λελυμένοι ὦσι
The Subjunctive Mood • Now let’s take a look at this verb, in the active voice. !• λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα • present tense stem: λαμβαν- • aorist tense stem: λαβ- • perfect tense stem: εἰληφ-
Subjunctive Mood Tenses
• λαμβάνω • λαμβάνῃς • λαμβάνῃ
Subjunctive Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Active of
λαμβάνω
• λαμβάνωμεν • λαμβάνητε • λαμβάνωσι(ν)
• λάβω • λάβῃς • λάβῃ
Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of
λαμβάνω
• λάβωμεν • λάβητε • λάβωσι(ν)
• εἰλήφω • εἰλήφῃς • εἰλήφῃ
Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of
λαμβάνω
• εἰλήφωμεν • εἰλήφητε • εἰλήφωσι(ν)
The Subjunctive Mood • Now let’s take a look at this verb, in the active voice. !• δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα • present tense stem: δεικνυ- • aorist tense stem: δειξ- • perfect tense stem: δεδειχ-
Subjunctive Mood Tenses
• δεικνύω • δεικνύῃς • δεικνύῃ
Subjunctive Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Active of
δείκνυμι
• δεικνύωμεν • δεικνύητε • δεικνύωσι(ν)
• δείξω • δείξῃς • δείξῃ
Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of
δείκνυμι
• δείξωμεν • δείξητε • δείξωσι(ν)
• δεδείχω • δεδείχῃς • δεδείχῃ
Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of
δείκνυμι
• δεδείχωμεν • δεδείχητε • δεδείχωσι(ν)
The Optative Mood • The optative mood primarily refers to hypothetical actions in
the past, that is, in the same time covered by the secondary tenses of verbs.
• As with the subjunctive, the optative occurs only in the present, aorist and perfect tenses. Since the optative mood always refers to hypothetical events, it NEVER has an augment (which indicates historical events in the past). • In very rare and specific circumstances, it is possible to create
a future tense of the optative.
Optative Mood Introduction
The Optative Mood • Like the subjunctive, ALL verbs in the optative mood
use the personal endings of –ω verbs. • For the active first person singular ending, however, the
optative uses -μι. • As a secondary mood, the optative uses secondary
endings.
Optative Mood Formation
The Optative Mood • To mark the optative mood, an -ι- is inserted between
the thematic vowel and the personal ending. • Inserting this -ι- means that the thematic vowel does
not degrade from ο to ε, as it does elsewhere. • As a result, the thematic vowel remains an ο
throughout all persons and numbers.
Optative Mood Formation
Building a Greek verb • As a secondary mood, the optative uses secondary
endings. • To mark the optative mood, an -ι- is inserted between
the thematic vowel and the personal ending in the active voice:
!• -ον ➔ -οιμι = I -ομεν ➔ -οιμεν = we
• -ες ➔ -οις = you -ετε ➔ -οιτε = y’all
• -ε ➔ -οι = (s)he, it -ον ➔ -οιεν = they
Optative Mood Active Voice
Building a Greek verb • In the first (weak) aorist, the -σα- marker replaces the
thematic vowel -ο- in the active voice: !• -οιμι ➔ -σαιμι = I -ομεν ➔ -σαιμεν = we
• -οις ➔ -σαις = you -οιτε ➔ -σαιτε = y’all
• -οι ➔ -σαι or -σειε = (s)he, it -οιεν ➔ -σαιεν or -σειαν = they
Optative Mood First Aorist Active Endings
Building a Greek verb • As a secondary mood, the optative uses secondary
endings. • To mark the optative mood, an -ι- is inserted between
the thematic vowel and the personal ending in the middle voice: !
• -ομην ➔ -οιμην = I -ομεθα ➔ -οιμεθα = we • *-εσο ➔ *-οισο ➔ -οιο = you -εσθε ➔ -οισθε = y’all • -ετο ➔ -οιτο = (s)he, it -οντο ➔ -οιντο = they
Optative Mood Middle Voice
Building a Greek verb • Likewise, in the first (weak) aorist, the -σα- marker
replaces the thematic vowel -ο- in the middle voice: !• -οιμην ➔ -σαιμην = I -οιμεθα ➔ -σαιμεθα = we
• -οιο ➔ -σαιο = you -οισθε ➔ -σαισθε = y’all
• -οιτο ➔ -σαιτο = (s)he, it -οντο ➔ -σαιντο = they
Optative Mood First Aorist Middle Endings
The Optative Mood • Τhe importance of inserted -ι- as a marker of the
optative mood is also reflected in the fact that -οι and -αι at the end of optative forms are long diphthongs (not short as they are everywhere else).
• While the basic marker of optative mood is the inserted -ι-, for clarity and pronunciation Greek words sometimes expanded this marker to -ιη- (or shortened to -ιε-). This happens most notably in contract verbs and –μι verbs.
Optative Mood Formation
Building a Greek verb • Note, for example, that the present optative of εἰμί
generally uses -ιη- as its optative marker, and regular –μι secondary endings:
!• εἴην εἴημεν or εἶμεν • εἴης εἴητε or εἶτε • εἴη εἴησαν or εἶεν
Optative Mood εἰμί
The Optative Mood • As you can see, ALL verbs in the optative are essentially
-ω verbs and thematic. • Recall that this also happens to all verbs in the
subjunctive and in the indicative future. • The tense of the optative is indicated not by any
additional markers or endings, but by the tense stem. • For the optative, we need for now to know only the
present, aorist and perfect tense stems.
Optative Mood Tenses
The Optative Mood • To see how to form the subjunctive in these three
tenses, let’s take a look at three examples: !• λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα • λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα • δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα
Optative Mood Tenses
The Optative Mood • Let’s begin with this verb: !• λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα • present tense stem: λυ- • aorist tense stem: λυσ- • perfect tense stem: λελυκ-
Optative Mood Tenses
• λύοιμι • λύοις • λύοι
Optative Mood The Present, Subjunctive, Active of λύω
(GPH p. 72)
• λύοιμεν • λύοιτε • λύοιεν
• λύσαιμι • λύσαις • λύσαι
Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Active of λύω
(GPH p. 80)
• λύσαιμεν • λύσαιτε • λύσαιεν or λύσειαν
• λελύκοιμι • λελύκοις • λελύκοι
Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of λύω
(GPH p. 92)
• λελύκοιμεν • λελύκοιτε • λελύκοιεν
• λυοίμην • λύοιο • λύοιτο
Optative Mood The Present, Optative, Middle of λύω
(GPH p. 72)
• λυοίμεθα • λύοισθε • λύοιντο
• λυσαίμην • λύσαιο • λύσαιτο
Subjunctive Mood The Aorist, Subjunctive, Middle of λύω
(GPH p. 80)
• λυσαίμεθα • λύσαισθε • λύσαιντο
The Optative Mood • In the perfect tense, as with the subjunctive, the forms of
the optative mood proved difficult for Greeks to say. • Sometimes in the active voice, and always in the middle
voice, Greek used periphrastic forms; that is, they used the perfect participle (perfect active participle if perfect active optative, and middle if perfect middle) followed by the optative form of εἰμί:
• active: λελύκοι (or λελυκὼς εἴη) • middle: λελυμένος εἴη (never λελυ- + -ι- + -το)
Optative Mood Periphrastic Forms
• λελυμένος εἴην • λελυμένος εἴης • λελυμένος εἴη
Optative Mood The Perfect, Optative, Middle of λύω
(GPH p. 93)
• λελυμένοι εἴημεν • λελυμένοι εἴητε • λελυμένοι εἴησαν
The Optative Mood • Now let’s take a look at this verb, in the active voice. !• λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα • present tense stem: λαμβαν- • aorist tense stem: λαβ- • perfect tense stem: εἰληφ-
Optative Mood Tenses
• λαμβάνοιμι • λαμβάνοις • λαμβάνοι
Optative Mood The Present, Optative, Active of
λαμβάνω
• λαμβάνοιμεν • λαμβάνοιτε • λαμβάνοιεν
• λάβοιμι • λάβοις • λάβοι
Optative Mood The Aorist, Optative, Active of
λαμβάνω
• λάβοιμεν • λάβοιτε • λάβοιεν
• εἰλήφοιμι • εἰλήφοις • εἰλήφοι
Subjunctive Mood The Perfect, Subjunctive, Active of
λαμβάνω
• εἰλήφοιμεν • εἰλήφοιτε • εἰλήφοιεν
The Subjunctive Mood • Now let’s take a look at this verb, in the active voice. !• δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα • present tense stem: δεικνυ- • aorist tense stem: δειξ- • perfect tense stem: δεδειχ-
Subjunctive Mood Tenses
• δεικνύοιμι • δεικνύοις • δεικνύοι
Optative Mood The Present, Optative, Active of
δείκνυμι
• δεικνύοιμεν • δεικνύοιτε • δεικνύοιεν
• δείξοιμι • δείξοις • δείξοι
Optative Mood The Aorist, Optative, Active of
δείκνυμι
• δείξοιμεν • δείξοιτε • δείξοιεν
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