View
214
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Agenda for the DayMorning: Overview of Internet economic building blocksAfternoon: How to translate Internet growth into overall economic growth, follow-up on issues of interest, Q&A
Packet Clearing House
TunIXP Workshop on IXPsApril 29-30, 2013
Tunis
Bill WoodcockExecutive Director
Packet Clearing House
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Redundant Transit Providers
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green Customer
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Redundant Transit Providers
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green Customer
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Red Customer sends to Green Customer via Red NSP
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Redundant Transit Providers
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green Customer
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Red NSP delivers at nearest IXP
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Redundant Transit Providers
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green Customer
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Green NSP backhauls from distant IXP
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Redundant Transit Providers
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green Customer
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Green ISP delivers to Green Customer
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Redundant Transit Providers
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green Customer
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Green Customer replies via Green NSP
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Redundant Transit Providers
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green Customer
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Green NSP delivers at nearest IXP
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Redundant Transit Providers
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green Customer
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Red NSP backhauls from distant IXP
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Redundant Transit Providers
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green Customer
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Red NSP delivers to Red Customer
Redundant Transit Providers
Green Customer
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Red Network is responsible for its own costs
Redundant Transit Providers
Green Customer
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Green Network is responsible for its own costs
Redundant Transit Providers
Green Customer
Redundant Transit Providers
Hot Potato Routing
Red Customer
Red NSPNetwork
Green NSPNetwork
IXP
IXP
Symmetry: Fair sharing of costs
For any two parties who wish to exchange traffic, there must be a pair of exchanges, one near each party.
The efficiency of the Internet depends upon this principle:
Countries which haven’t yet built Internet Exchange Points disadvantage themselves, and export capital to countries that already have.
The Corollary:
Packet Clearing House
Distribution of IXPsHalf of all countries still have no IXP, while others have dozens.
Packet Clearing House
Number of IXPs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Packet Clearing House
Number of IXPs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
About one every three weeks
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
Room
Router
Router
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
Router
Router
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Room
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
Switch
Router
Router
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Room
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Building
Room
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Building
Room
Room
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Building
Room
Room
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Switch
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Building
Room
Room
Router
Router
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Switch
Packet Clearing House
Building
Room
Building
Room
Room
Room
Router
Router
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Switch
RouterRouter
Packet Clearing House
BuildingBuilding
Room Room
Room
RoomRoom
Router
Router
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Switch
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Packet Clearing House
BuildingBuilding
Room Room
Room
RoomRoom
Router
Router
Room
Growth of IXP Physical Plant
Switch
Router
Router
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Switch
RouterRouter
SwitchRouter
Router
Building
Room
Room
Room
Router Router
Router
Router
Router
RouterSwitch
Switch
Packet Clearing House
Effect of an IX on Transit PurchaseSometimes people assume that the introduction of low-cost bandwidth from a local IX is a literal substitute for high-cost bandwidth from existing transit providers, and that this will result in a reduction of total costs. This is not true, and stems from trying to view ISP economics in terms other than APBDC and exponential growth.
Packet Clearing House
Effect of an IX on Transit PurchaseIn fact, transit contracts tend to be constrained to fixed terms, are not subject to cost-effective early cancellation, and are time- and labor-intensive to initiate.
Packet Clearing House
Effect of an IX on Transit Purchase
Transit Bandwidth Prior to Domestic Peering
Unused capacity 55mbps
International traffic70mbps
Domestic traffic30mbps
155mbps
1gbps
Packet Clearing House
Effect of an IX on Transit Purchase
Transit Bandwidth After Domestic Peering
Unused capacity 85mbps
International traffic70mbps
Domestic traffic30mbps
155mbps
1gbps
Unused capacity 970mbps
Packet Clearing House
The Virtuous Cycle of UpgradesThe Internet has doubled in size every ten and a half months for the past thirty years.Keeping up with this exponential growth is a process of addressing each revealed bottleneck and moving on to the next in a continuous virtuous cycle of upgrades, eventually returning to each bottleneck many times.
Packet Clearing House
The Virtuous Cycle of Upgrades
InternetExchange
Point
Regulatory,Policy and
Governance
LocalLoop
NationalBackbone
InternationalCables
CriticalInfrastructure
Packet Clearing House
The Virtuous Cycle of Upgrades
InternetExchange
Point
Regulatory,Policy and
Governance
LocalLoop
NationalBackbone
InternationalCables
CriticalInfrastructure
IXPs provide a domestic source of
Internet bandwidth that
is not dependent on
International transit or
transport.
Packet Clearing House
The Virtuous Cycle of Upgrades
InternetExchange
Point
Regulatory,Policy and
Governance
LocalLoop
NationalBackbone
InternationalCables
CriticalInfrastructure
Local loops (or “last miles” of
copper, fiber, or wireless must be
available to connect
networks to customers and resources like
IXPs, critical infrastructure,
and international cables.
Packet Clearing House
The Virtuous Cycle of Upgrades
InternetExchange
Point
Regulatory,Policy and
Governance
LocalLoop
NationalBackbone
InternationalCables
CriticalInfrastructure
Long-haul backbone fiber
must be available to
interconnect IXPs in one city with customers
in another. They form the web of circuits between
a country’s cities.
Packet Clearing House
The Virtuous Cycle of Upgrades
InternetExchange
Point
Regulatory,Policy and
Governance
LocalLoop
NationalBackbone
InternationalCables
CriticalInfrastructure
International cable systems must be available for domestic ISPs to bring traffic in from foreign IXPs, and for foreign ISPs to receive traffic from domestic IXPs.
Packet Clearing House
The Virtuous Cycle of Upgrades
InternetExchange
Point
Regulatory,Policy and
Governance
LocalLoop
NationalBackbone
InternationalCables
CriticalInfrastructure
Critical infrastructure like root and ccTLD nameservers, CERTs, andlaw enforcementintercept must be speedy enough to keep up with the rest of the network.
Packet Clearing House
The Virtuous Cycle of Upgrades
InternetExchange
Point
Regulatory,Policy and
Governance
LocalLoop
NationalBackbone
InternationalCables
CriticalInfrastructure
The public policy environment must support and encourage new market entrants and competition among existing players to ensure continuous price/performance improvement.
Packet Clearing House
The Virtuous Cycle of Upgrades
InternetExchange
Point
Regulatory,Policy and
Governance
LocalLoop
NationalBackbone
InternationalCables
CriticalInfrastructure
...by which time we’re ready to
upgrade our IXP again.
And so on, around the
circle.
Packet Clearing House
Interface Speeds ConstrainedFunding for optoelectronic physics basic research was withdrawn in the wake of the 2001 telecom investment collapse.
There’s a approximately four-year productization pipeline, so the effect became clear from about 2005 onward.
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
Jan-92 Dec-93 Jan-96 Dec-97 Jan-00 Dec-01 Jan-04 Dec-05 Jan-08 Dec-09 Jan-1292 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
10 tbps
1 tbps
100 gbps
10 gbps
1 gbps
100 mbps
10 mbps
6 gbps / year linear
115% annual exponential
Recommended