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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Engineering and Pharmacy are most demanding profession in
India. Engineering and Pharmacy are very typical profession that
demands an intensive mental load of study to satisfy the high
demands placed. So tolerte this pressure they need physical fitness
because sound body has a sound mind1.
Physical fitness comprises two related concepts: fitness (a state
of health and well-being) and specific fitness (a task-oriented
definition based on the ability to perform specific aspects of sports or
occupations). Physical fitness is generally achieved
through exercises, correct nutrition and enough rest. It is an important
part of life. In previous years fitness was commonly defined as the
capacity to carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue.
However, as automation increased leisure time, changes in lifestyles
following the industrial revolution rendered this definition
insufficient. Fitness is based on the attributes an individual has,
meaning what he is born with or has acquired, in other words through
1 Http://Runningandphilosophy.Blogspot.Com/2007/12/Sound-Mind-Sound-Body.Html
retrieve on 12/07/2011
2
training. Thus, performance is influenced by inherited abilities
(genetic) and training status. An individual who is "naturally gifted"
will still need proper training to make the most of their talent2.
Barrow stated that many early civilizations such as Spartan,
early Athenian and Roman laid great stress upon physical fitness of
their countrymen. Physical training was important of their
educational programme. The developed and strong countries like
Germany laid great stress to improve the physical fitness of their
countrymen. Even after World War I and II American introduced an
organize physical training programme for the physical fitness of
youth and that continued even today. It was admitted fact that
physical fitness is an essential quality of man. A person, who is good
in strength, feels superior and tends to be well adjusted. While a
person who is poor in strength feels inferior and finds difficulties in
social adjustment. A person who does not enjoy healthy living is a
burden not only for himself, but for his nation and society as well.
Without good health one cannot enjoy the blessing of nature and
human life. Physical fitness is one’s valuable trait; it cannot be
2 Bissonnette, Rami, “A Factor Analytic Description Physical Fitness in Elementary School Boys”, Dissertation Abstract International. 2003, pp. 86-87
3
purchased but has to be earned through daily routine of well plannned
physical activity3.
Physical fitness is used as one of the mode - through which
the aim of physical education achieved (a complete whole some
individual). A man's life is full of physical and a mental stress is a
matter of concern for optimum development of an individual. It
brings up the optimum health and also helps the society to create a
healthy environment to grow to the maximum. It is the pride of
nation. A healthy and fit society also fulfils the W.H.O. objective.
By means of Physical fitness programmes, performance of games
and sports are also improved. Every country is struggling hard for
the apex position in games and sports. To achieve this top position
every efforts is done. The scientific and systematic ways of
training are followed to improve the standards of physical fitness,
so that the best result should be achieved.
Apart from this, a healthy living also makes a person a
healthy citizen. Participation in sports is one of the common traits
3
H.M Barrow, Man and Movement: Principles of Physical Education. W.S. Saunder and
Co., 1972. pp 56-57
4
of human character and it starts to develop from the very
beginning of childhood. But, with the development of age, some
people participate in recreational sports or amateur sports whereas
very few individual dedicate themselves to become true
sportspersons by regular practice and training which enable them
to improve their psychological adjustments towards their goal4.
The characteristics of an athlete mainly depend upon
physical fitness, having components like muscular strength and
endurance, cardio- respiratory endurance, flexibility, speed,
power, agility, balance etc. But, these components may vary in
sportspersons involving different sports activities Today's world
is a mechanical world where human beings have to perform very
little physical activities as numbers of appliances which are being
operated by electricity have been developed. This is one of the
outcomes of development process which took place in the field of
science and technology. With these appliances, it has become very
easy to accomplish various complex and time consuming
functions within few minutes. Although through such appliances,
4 D Nandi “The Motor Fitness Factors as prediction of High Jump Abilities Among Middle
School Children. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Jiwaji University Gwalior (M.P.)
1990.
5
human beings have got a lot of relief, but still there are some
drawbacks found in this today modern and mechanical world, an
important drawback is these appliances adversely affect the health
and fitness levels of human beings to a considerable extent5.
As known that human beings, belonging to all the class and
creeds, have a body, which is made up of various muscles, bones
and tissues. Human beings perform various kinds of functions as a
result of various organs situated inside the body. It is only when
these organs will function properly that human body will be able
to perform different kinds of tasks appropriately. If any of the
organs will not be able to function properly, then the human body
gets caught by various kinds of diseases. An important cause of
improper function of various organs is lack of movement of
human limbs. As human beings make use of various parts of their
body to little extent, as a result of which muscles and tissues
existed in their body become inactive. In the condition of
inactivity, their possibilities of getting affected by various diseases
get increased. These diseases affect the functioning of whole
system of the body by which various other kinds of diseases also
5 J. Harry, “Evaluation of AAHPER Youth Fitness Test”. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness,2000.
6
get inflicted to the body. They have been come into being and
various young people are found to be affected by various serious
problems like asthma and cancer6.
As different kinds of socio and economic conditions prevail
in different nations, thus studies conducted in different parts of the
world will reveal different results, because of which reference to
various studies conducted by pioneer physical educators in various
international journals published in United States of America has
been made, as it is one of the most developed nation of the world
where majority of people are conscious of concept of physical
fitness and make use of various means by which they can keep
themselves fit. Although there is an increase in the consciousness
of concept of physical fitness in our country and in other under
developed nations also, but as it such nations, a large number of
people still have to make a lot of efforts to earn their bread and
butter because of which they cannot make use of various facilities
provided by government and non-government organizations. It is
6 K.A. Pfeiffer and M Dowda Dishman, “Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Girls-Change from Middle to High School”. Journal of American College of Sports Medicine. Vol. 39, No. 12, 2007,pp. 223-2241.
7
because of this reason that programs introduced in America have
been taken into account7.
Health, vitality, and long life are desirable goals for
everyone, but they are not achieved without effort. Because many
of the habits of modern life do more to diminish health then to
increase it, fitness has to be worked at. If you are resolved to take
a positive attitude toward your health and well-being, and to
prevent problems rather than simply treating them as and when
they occur, then physical fitness must be an essential part of your
life.
Being fit has many advantages, from helping you to control
your weight to giving you a better night sleep. There is impressive
evidence that people who exercise frequently, and in the correct
way, are less prone to heart attacks, strokes and other life -
threatening conditions, and live longer than people whose
existence is sedentary. You cannot, however, build up a store of
fitness that will last for life. You need to exercise regularly all
your life, and should exercise more, not less, as you get older. The
7 Hebbel Neck Marcel, “The Concept of Health Related to Physical Fitness”.
International Journal of Physical Education, Vol xxi. 1984,pp 18-19.
8
type of exercise that is most effective in improving fitness is
aerobic exercise. The word aerobic means with oxygen" and all
aerobic exercise uses oxygen. The oxygen reaches the body by
being breathed in through the lungs and distributed to working
muscles via the blood, which is pumped around the circulation by
the heart8.
Ancient Greece which is considered to be the cradle of
civilization gave new dimensions to the application of motor-
fitness in sorting activities and recreation. Sports and recreation
activity in form of dance and cultural activity provided the fun and
also served as a means of preparing for adult life. Sports activities
were taken from daily life’s activities and became a recognized to
improve strength, speed and other motor qualities necessary to
defend their nation for survival. ‘Fittest is the survival and
survival is the fittest’ was the slogan of those days.With the
growing civilization of Greek’s, great philosophers like Aristotle
also advocated the relationship of fitness with mind and soul. He
was of the opinion that “body owns the temple of soul and to
reach to the harmony of body and spirit, the body must be
physically fit”. Liberal Athenians as well as rigid Spartan gave 8 Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Health retrieve on 19/08/2011
9
great importance to physical fitness of their people. The revival of
Modern Olympics in the year 1896 has brought a great revolution
among the sports participants to establish their supremacy in the
world. Physical fitness was considered to be the basic requirement
to achieve excellence at national and international level. At the
end of twentieth century, sports assumed cultural magnitude and
complexity hither to unseen, unimagined and brought about
enormously improved results for both the individual and country
at large9.
People define physical fitness in different ways. This is because
people have different body types, different fitness goals, different
health goals, and have different daily demands on their body.
General fitness: This concept of physical fitness encompasses
just about every person. It defines your overall health, well-being,
and state of mind.
Specific Fitness: This is a more defined concept of physical
fitness and it relates to a person’s ability to train their body to
9 www.Unm.Edu/~I Kravitz/Article % 20 Folder/Aqua. Html retrieve on 28/09/2011
10
perform specific tasks, such as a sport or military duty at an above
average level10.
Sports Medicine defines physical fitness as a set of attributes
that people have, or achieve, that relates to the ability to perform
physical activity. This guide was written in recognition that both
the quality and quantity of physical activity recommended to the
individuals using this guide is consistent with current physical
activity recommendations for the general public.
The fitness components of cardio-respiratory endurance,
muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body
composition are all inherent within this generalized exercise
prescription. This program specifies the intensity, duration, and
frequency of training and it is the interaction of these three
variables that results in improved health and physical fitness.
Body Composition: This refers to the percentage of fat, bone,
water, and muscle we have in our body. It is how we look.
Cardiovascular Endurance: This is the body’s Ability to supply
oxygen and blood to its muscles for long periods of time during
10 Daryl Siedentop ‘’Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness and Sports’’, Mcgraw Hill 6th Edition, pp 427 Mcgraw Hill Publishers, New York, USA. 2007.
11
physical activity. Building strength in the heart and lungs are vital
to a bodies overall health.
Flexibility: This is the range of movement the muscles, tendons,
and ligaments have during periods of physical activity or
stretching
Muscular Endurance: This is refers to the length of time your
muscles can perform an activity or exercise without fatigue.
Strength: - the extent to which muscles can exert force by
contracting against resistance (e.g. holding or restraining an object
or person)
Muscular Strength: This is the maximum amount of weight your
muscle(s) can lift in a single movement.
Agility - the ability to perform a series of explosive power
movements in rapid succession in opposing directions e.g. Zig
Zag running movements11.
11 Allen W. Jackson; James R. Morrow, Jr. D.W. Hill and Rod K. Dishman ‘’ Physical Activity for Health and Fitness’’ pp: 368 USA. 2004.
12
Flexibility - the ability to achieve an extended range of motion
without being impeded by excess tissue, i.e. fat or muscle (e.g.
executing a leg split)
Local Muscle Endurance - a single muscle's ability to perform
sustained work (e.g. rowing)
Cardiovascular Endurance - the heart's ability to deliver blood
to working muscles and their ability to use it (e.g. running long
distances)
Strength Endurance - a muscle's ability to perform a maximum
contraction time after time (e.g. continuous explosive rebounding
through an entire basketball game)
Co-ordination - the ability to integrate the above listed
components so that effective movements are achieved.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
13
The purpose of study was to compare physical fitness among
Pharmacy and Engineering students.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study was to find out physical fitness level of
Pharmacy and Engineering students and compare its various
components.
HYPOTHESIS
It was hypothized that there will not be any significant difference
among Pharmacyand Engineering students in their physical fitness
level.
DELIMITATIONS
1. The study was delimited 40 undergraduate students (20
Pharmacy and 20 Engineering) of Institute of Professional
Studies, Gwalior (M.P.)
2. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education,
Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) fitness test was
applied.
14
3. This study was delimited male students aged between 18-25
years.
LIMITATIONS
1. No motivational technique was used to achieve the best
score.
2. It was not feasible to conduct all the fitness test due to some
unavoidable reasons. Therefore only one test will be
conducted.
DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS
Physical Fitness
Physical fitness allows us to perform daily activities and face
physical and emotional stress during moments of increased
intensity. If you are physically fit you have good physical health
and mental health. Being physically fit helps people to perform
exercise well in all circumstances despite of age. Physical fitness
trainers often describe Fitness is the capability to carry out day to
15
day functions energetically and vigilantly by keeping extra energy
to do other leisure-time activities and emergency needs.
Fitness is based on the attributes an individual has,
meaning what he is born with or has acquired, in other words
through training. Thus, performance is influenced by inherited
abilities (genetic) and training status. An individual who is
"naturally gifted" will still need proper training to make the most
of their talent12.
Physical fitness comprises two related concepts: general fitness (a
state of health and well-being) and specific fitness (a task-oriented
definition based on the ability to perform specific aspects of sports
or occupations). Physical fitness is generally achieved through
exercise, correct nutrition and enough rest. It is an important part
of life. In previous years, fitness was commonly defined as the
capacity to carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue.
These days, physical fitness is considered a measure of the body’s
ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure
activities13.12 Bijay Krishn Ray, “Comparison of Physical Fitness of Tribal and Urban Students in Tripura’’
Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.), 1979.13
16
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1. This study will be helpful to develop suitable conditioning
programme for the Pharmacy and Engineering students to
develop physical fitness based on their required to perform
daily task efficiently.
2. This is helpful to know the fitness level of Pharmacy and
Engineering students.
3. This study will be helpful in promoting general physical
fitness among individuals.
4. This study will help the researchers, coaches, physical
educators and students of Pharmacyand Engineeringto
understand the values and importance of physical fitness
which do affect on the personality.
5. This study will help to coaches and trainers to categorize
the students on the basis of their physical fitness.
6. This study will also provides guidelines to categorize the
students on the basis of their fitness level.
Manorma Mehta, “Comparison of Physical Fitness Tribal and non-tribal School Girls of Indore Division.” Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior
(M.P.), 1981.
17
7. This study will help student of Pharmacy and Engineering
to shape up their personality for campus.
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