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Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page i
Amhara National Regional State
Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use
(BoEPLAU)
Tana sub basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
Technical Report Volume X: Animal Health Assessment
(ADSWE, LUPESP/TaSB: 10/2015)
February, 2015
Bahir Dar
Client: Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU)
Address:
P.O.Box: 145
Telephone: +251-582-265458
Fax: (058) 2265479
E-mail: Amhara environment@gmail.com
Consultant: Amhara Design & Supervision Works Enterprise (ADSWE)
Address:
P.O.Box: 1921
Telephone: +251-582-181023/ 180638/181201/181254
Fax: (058) 2180550/0560
E-mail: amhara design@yahoo.com
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BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page ii
LIST OF REPORTS
Section I: MAIN REPORT
Section II: SECTOR STUDIES
Volume I: Soil Survey
Volume II: Forest and Wildlife Assessment
Volume III: Hydrology and Water Resource Assessment
Volume IV: Land Use and Land Cover
Volume V: Agro Climatic Assessment
Volume VI: Crop Resource Assessment
Volume VII: Watershed Management
Volume VIII: Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment
Volume IX: Human Health Assessment
Volume X Animal Health Assessment
Volume XI: Fish and Wetland Assessment
Volume XII: Sociologic assessment
Volume XIII: Economic Study
Volume XIV: Tourism Assessment
Section III PLANNING
Volume I Approaches, Procedures and Methods
Volume II Land Utilization Types Description and their Environmental
Requirements Setting
Volume III Planning Units Description
Volume IV Land Suitability Evaluation
Volume V Land Use Plan
Volume VI Management plan
Volume VII Implementation Guideline
SECTION IV ANNEXES
Maps albums and data base
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The communities living in the sub basin are faced with many problems like, animal diseases, food
shortage for their animals, food insecurity, weed invasion, market, infrastructures and many
others. Then again, they have unexploited resources that can be developed through overcoming
the limitations in the resource base. In order to guide development interventions in the sub basin,
undertaking detailed land use study is considered as very crucial.
The studies were conducted in the sub basin, which encompassed a total area of 1,579,096.9
hectares, 29 Woredas and 442 Kebeles with total population, of 3,158,247 (CSA, 2007 and GIS
analysis, 2014).
The data required for the thematic reports of animal disease and other associated animal health
problems for different livestock species, were gathered from review of literatures, secondary
documents, community and Woreda representative focus group discussions and with other
relevant stakeholders, individual interviews with the community and personal observations. The
temperatures, soil type, rainfall and slope, which are mainly, referred as biophysical indicators
and access to veterinary clinics is an indicator of infrastructures. These parameters were collected
from the primary and secondary sources through the pre-formulated methods, with the help of
GIS and pertinent data collection formats. After this the data was thoroughly encoded, analyzed
with SPSS-16 version soft ware and then investigated to harmonize with research results and
objective realities of the sub basin.
The livelihood in the region is totally depends on livestock. The livestock population of the sub
basin is estimated to be 2,405,113cattle, 549778 goat, 951982 sheep, 318591equine and 1924685
poultry (ADSWE, Woreda secondary data collected at field survey, 2014). Huge number of
animal population is present in Tana sub basin but the people within the basin could not use this
huge resource due to a number of constraints, which includes animal disease, feed shortage and
poor management system.
Data regarding with animal diseases prevalence were collected from different sources.
Accordingly, bacterial, viral, protozoan and internal and external parasitic diseases commonly
exist in all study area and affects different types or species of livestock. The most common and
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BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page iv
economically important animal diseases are; foot and mouth disease(FMD), lumpy skin disease
(LSD), contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (CBPP), bovine pastreulosis, pesti dis petites
ruminants (PPR), contagious caprine pleura pneumonia (CCPP), goat and sheep pox , anthrax,
black leg, brucellosis, TB, trypanosomiasis, African horse sickness, newcastle disease(NCD),
gumboro disease, internal and external parasites (ADSWE, Woreda secondary data collected at
field survey, 2014). These are the most African enzootic and economically sever animal diseases.
The data is also including manegenment system, birth complexity, mechanical injury, veterinary
service, type and amount of drugs and vaccinesthat affect the health of different animals directly
or indirectly. The diseases and other associated health problems are major hurdle to livestock
productivity such as decrease in milk and meat production,decrease in reproduction, reduced
working ability,low quality hide and skin, low cost or totally banded in international market, and
death of animals.
Data regarding extension support on animal disease prevention and control of diseases was
collected from HH survey. As result of HH survey, around 26.9% of farmers did not get extension
support on animal disease prevention and control. The data shows that large number of people did
not have enough knowledge about disease prevention and control.
Regarding veterinary clinic spatial distribution in some localities, they are very close to each
other while in other localities, they are dispersed and in some localities, they did not exist.
Veterinary and post veterinary clinics have different types of problems such as, shortage of
portable water and electricity facilities, laboratory equipment, shortage of medicine, limited type
of treatments, poorly constructed clinics, repairing problem and in some areas luck of
professionals.
Data regarding time elapsed to reach veterinary clinics was collected from HH survey. The result
of data indicates that 50.7%, 35.6%, 13.3% and .4% of the study area people travel<1hr, 1-2(<2)
hr, 2-3(<3) hr and ≥3hr to reach the nearest veterinary clinic respectively. This data shows that
around 14 % of people with their sick animals travel more than 2hours to the nearby clinic. This
is very difficult to treat acute cases. This also indicates that some areas are inaccessible to
veterinary clinics. In addition to this, some areas are inaccessible to veterinary clinic due to
topography and large rivers. Data regarding major transportation problems to get veterinary
service was collected from HH survey. The result indicates that 22.9% and 28.8% of population
have large mountain and large river without dam that makes inaccessibility respectively.
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Finally, livestock production is in a state of poor production conditions due to animal diseases,
inaccessibility of institution poor management, shortage of feed and breeds. Furthermore,
environmental degradation, land shortage, poor extension services and low attention for the sector
development are common. On the other hand, there are also good potential and opportunities to
develop the sector. Therefore, the proper attention for animal health would be given based on
these evaluation parameters to formulate the best disease prevention and control strategies and
effective livestock development type in the sub basin.
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Table of Contents
LIST OF REPORTS ..................................................................................................................................... ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. viii
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. ix
ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................ x
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2. 1 General Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 Specific objectives ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................................ 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Animal Diseases in the Amhara Region ............................................................................................... 5
2.2 Climatic change and implications to vectors and vector born diseases ................................................ 7
2.3 Prevalence of bovine schistosomosis in selected sites of Bahirdar Woreda ........................................ 7
2.4 Animal Health Service type and Coverage in Amhara Region ............................................................ 8
3 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Description of the Study Area ............................................................................................................ 10
3.1.1 Animal Disease Situation in Sub Basin ....................................................................................... 10
3.1.2 Climate ........................................................................................................................................ 11
3.1.3 Agro Climatologic Zone .............................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Materials Used .................................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Methods of data collection ................................................................................................................. 12
3.3 .1 Pre-Field Works.......................................................................................................................... 12
3. 3.1.1 Review Literature and Document .................................................................................... 12
3.3.1.2 Guideline Preparation ........................................................................................................ 12
3.3.1.3 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................... 13
3.3.1.4 Base Map Preparation ..................................................................................................... 13
3.3.1.5 Biophysical Observation Site Selection ............................................................................ 13
3.3.1.6 Source of data and data collecting ................................................................................. 14
3.3.1.7 Field Survey Action Plan Preparation .............................................................................. 14
3.3.2 Sampling for Household Survey ................................................................................................. 14
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3.3.3 Sample Size Determination ........................................................................................................ 15
3.3.4 Sampling frame of Household Socio-Economic Survey ............................................................ 16
3.4 Data Analysis Methodologies ............................................................................................................. 16
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 18
4.1 Animal health Assessment ................................................................................................................. 18
4.1.1 Bovine Diseases........................................................................................................................... 19
4.1. 1.1 Infectious Diseases ............................................................................................................. 22
4.1.1.2 Blood parasites .................................................................................................................... 27
4.1.1.3 Internal Parasites ................................................................................................................ 29
4.1.1.4 External Parasites ............................................................................................................... 32
4.1.1.5 Bloat ..................................................................................................................................... 33
4.1. 2 Equine diseases ........................................................................................................................... 35
4.1.2.1 Infectious disease ................................................................................................................ 36
4.1.2.2 Internal parasites ................................................................................................................ 38
4.1.2.3 External Parasites ............................................................................................................... 38
4.1.3 Shoat Diseases ............................................................................................................................. 38
4.1.3.1 Infectious diseases ............................................................................................................... 40
4.1.3.2 Internal Parasites ................................................................................................................ 42
4.1.3.3 External parasites ............................................................................................................... 42
4.1.4 Poultry Disease ............................................................................................................................ 42
4.2 Birth Complexity ................................................................................................................................ 47
4.2.1 Dystocia ....................................................................................................................................... 48
4.2.2 Still Birth ..................................................................................................................................... 49
4.3 Mechanical Injury ............................................................................................................................... 50
4.4 Veterinary Service (Institution, Man power, Laboratory and Pharmacy) .......................................... 51
4.5 Economic Impact of Animal diseases ................................................................................................ 55
4.6 Management levels for fattening, dairy and poultry farming related to disease................................. 56
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................. 59
6 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 61
7 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................... 62
Annex I: Data and Photographs .............................................................................................................. 62
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List of Tables
Table 1 Summary on the distribution of livestock diseases on species basis in Amhara region ................... 6
Table 2 Prevalence of bovine shistosomiasis based on breed type in 3 sample days ..................................... 8
Table 3 Prevalence of bovine shistosomiasis based on age group in 3 sample days ...................................... 8
Table 5 Status of people in animal disease prevention and control in the last two years ............................. 18
Table 6 Types and rank of bovine diseases in each woreda ........................................................................ 20
Table 7 Death of animals in the last two years due to eating clover ............................................................ 34
Table 8 Types and rank of Equine diseases in each Woreda ...................................................................... 35
Table 9 Types and rank of shoat diseases in each woreda ......................................................................... 39
Table 10 Birth complexity treatment choice in Tana basin .......................................................................... 48
Table 11 Time required reach the nearest veterinary institution on foot in hours ....................................... 52
Table 12 Major Problem of Veterinary Services .......................................................................................... 53
Table 13 Major transportation problem to get veterinary center .................................................................. 53
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List of Figures
Figure 1 Location Map of Tana sub basin .................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3 Map of bovine disease prevalence in Tana sub-basin ................................................................... 21
Figure 4 Map of trypanosomiasis prevalence in Tana the sub- basin........................................................... 28
Figure 5 Map of fasciola prevalence in Tana sub-basin ............................................................................... 30
Figure 6 An emaciated cow more likely infected by fasciola and grazing at swampy area of Wagetera
kebele in Fogera Woreda .............................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 7 Map of schistosomia prevalence .................................................................................................... 32
Figure 8 A calf infected by mange at Dembia Woreda veterinary clinic ..................................................... 33
Figure 9 Map of equine disease prevalence ................................................................................................. 36
Figure 10 Map of shoat disease prevalence .................................................................................................. 40
Figure 11 Map of veterinary institution ........................................................................................................ 52
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ACRONYMS
ACZ Agro Climatic Zone
ADSWE Amhara Design and Supervision Works Enterprise
AEZ Agro-Ecological Zone
AHA Animal Health Assistant
AHS African Horse Sickness
AHT Animal Health Technician
CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
DVM Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FMD Foot and Mouth disease
GPS Global Positioning System
HH House Hold
Ha Hectare
Km Kilo meter
LGP Length of Growing Period
LSD Lumpy Skin Disease
LUP Land Use Planning
LUTs Land Use Types
NCD New Castle Disease
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
PET Potential Evapo- Transpiration
PPR Peste Des Petitis Ruminants
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RH Relative Humidity
RF Rainfall
TB Tuberculosis
TZ Thermal Zone
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1 Introduction
1.1 General
Livestock are very important for both the subsistence and economic development of the country.
They provide a flow of essential food products throughout the year and they are a major source of
government revenue and export earnings. They also sustain the employment and income of
millions of people in rural areas. In the country, livestock diseases form a major barrier for
international and domestic trade of livestock and livestock products. The mortality and morbidity
of diseases cause tremendous losses both to the producer and the government. In Ethiopia, the
loss incurred due to morbidity is by far higher than the loss due to mortality.
Livestock production in Amhara National Regional State is dominated by mixed farming in
which the farmers produce crops and rare domestic animals mutually. Livestock production in the
region depends on rain fed natural pasture and crop residue, which, its productivity is declining
because of animal disease, recurrent drought, land degradation, encroachment of bushes and
invasion of weeds.
The livelihood in the region is partially depends on livestock. The livestock population of the sub
basin is estimated to be 2,405,113cattle, 549778 goat, 951982 sheep, 318591equine and 1924685
poultry (from detail survey collected Data, 2014). Huge number of animal population is present in
Tana sub basin development corridor but the people within the sub basin could not use this huge
resource due to a number of constraints, which include animal disease, feed shortage and poor
management system.
Most African enzootic and economically sever animal diseases are found in the Tana sub basin.
The mortality and morbidity of these diseases cause tremendous losses both to the producer and
the government. In the sub basin, the loss incurred due to morbidity is by far higher than the loss
due to mortality. Poor management systems, birth complexity, mechanical injury, uncontrolled
movement of animals, inaccessibility of veterinary service, limited type of treatments, low
amount of vaccines and treatments also increase the burden.
Animal diseases and associated health problems are major hurdle to livestock productivity such as
decreased and low quality milk and meat production, decrease in reproduction, reduced working
ability, low quality hide and skin and death of animals. In addition to this, trans- boundary and
zoonotic animal diseases constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their
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products, as well for international trade. They also significantly affect crop production which
alleviate poverty and have negative impact for development and the national economy.
In the study area, animals move to low land area at rainy season and swampy area during
prolonged dry season can bring herds into contact with a new range of vector born and water
born diseases respectively. High concentration of animals in particular locations usually favour
disease transmition and placing all livestock at risk which makes serious problem to prevent and
control animal diseases in the study area. Recurrent drought, feed shortage and poor management
system has encouraged stress factor diseases and results death, poor body condition and low
market values.
Veterinary and post veterinary clinics are very important institution for prevention and control of
animal diseases in the area. Regarding their spatial distribution, in some localities they are very
close to each other while in other localities, they are dispersed and in some localities, they did not
exist. Veterinary and post veterinary clinics have different types of problems such as, shortage of
portable water and electricity facilities, laboratory equipments, shortage of medicine, limited type
of drugs, poorly constructed clinics, repairing problem and in some areas luck of professionals.
Generally animal disease is an obstacle to use the maximum potential of livestock and to maintain
the genetically potential animals for the future. Some diseases affect the whole herd and hinder
our agricultural practices. Diseases like CBPP, PPR , FMD and NCD are great obstacles for meat
and animal product export. Then setting of animal disease prevention and control measures,
selecting of appropriate grazing systems and designing of infrastructures are very essential for
land use planning as well national economy development.
There is therefore an increasingly urgent need to match land types and land uses in the most
rational way possible, so as to maximize sustainable production and satisfy the diverse needs of
society while at the same time conserving fragile ecosystems and our genetic heritage.
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1.2 Objectives
1.2. 1 General Objectives
To review the current situation and elaborate what needs to be done in the short and long
run to decrease the prevalence of animal diseases and other associated health problems to
maximize return of livestock products and productivity and thereby to meet demand of the
community, the region and the country.
To promote land resources development and utilization for further sustainable
development in the area
These grand objectives can be achieved through addressing the following specific objectives.
1.2.2 Specific objectives
To put management options for sever animal diseases that are great obstacles to use the
maximum potential of livestock
Selecting of LUT based on animal disease prevalence
To identify the impacts of free grazing system and propose best solutions based on
environmental degradation and disease prevalence
To assess economically important animal diseases and set diseases prevention and control
options
To assess health institution problems and set best solutions
To formulate veterinary institution building plan based on the standard
To identify major constraints and impediment in the development of the study areas,
especially on animal health and proposing of solutions
To analyze animal health problems combined with the results of management of animals,
feeding type, soil type, agro-climatic analysis, hydrologic analysis, environmental hazard
analysis, socio-economic analysis and water resources and land cover assessment
1.3 Scope of the Study
The scope of final report in its area coverage is limited to those places situated in the Tana sub
basin which extendes from lay Armachiho and Wogera highland in the north to Lake Tana in the
south and Gunna Mountain in the east to Kunzila plain to west. The study is detail which covers
the total area of 1,579,096.9 hactar and it takes 28 months to complete the study based on TOR.
The strategic plan is based on in-depth analysis of the different aspects of animal health problems.
The study concerns in identification and classification of the common animal diseases, outbreaks,
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trance-boundary diseases and mechanical injuries in species level based on severity, behavior and
time of occurrence. It also concern identification of other factors that affect animal health such as
institution, man power, type and amount of drugs and vaccines used. These data were collected
from previous studies, office secondary data, HH, FGD, observations and other resources based
on administration boundary, ACZ and cover. Finally, characterization of disease and setting of
prevention and control methods in the land map unit.
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW
In order to have an ample knowledge about the general features, disease infestation, prevention
and control directions and trends of the study areas; recent and different literatures from varies
sources including on line services were collected, organized and utilized. Some of the literatures
are, FAO guidelines, Amhara Finance and Economy Bureau Socio Economic Survey, Woody
Biomass, Inception Report, Assessment Report on Animal Health Service Coverage of Amhara
Region(USAID), Prevalence of Bovine schistosomosis in selected sites of Bahir Dar Woreda
(Ethiopian Veterinary association journal, Volum: 15, 2011), Climatic change and live stock
vulnerability: Its Veterinary Dimentions and Public Health Concerns (Ethiopian Veterinary
association, 2010), Prevalence Study of Ruminant fasciolosis in areas Adjoining Upper Blue Nile
Basin, North western Ethiopia(Ethiopian Veterinary Association Journal, Volum 11, 2007)
United Nations (UN) and Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia(UN-EUE) studies, Livestock
Development Packages, and Different books like The Merck Veterinary Manual and Blood, etc.
As a result, the following general themes grounds were put on.
2.1 Animal Diseases in the Amhara Region
The objective of the study was to identify economically sever animal diseases in the region.
The methodology of the study was, simply collecting of animal disease data from secondary
documents and primary data by taking blood and fecal samples in species level from randomly
selected woreda at kola, Woyna Dega and Dega area.
Most of Africa’s enzootic and economically sever animal diseases are found in Amhara region.
They are the major hurdle to livestock productivity. The most common and economically
important animal diseases exist in the region. The following table shows economically important
diseases in species level in Amhara region.
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Table 1 Summary on the distribution of livestock diseases on species basis in Amhara region
Source: regional veterinary laboratory studies, unpublished, 2013
This gives us good hint about animal disease in regional level and for our study area. In addition,
it helps to select appropriate LUT by putting different management levels. In other ways it helps
to set disease prevention and control for sustainable land use.
Cattle Shoats Equine Poultry Others
Trypanosomisis CCPP AHS Coccidioeis Rabies in dog
FMD PPR Equine herpes virus NCD
Bovine
Pasteurellosis
Shat Pox Internal parasite Fowl pox
Internal
parasites
Contagious
ecthyma
Internal parasites Fowl typhoid
Anthrax Internal parasite
(flukes)
Strangles Salmonellosis
Blackleg External
parasites(Mange
mite)
Glanders Gumoro
disease
Lumpy skin
disease(LSD)
External
parasites
Mastitis
CBPP
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2.2 Climatic change and implications to vectors and vector born diseases
The purpose of the study was to undertake a comparative analysis of the climate change effect in
animal health especially in parasitic diseases and vectors.
The methods used is, gathering primary (indicator) data through participatory community and
review of climatic data from IGAD.
As a result climatic change could have a major influence on animal health, both directly and
indirectly, by affecting the parasites and vectors that spread diseases. Climatic change can alter an
animal’s relationship with parasites and vectors. These changes can influence where parasites and
vectors thrive, making certain geographical regions more or less amenable to them, how long
parasites and vectors pose and their way of distribution and transmit ion. (Climatic change and
livestock vulnerability: Its Veterinary Dimensions and Public Health Concerns, Ethiopian
Veterinary association, 2010)
This study tells us climatic change can affect the relationship between animal with parasites and
vector. This helps us to set different types of disease prevention and control during climate
change that minimizes unexpected disease outbreak and economical loss.
2.3 Prevalence of bovine schistosomosis in selected sites of Bahirdar Woreda
The study was conducted with the aim (objective) of estimating the benefit from repeated
examination of faecal samples in diagnosis of bovine schistosomiasis and determining the
prevalence of the disease in naturally infected cattle at Bahir Dar Woreda and adjoining upper
Blue Nile “Abay” river basin .
The methodology of the study was, the cross-sectional type of the study and and the desired
sample size for the study was calculated using the formula given by Thrush field (1995) with 95%
confidence interval, 5% absolute precision and considered 18.2% average prevalence of cattle
schistosomiasis for the area. Accordingly, 229 animals were selected purposively from
schistosomiasis risk areas of the woreda
The result was out of 687 faecal samples (229cattle x 3 consecutive days) examined, 256 sample
were found positive for schistosomia bovis giving an overall prevalence of 37.3%. There was a
significant difference (p<0.05) in prevalence of schistosomiasis of cattle between day1 and day3.
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The result showed that there is no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence
between day 2 and day3. In cross breed cattle the prevalence of schistosomiasis was significantly
(p<0.05) higher than local breeds. Statistical analysis also revealed that there was significant
between age groups(young and adult) and there is no significant difference between sexes.
(Ethiopian Veterinary Association, Journal, Volume: 15, 2011)
Table 2 Prevalence of bovine shistosomiasis based on breed type in 3 sample days
Breed Day1 Day2 Day3
cross 39(33.3%) 48(41%) 52(35%)
Local 28(25%) 38(33.9) 40(35.7%
Table 3 Prevalence of bovine shistosomiasis based on age group in 3 sample days
Age Day1 Day2 Day3
Young 26(51%) 32(62.7%) 34(66.7%)
Adult 21(25%) 31(58.5%) 34(64.2%)
Old 20(16%) 23(18.4%) 24(19.2%)
This study shows that the prevalence of schistosomia in Bahir Dar and its surroundings is very
high. This helps to recommend best prevention and control methods. In addition to this, the
prevalence of disease is high in cross breeds than local breeds. This help to select resistance
breeds or to set management systems for dairy and fattening farm LUT( uses as LUT selection
criteria).
2.4 Animal Health Service type and Coverage in Amhara Region
The objective of the study was to assess the distribution of veterinary clinics in Amhara region.
The methods used are gathering primary (indicator) data through participatory community and
review of Veterinary clinic data from woreda. In addition, by taking GPS reading at accessible
nearby post veterinary clinics and by measuring air distance .
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The livestock health service is very poor and its actual coverage not yet known and everything is
carried out under the regional government’s responsibility. The distribution of animal health
institutions should be based on the livestock concentration, density of human population and
settlement pattern of the communities. The migration root, pasture and water availability as well
as other services are equally important in dictating the location of animal health posts. The
capacity of woreda has an important role on number and distribution of the institution; those
woredas who have better capacity of planning and executing development activities has managed
to constructed many infrastructures as compared to others. The issue of equity is also another
issue that matter where to construct the health post. Those communities who have a representative
to negotiate with the policy makers have more opportunities in setting up more number of animal
health institutes in their localities.(Assessment Report on Animal Health Service Funded by
USAID/Ethiopia 2011).
This study gives us veterinary institutions are not equally distributed in the study area. So it helps
to see the gaps and to recommend additional institutions based on standard and in parallel to
select best farming systems such as dairy, fattening, and poultry farm that enables to use the
maximum potential of the area. So the policy makers will be aware of the situation and design
polices and strategies for institution building plane based on international standards by
considering natural barriers.
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3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Description of the Study Area
The studies were conducted in the sub basin, which encompassed a total area of 1,579,096.9
hectares, 49 Woredas and 442 Kebeles with total population, of 3,158,247 (HH survey and GIS
analysis, 2014, and CSA, 2007). The sub basin has 4 main rivers such as Gilgel Abay, Gumara,
Megech and Rib. The largest lake in Ethiopia, Lake Tana is found in the sub basin. The study area
is geographically situated between 1210669m to 1411084m North and 254549m to 416363m East
UTM and having 8 ACZ and land cover classes. Its elevation is ranging 1327 - 4109 meter above
sea level. Different types and proportions of ACZ and land coveres as well as different altitudes
have sound contribution for disease prevalence in the study area. The following is location map of
Tana sub basin.
Figure 1 Location Map of Tana sub basin
3.1.1 Animal Disease Situation in Sub Basin
In the sub basin, livestock diseases form a major barrier for international and domestic trade of
livestock and livestock products.The mortality and morbidity of diseases cause tremendous losses
both to the producer and the government. In the sub basin, the loss incurred due to morbidity is by
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far higher than the loss due to mortality. African enzootic and economically important animal
diseases are found in the sub basin and are major hurdle to livestock productivity such as decrease
in milk and meat production, decrease in reproduction, reduced working ability, low quality hide
and skin and death of animals. In addition to this, trans- boundary and zoonotic animal diseases in
agriculture and public health, constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their
products, as well for international trade. There are some diseases that affect all areas of the sub
basin and all sectors of the community, and there are some that are of particular importance,
individually and collectively, to the farmers.
3.1.2 Climate
The study areas, have generally mean annual temperature of 11.4-16.9 oC. The study area also
has 29.4and 5.5 oc for mean annual maximum temperature and mean annual minimum
temperature respectively. Climatic information processed in the basin indicated that the basin has
800-2000mm for mean annual rainfall. This is very suitable for disease infestation and vector
growing.
3.1.3 Agro Climatologic Zone
The sub basin is endowed with eight different agro-climatic zones namely, moist tepid, sub-
humid tepid, moist cool, moist warm, moist cold, moist very cold, sub-humid cool and sub-humid
cold. Most of the project area (79.4%) is found in moist tepid agro climatic zone followed by sub-
humid tepid, moist cool and sub-humid cool which account for 12%, 5% and 3% respectively.
The area is dominated by one main rainy season, from June to September and one dry season
between October and May. The rainfall distribution of area is controlled by the northward and
southward movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) resulting in a single rainy
season.
3.2 Materials Used
During the detial survey, different materials and equipments were used. These include topo maps
at 1:20,000 scale, studied documents of hard and soft copies, digital camera, GPS, laptop
computers, CD-R/RW, flash disks, stationaries and double cabin 4WD cars
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3.3 Methods of data collection
3.3 .1 Pre-Field Works
The Study work started with preparation of guide lines, questionnaires, base map, action plan,
selecting of observation sites and data sources and review of literatures and documents.
3. 3.1.1 Review Literature and Document
The Study work started with the review of literature and documents from various sources
including on line services. Some of the literatures are, FAO guidelines, Amhara Finance and
Economy Bureau Socio Economic Survey, Woody Biomass, Inception Report, Assessment
Report on Animal Health Service Coverage of Amhara Region(USAID), Prevalence of Bovine
schistosomosis in selected sites of Bahir Dar Woreda (Ethiopian Veterinary association journal,
Volum: 15, 2011), Climatic change and live stock vulnerability: Its Veterinary Dimentions and
Public Health Concerns (Ethiopian Veterinary association, 2010), Prevalence Study of Ruminant
fasciolosis in areas Adjoining Upper Blue Nile Basin, North western Ethiopia(Ethiopian
Veterinary Association Journal, Volum 11, 2007) United Nations (UN) and Emergencies Unit for
Ethiopia(UN-EUE) studies, Livestock Development Packages, and Different books like The
Merck Veterinary Manual and Blood, etc. In preparing land use planning study project (LUPSP),
the experience of Oromia water works design & supervision enterprise practices in land use
planning has been reviewed. Similarly, North West Amhara, East Amhara, Lower Awash Afar
and Teru Afar development land use planning project have been also reviewed with the aim to
improve limitations and build up the land use planning study within the existing practices.In
addition, Awash and Abay basin master plans, Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning
Project and other kinds of report were the major literatures that had been used for as the main
reference. The aim here was to have a deeper insight and understanding of the projects starting
point on concept and standard practices, goals, objectives, components and activities.
3.3.1.2 Guideline Preparation
Animal health guideline was prepared prior to engagement to the detail survey. This guideline
addresses important methods, tools, techniques and workflow procedures on how to plan, design,
implement, monitor and evaluate land resources survey, evaluation and assessment in rural areas
at detail level and provide consolidated and nominative information for consultant and clients.
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The working manual is designed in such a way that important steps & detail procedures and
methods to be involved in assessment.
3.3.1.3 Questionnaires
Different questionnaires and formats for detail survey were prepared in pre field phase at desk
work in the office. Household questionnaires for individual interview, secondary data
questionnaires from different sectors in study districts, expert interview, field observation, key
informant interview and institution survey formats and checklists were developed at office. The
questionnaire was also pre-tested by selecting households from study area to test its accuracy and
efficiency in eliciting the required data. From the results of the pre-test, some questions were
revised and modified.
3.3.1.4 Base Map Preparation
Base maps are maps developed from systematic assembly and overly of previous maps, which
can be used as a basis of field survey. Agro climatic zone, soil base map, land use and land cover
and land map units (LUMs) base maps are the major base maps of the basin produced at office
during the preparatory phase. Agro climatic zone base map is the main base map for animal
diseases and it is generated by overlying of thermal and LGP map with computer aided software.
Based on this, moist cold, moist cool, moist tepid, moist very cold, moist warm, sub-humid cold,
sub-humid cool and sub-humid tepid agro climatic zones were identified in the project area.
3.3.1.5 Biophysical Observation Site Selection
Biophysical assessment in Tana basin was carried out on 109 pre selected field observations sites.
Purposive stratified sample site selection technique is used for the site determination for
biophysical data collection. Different major issues were consider in determination of the sample
site that include the issue of quality and quantity keeping the representative of the sample to the
entire basin; agroclimatic zone (ACZ), Woreda boundary and land use and land cover types are
the major criteria that were considered during selection of the representative site for biophysical
data collection and observation. Moreover, access to road, facilities and spatial distributions to
ensure full coverage of the development basin also considered in observation site selection
criteria. Based on this and by considering behavior of animal diseases and vectors, representative
sites from dry lands, permanent wet land, seasonal wet lands and areas having different ACZs in
the basin were selected. Based on the above criteria purposively 57, 19, 12, 7, 4, 4, 3, 3, sample
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points were selected in moist tepid, sub-humid tepid, moist cool, sub-humid cool, moist warm,
moist cold, moist very cold and sub-humid cold respectively.
3.3.1.6 Source of data and data collecting
Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from different sources. Primary data was
collected from farmers, Woreda experts and leader ships through household survey, focus group
discussion, key informant interview, and institution enumeration. On the other hand, secondary
data is gathered from governmental sector offices and NGOs.
Triangulation of household survey, focus group discussion and key informant interview, and
institution enumeration together with the secondary sector data is expected to illustrate the real
image of the animal health and socio-economic situation serving as an important input for the
various levels of this land use study project. Based on this, household (HH) data were taken from
randomly selected 4002 household heads in 29 woredas and 101 selected kebeles based on the
prevailing agro climatic zone(ACZ) and institutions survey was collected in institutions located
in 430 kebeles of the project area using GPS was undertaken. In addition to this secondary data
was taken from each woreda offices and key informant data was taken from 40 housholds
purposively by considering different ACZs. Focus group discussions (FGD) were taken at two
levels. One is with different members of the community at kebele level which represents the
given ACZ and the other is with woreda sector offices in all woredas within the project area by
participating 12-15 people by considering of age, sex and also economical status.
3.3.1.7 Field Survey Action Plan Preparation
Field survey action plan was prepared at office during the preparatory phase. It was prepared
based on the time taken to collect secondary data and primary data from different sources in the
basin and out of the basin which is relevant and very important for the study.The project were
prepared a twenty eight month tentative time schedule.
3.3.2 Sampling for Household Survey
To ensure proper representation of important sub-groups of a population and to reduce the
unlucky chance of minor but important sub-population a multi stage stratified cluster sampling
was employed for the animal health household survey. Prior to sample selection the population of
the sub-basin was classified into sub-populations or strata based on the data and auxiliary
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information about the full population obtained from the reconnaissance survey and literatures.
The population was stratified based on land use related criteria which are measurement objectives
of the survey. The strata are proven to be independent and mutually exclusive subsets of the
population.
The sampling design was entirely based on implicit stratification method. The essential criterion
of implicit stratification is geographic, which generally suffices to spatially spread the sample
properly among the important sub-groups of the population based on ACZ, administrative
Woredas, and Kebeles. The procedure of the stratification is sequenced as ACZ, within ACZ by
Woreda, Within Woreda by Kebele. Then the next step is systematically selecting the sample
households from the enumeration area. The systematic selection is done by probability
proportionate to size (PPS) sampling.
3.3.3 Sample Size Determination
The sample size of the animal health survey was determined by considering precision and
confidence level wanted, allowance for non-response and available budget. According to the
United Nation’s practical Guideline for Designing Household Survey, each of the target
population, the required degree of precision, statistical confidence level wanted, and cost of the
survey must be considered in sample size calculation.
Higher precision requires larger sample size which in turn demands huge budget therefore the
trade-off between precision and survey cost was considered when the household survey designed.
On the other hand, to assure that the actual number of interviews completed in the survey closely
approximated the intended sample size it was compensated by an amount equal to the anticipated
non-response rate.
In this survey the whole population is target of the study therefore p has value of 100% or simply
1. The required degree of precision is a margin of relative error of 5 percent at the 99 percent
confidence level on the key indicators to be estimated. Higher precision at higher confidence level
was required since the study is being undertaken on strategically sensitive development issues.
The primary concern of the study is the land use practice and other major health problems in the
sub-basin.
The resulting total sample size of the calculation is 4002.9 households. However for the ease of
clustering the total sample size was determined to be 4000 households is equivalent to the
calculated value.
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3.3.4 Sampling frame of Household Socio-Economic Survey
The animal health survey covered all the kebeles found in the Sub-Basin with no exception. The
sampling methodology is multistage stratified cluster sampling the procedure followed to apply
the sampling is dealt below.
The household animal health survey was conducted on the basis of sampling frame designed. A
multistage stratified cluster sampling of households using implicit stratifying method was applied
to prepare the sample frame as discussed below. The sequence of stratification was arranged
primarily.
First the study area stratified by Seven ACZs, namely, Moist cold, Moist cool, Moist tepid, Moist
very cold, Moist warm, Sub-humid cool and Sub-humid tepid. Then each ACZ further stratified
by Woreda and Kebele boundaries, a stage which is the first sampling unit. Then proportionate
numbers of Kebeles were sampled randomly from each ACZ. The total number of sample
Kebeles was 100. These sample Kebeles were also further stratified by sex of household head and
the proportion of female headed and male headed households was identified.
Finally, sample of 40 households was drawn from each Kebele using probability proportionate to
size method, size being the number of female headed and male headed households in each
Kebele. Household is the second sampling unit. For this purpose a fresh list of households was
prepared for the sampled Kebeles. From each of the 100 sampled Kebeles 40 households were
sampled and their heads were interviewed. Therefore, total number of surveyed sample
households summed up to 4002 which was as planned. The sampling frame is illustrated in the
following table diagram.
During the survey each enumerator was strictly supervised by the socioeconomic team hence
error was minimized through direct correction of the mistakes at field. Supervisors have been
organizing survey work for interviewers by determining field assignments and locations. Sample
Kebeles and Sample households were drawn by the supervisors based on the designed method
discussed above. The supervisors reviewed completed work and maintained a high level of
commitment to the survey programme by the interviewers. Each interview was also checked and
verified at field during the follow up process of the supervision work.
3.4 Data Analysis Methodologies
Land use project is a newly emerging study which demands different analytical tools, simple to
complex, aiming at better understanding of opportunities and traits regarding the possible and
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existing land use subject to physical and socioeconomic limitations. A combination of descriptive
statistics and econometrics methods were used to serve purposes of description, estimation,
projection, inferring and overall analysis of the data. GIS and SPSS are widely used softwars.
Descriptive Statistics Techniques
Descriptive statistics tools were the mostly used techniques of survey data analysis. Measures of
central tendency and measures of dispersion were among the primary analytical statistic tools.
Mean, median, and mode were used to measure the central tendency of scale, ordinal and nominal
variables respectively, of the socio-economy survey. Maximum and minimum values also
discussed based on the need of the analysis. Variance and standard deviation were the measures
of dispersion to be employed in the data analysis. Inferential statistics also used for prediction of
necessary variables.
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4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Animal health Assessment
The prevalence of animal disease in the sub basin is high and form a major barrier for
international and domestic trade of livestock and livestock products.The mortality and morbidity
of diseases cause tremendous losses both to the producer and the government. In the sub basin,
the loss incurred due to morbidity is by far higher than the loss due to mortality. African enzootic
and economically important animal diseases are found in the sub basin. These different types of
diseases affect mainly bovine, equine, shoat and poultry and they are great obstacle to use the
maximum potential of the area. Despite of African enzootic and economically important animal
diseases are found in the sub basin, large number of people are not award about disease
prevention and control. Because of this large number of animals are infected by disease and die in
each year that can be recovered from diseases easily. Data regarding with people trainings and
awareness in animal disease prevention and control through health extensions in the last two
years was collected from HH data at field survey. As a result, 26.9% of people did not get
trainings and have no knowledge in animal diseases prevention and control. The following table
shows the status of people awareness in animal diseases prevention and control in the last two
years through health extension.
Table 4 Status of people in animal disease prevention and control in the last two years
Status of people in disease prevention and control Frequency Valid Percent
The household got trainings and awareness in animal diseases
control and prevention in the last two years through health extension 2858 73.1
The household did not get trainings and awareness in animal diseases
control and prevention in the last two years through health extension 1054 26.9
Total 3912 100.0
Source, ADSWE, HH survey, 2014
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4.1.1 Bovine Diseases
Large number of cattle population is present in Tana sub basin. But farmers in the sub basin as
well the region do not use this large number of cattle due to animal diseases, feed shortage, and
poor management systems. Cattle productivity is constrained by wide spread disease. Endemic
diseases in the sub basin are, trypanosomiasis, anthrax, bovine pastreulosis, black leg, lumpy skin
disease (LSD), foot and mouth disease (FMD), tuberculosis(TB), contagious bovine pleura
pneumonia (CBPP), brucellosis,internal and external parasitic diseases. As we observed at field as
well as at FGD, these diseases continue to constrain cattle productivity, agricultural development,
human well-being and poverty alleviation in many areas of the sub basin in different ways.
Endemic diseases in the study area cause death, illness leading to condemnation, poor weight
gain, poor milk yield, poor feed conversion, poor reproductive capacity and poor work capacity
for ploughing. Trns- boundary and zoonotic diseases like FMD, LSD, CBPP, brucellosis, anthrax
and bovine tuberculosis constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products,
as well for international trade. Some diseases reoccurred in some districts and make a great
problem for prevention and control and also causes large number of bovine death.
Data regarding with severity and dominance (economically importance) was collected from
secondary data at field survey. The following table shows the ranks of disease in each woreda
based on severity, economically importance and in its endemic nature.
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Table 5 Types and rank of bovine diseases in each woreda
Name of
Woreda
Types and rank of bovine diseases in each woreda C
BP
P
Bo
vin
e
pa
stre
ulo
s
is
An
thra
x
bla
ck l
eg
Bru
cell
osi
s TB
Try
pa
no
s
om
iasi
s
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
al
pa
rasi
te
LS
D
FM
D
Sch
isto
so
mia
sis
Liv
er
flu
ke
Fogera 2 5 1 3 5 4 Dera 10 7 1 2 12 13 9 5 6 3 4 11 8 East Estie 9 6 1 2 10 11 12 3 4 5 8 7 Farta 7 3 1 9 8 2 4 6 5 DebretaborT
awon 6 3 2 7 8 1 4 5
Ebinat 12 2 1 3 9 11 10 4 5 6 8 13 7 LiboKemke
m 10 1 5 6 7 12 2 3 4 4 11 9 8
GonderZuria 5 1 4 9 10 3 2 7 6 8 Wogera 7 6 2 4 8 11 1 3 10 9 5 Lay
Armachiho 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 2
Chilga 13 8 7 6 9 10 3 1 2 4 5 11 12 Dembia 11 7 3 8 10 12 4 2 1 5 6 9 2 Alefa 13 2 1 10 5 12 7 3 8 6 11 9 4 Takusa 13 5 1 8 9 12 6 2 4 7 11 10 3 North
Achefer 11 4 6 7 10 12 5 9 8 1 13 3 2
South
Achefer 13 9 4 10 8 12 7 3 5 6 11 2 1
Mecha 4 6 9 10 8 1 5 7 3 2 BahirdarZuri
a
Dangila 13 8 2 10 7 11 12 9 6 3 4 5 1 DangilaTaw
on 8 5 10 4 3 2 9 13 12 1 6 11 7
FagitaLeko
ma 8 6 4 7 10 11 9 1 2 5 13 12 3
BanjaShikud
ad 8 2 5 6 1 7 4 3
Sekela 6 3 4 1 5 7 2
Source, ADSWE, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey, 2014
As a result internal parasite is dominant and economically important in Wogera, Chilga, Bahir
Dar Zuria, Mecha, South Achefer, Dangila, Fagita Lekoma, Banja and Sekela. Anthrax is very
dominant and the first devastating disease in Dera, East Estie, Ebinat, Gondor Zuria, Takusa and
Alefa. Bovione pastreulosis is the first series problem in Libo Kemkem and Lay Armachiho
Woreda and reoccurred each year following stress factors such as feed and water shortage and
exposing of animals for harsh environment. Trypanosomiasis, black leg, external parasite and
lampy skin disease are very dominant and series problems in Fogera, Farta, dembia and North
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Achefer respectively. The following map shows the prevalence of most sever and dominant
bovine diseases in the basin.
Figure 2 Map of bovine disease prevalence in Tana sub-basin
Source, ADSWE, map produced at office based on table 6, 2014
There are some diseases that affect all areas of the sub basin and all sectors of the community,
and there are some that are of particular importance,individually and collectively, to the farmers.
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Some diseases are localized in a certain areas while others are common in the whole study area.
Example:-, anthrax, bovine pastreulosis, black leg, lumpy skin disease (LSD), foot and mouth
disease (FMD), tuberculosis(TB), contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (CBPP), brucellosis,
internal and external parasitic diseases are common in the whole study area while others like
trypanosomia, shistosomia and fasciola are area specific. Trypanosomiasis is very common below
2500m above sea level. Fasciola is common in permanent and seasonal wet lands where as
schistosomia is very common in permanent wet lands. Permanent and seasonal wet lands are not
suitable for cattle, sheep and goat production due the prevalence of schistosomia, fasciola and
others like paramphystomum. Areas below 2500m above sea level are not suitable for cattle
production due to trypanosomiasis prevalence. The disease is also an obstacle for dairy and
fattening farm in the area.
4.1. 1.1 Infectious Diseases
Foot-and-Mouth Disease:-An acute, highly contagious, viral infection of cloven-hoofed animals,
domesticated and wild. It is characterized initially by vesicular lesions and subsequently by
erosion of the epithelium of the mouth, nares, muzzle, feet, teats, udder, and the rumen pillars.
The natural hosts are cattle, swine, goat, sheep, swine, buffalo, antelope and hogs. Mortality and
morbidity is high in young animals.
The primary method of transmission is via aerosols. While such transmission usually occurs with
animals in close proximity, there is increasing evidence that, under certain metrological
conditions, the virus may be spread by wind over distance of up to 30mi (50 Km). Free grazing
system in the study area makes good condition for transmission of disease. It is common in the
whole study area and it causes large number of cattle death especially in youngest cattle, low
reproduction, low traction power for agriculture practices, restriction of animal movement
(recumbence) and low market value. As we collected from FGD data, FMD is very critical
problem in Denbia, Chilga, South Achefer, Dangila and mecha Woreda.
FMD impacts
FMD generate a wide range of biophysical and socio-economic impacts that may be both direct
and indirect, and may vary from very localized to global problems.
Loss of livestock productivity. The most important and readily measurable direct effects of
diseases are manifest by losses in productivity. These include the effects of death, illness leading
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to condemnation, poor weight gain, poor milk yield, poor feed conversion, poor reproductive
capacity and poor work capacity for ploughing or transport.
Loss of farm productivity. Through the effects on performance, FMD has additional indirect
impacts on other agricultural enterprises, in particular crops. This is through the reduction in
traction capacity for ploughing, threshing and other activities. It also causes reductions in manure
output on soil fertility and nutrient cycling. All of which can severely affect livelihoods of
smallholder farmers. This impact is often highly under-estimated, and has generally been poorly
quantified. The farmers also explain this disease at FGD as it is the main headache for their
agricultural practices and leads the whole family dependent to the government.
Reduction or elimination of market opportunities. Outbreaks of FMD in a community or a
region results in local market disruptions as movement restrictions are imposed, with farmers
unable to market livestock and livestock products with optimal timing (such as moving fattener
cattle to market) or at all (e.g. restricting milk collection), or they face dramatically depressed
prices. The mere occurrence of FMD can severely constrain cross-border and other international
trade. Restrictions on international trade typically affect primarily the larger-scale
commercial sector, with potential multiplier effects on employment and other auxiliary sectors.
– Treatment costs. Assuming that an appropriate veterinary technology is available, livestock
keepers, communities, and public services may incur direct financial and time costs in responding
to animal disease by seeking or providing treatment.
Impairment of human welfare. FMD have many additional direct and indirect impacts on
human nutrition, community development and sociocultural values. FMD can significantly
reduce farm income, contributing to food insecurity and poor nutrition.
Generally FMD is transmissible disease and has the potential for very serious and rapid spread,
irrespective of national borders; in addition it has serious socio-economic or public health
consequence which constitutes a serious limitation to export living animals and their products.
Thus, the disease should be eradicated at national level by in collaboration of other bordering
countries by regular vaccination and killing of infected animals.
Anthrax (splenic fever, charbon, milzbrand):- An acute, febrile zoonotic disease of virtually all
warm-blooded animals, including man, caused bythe sporeforming bacterium bacillus anthracis.
Out breaks of anthrax commonly are associated with neutral or alkaline, calcareous soils that
serve as incubator areas for the organism. Bacillus anthraces has the ability to form very resistant
spores in the soil. These spores can remain viable for many years on pasture, and become
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reactivated when the right environmental conditions exist. During this time, they are a potential
source of infection for grazing cattle.
The incubation period is typically 3-7 days (range 1-14 days or more). The clinical course ranges
from per acute to chronic. The per acute form is characterized by sudden onset and rapidly fatal
course andstrike quickly, usually causing death losses without prior noticeable clinical signs in
the herd. Staggering, difficult breathing, collapse, a few convulsive movements, and death may
occur in cattle without any previous evidence of illness. In acute anthrax of cattle, there is first an
abrupt rise in body temperature and a period of excitement followed by depression, stupor,
respiratory or cardiac distress, staggering, convulsion, and death. Chronic infections are
characterized by localized, sub acute, oedematous swelling, which can be quite extensive.
In the sub basin, anthrax periodically emerges as epizootics among cattle and other blood warm
animals. These epizootics are usually associated with drought, flooding, or soil disturbance, and
many years may pass between outbreaks. During interepidemic periods, sporadic cases may help
maintain soil contamination
This disease is common in all districts of the sub basin and out breaks occur during at the
beginning and ending of summer. The disease is the first series and dominant disease in Dera,
East Estie, Ebinat, Gondor Zuria, Lay Armachiho, Alefa and Takusa. It has been reported as
cause of numerous cattle deaths and head ache for investors to practice from small scale to large
scale dairy and fattening farm. It is also a great problem for farmers especially to agricultural
practices. In the study area, prevention and control is done by massive vaccination against anthrax
when incidences occur. This type of vaccination is not good and productive. In endemic areas,
animals should be vaccinated regularly before out breaks occur at the beginning and end of
summer.
Black leg:-An acute febrile disease of cattle and caused by clostridium chauvoei (feseri) and
characterized by emphysematous swelling, usually in the heavy muscles. Usually, onset is sudden
and a few cattle may be found dead without premonitory signs. Acute lameness and marked
depression are common. characteristics of oedematous and crepitate swellings develop in the hip,
shoulder, chest, back, neck, or elsewhere.
The disease is prevalent throughout the sub basin. It the dominant and big problem in Farta and
Lay Armachiho districts.The disease affects young and fat animals. This results a great
economical crisis and poverty in farmers. Calves should be vaccinated twice, 2 weeks apart,
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between 2 and 6 months of age; in high-risk areas, revaccination may be necessary at 1 year and
every 5 years thereafter. When outbreaks are encountered ,all susceptible cattle are vaccinated
and treated prophylactically with penicilline to prevent the new cases in all destricts.
Bovine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis (shipping fever, transit fever):-It is a bacterial respirtory
disease of cattle and caused by Pasteurella haemolytica and pasteurella multocida. Affected cattle
are depressed, anorectic, a fever (40-41oC) and a serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge with
rapid shallow breathing, and often cough if they move. In sever cases, there is pleurisy; breathing
is irregular and animals may grunt upon exhalation, and eventually refuse to get up. Lung
auscultation may reveal moist rales, pleuritic friction rubs, and cracklings.
The disease is very common in the study area and re-occurs each year when the animals are under
mal nutritioned and environmentally stressed. In Libo kemkem the disease is very economical
important and causes large number of animals death. All ages of cattle are susceptible but sever
respiratory disease associated with pasterella spp generally affect younger animals followng
shipping,thus, it is often called shipping fever.
The disease may affect the herd and the farmers may loss 1-10% of herd and 50% of herd may
require treatments. Management is the key to control the disease. Outbreaks are often sporadic in
nature and vaccination campaigns are often launched to control the out breaks.
Brucellosis:-The disease in cattle is caused almost exclusively by brucella abortus; however,
brucella suis or brucella melitensis is occasionally incriminated. Establishment of the carrier state
in a large proportion of animals may lead to reduction in the milk yield of infected cows and the
production of dead calves at term. This disease is known to exist in farmer herds with a signs of
abortion,still birth or weak and may die soon after birth, retention of placenta in females and
hygromas in bulls. Certain cases of sterility can be attributed to the effect of disease.
There are also human health risks because the disease may be transmitted by drinking
unpasteurized milk from infected cows, by inhalation, cuts and abrasions, or by droplet infection
and can cause undulant fever, sterility, arthritis and long lasting effects in musculo–skeletal,
cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. Because this, it constitute a serious limitation to
export living animals, milk and other products, as well for international trade.
Selecting of healthy bull which free of brucellosis and using of AI is very important to decrease
disease prevalence. In addition the disease can be eradicated by regular vaccination and culling of
infected animals.
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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP):- A highly contagious pneumonia respiratory
disease generaly accompanied by pleurisy. It iscaused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides.
Susceptible cattle become infected by inhaling droplets coughed out by infected cattle.
Septicaemia produces lesions in the kidneys and placenta; the placenta and urine can be sources
of infection. Viability of the organism in the environment is very poor. The incubation period of
the disease varies, but most cases occur 3-8 weeks after exposure. In some localities, susceptible
herds may show up to 100 % morbidity, but lower rates of infection are commoner. Mortality is
likely to reach 50%. Tewenty-five percent of recovered animals may become carriers with
chronic lung lesions in the form of sequestra of variable size. Since carriers may not be detectable
clinicaly or serologically and they constitute a serious problem in control programs.
Clinical signs include high temperature (up to 107o F [41.5
oc]), anorexia, and painful, difficult
breathing. In hot climates, the animal often stands by itself in the shade, its head lower and
extended, its back slightly arched, and its elbow turned out. Percussion of the chest is painful;
respiration is rapid, shallow and abdominal. If the animal is forced to move quickly, the breathing
becomes more distressed and a soft, moist cough may result. In acute cases, the disease
progresses rapidly, animals lose condition and breathing becomes very laboured, with a grunt at
expiration. The animal becomes recumbent and death occurs after 1-3 weeks of clinical illness.
The outbreak of CBPP has caused havoc among cattle herds in Tana sub basin and also causes
large number of cattle death. All districts are affected by the disease and causes large number of
cattle death in Lay Armachiho. CBPP is Trns- boundary disease and it constitute a serious
limitation to export living animals and their products, as well for international trade. Some efforts
have been exerted on the epidemics using monovalent CBPP vaccines but not succeful due to free
grazing at communal grazing land that leads to close contact large number of population at small
area and migration of animals to look for feed and water. Treatment is also recommended in
endemic areas.
Generally CBPP is transmissible disease and has the potential for very serious and rapid spread,
irrespective of national borders which constitutes a serious limitation to export living animals and
their products. Thus, the disease should be eradicated at national level by in collaboration of other
bordering countries by regular vaccination and culling of infected animals.
Lumpy skin disease:- An infectious, eruptive, occasionally fatal disease of cattle characterized
by nodules on the skin and other parts of the body. Secondary infection often aggravates the
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condition. It is caused by neethling poxvirus. The morbidity varies from 5-50%; mortality is
usually low. The greatest loss is sustained from the decrease in milk yield, the loss in condition,
and the rejection or reduced valu of the hide.
The disease occurs in the whole study area and the farmers control this disease by vaccinating of
all exposed animals. They also treat the infected animals by antibiotics for secondary infection. It
is trans- boundary and constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products,
as well for international trade.
Mastitis:- It is an inflammatory disease condition of the udder affecting milk production
negatively and having a serious impact on the economy of dairy enterprise. It is common in the
study area and considered to be the most costly disease of dairy animals and losses mainly occur
through discarded milk, reduction in milk yield, premature culling of animals and replacements. It
is usually caused due to the effects of infection by bacterial or mycotic pathogens. Climatic
conditions, seasonal variation, density teat injuries, teat sores, poor milking hygiene, faulty
milking management, environmental populations of pathogens, housing of cattle populations, and
husbandry practices may affect the incidence and etiology. Pathologic changes to milk-secreting
epithelial cells from the inflammatory process often bring about a decrease in functional capacity.
Depending on the pathogen, functional losses may continue into further lactations, which impairs
productivity and potential weight gain by offspring. Although most infections result in relatively
mild clinical or subclinical local inflammation, more severe cases can lead to agalactia or even
profound systemic involvement resulting in death.
It is very economical disease especially for dairy farm owners. As we observed, large number of
dairy cattle are affected by mastitis. Farmers and investors treat their cows by antibiotics, when
they observe clinical signs. Keeping of the area clean and keeping of hygiene during milking is
the first option to protect mastitis.
4.1.1.2 Blood parasites
Trypanosomiasis:- it is a flagellated protozoa blood parasite that inhabit in the blood plasma, the
lymph and various tissues of theirhosts.. The most common and economically important species
in the study area are T. Vivax, T. congolense, and T. Brucei. T.vivax is transmitted by tabanus ,
stomoxis and other biting flies and common in all woreda except, in moist cold, moist cool and
sub-humid cool agro climatic zones of Farta, Ebinat, Libo Kemkem, Gonder Zuria, Wogera, Lay
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Armachiho, Fagita Lekoma, Banja Shikudad and Sekela. The following map shows the
prevalence of trypansosmiasis in the sub- basin.
Figure 3 Map of trypanosomiasis prevalence in Tana the sub- basin
Source, ADSWE, map produced based on field observation, 2014
The whole Tana sub basin is free of Tsetse fly but T. Brucei, and T. congolense are transmitted
by Tsetse fly are very common in areas bordering low lands like Wogera, Lay Armachiho,
Chilga, Tkusa, Alefa, North Achefer, and Dangila. In these areas farmers seasonally move their
animals for agriculture practice and looking for food for their animals at rainy season. During this
time animals acquire such diseases and large number of animals dies. In the sub basin,
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trypanosomiasis is a chronic debilitating condition that reduces fertility(calving rate),weight
gain,milk and meat off take. More over, trypanosomiasis reduces the potential of opportunities for
livestock and crop production(mixed farming) through less draught power to caltivate land and
less manure to fertile soils for enhanced crop production.The disease is very economical because
of its highest prevalence in the most arable and fertile land with high potential for agricultural
development in the sub basin. Thus animals in the study area should be treated regularly before
the incidence.
4.1.1.3 Internal Parasites
Gastro-intestinal parasites account for the highest production loss in cattle and affect the whole
age groups. Some known internal parasites are fasciola, schistosomia, paramphystomum,
haemonchus, strongyls, tapworm, trichuris, coccidiosis, lung worm and others. Internal parasites
are prevalent in the sub basin and cause large number of cattle death and production loss. As we
observed and collecting data, internal parasite is very series and the first problem in Fogera,
Wogera, Lay Armachiho, Chilga, Mecha, Fagita Lekoma, Banja Shikudad, and sekela districts.
Fasciola and schistosomia are very series and devastating health problems in wet lands of the sub
basin. The incidence of these diseases is high and throughout the year in lake Tana bordering
districts and other districts that have large swampy area. In the study area, gastro intestinal
parasites are treated by broad spectrum anthelmentics such as albendazole, fasionex and
ivermectine.
Fasciola:- Fasciola species of parasitic worms, also known as liver fluke, cause a widespread
disease of animals called fasciolosis. It is endemic in the whole study area and sever in swampy
areas bordering lake Tana. Fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica are common ones and snails
are intermidate hosts. Fasciolosis has a profound, negative influence on animal health and
welfare, undermining our food security and causing major losses to both food producers (farmers)
and food processors. It is common in swampy and wet lands of the sub basin and causes for the
death of large number of cattle. It also causes low production such as, low growth rate, weight
loss, low calving rate, late in reproduction, low cost and less draught power for crop production.
As we observed clinical cases at veterinary clinics and at FGD, the disease is the very common
and sever in lake Tana bordering districts. The following map shows fasciola infested areas in the
basin.
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Figure 4 Map of fasciola prevalence in Tana sub-basin
Source, ADSWE, map produced based on field observation, 2014
Faciola are now becoming newly emerging diseases in areas, which were dry land before and
now used for irrigation. In Koga irrigation dam surrounding kebeles caused large number of
bovine mortality and morbidity. As per the survey, the effects of disease as well as the incidence
indicated increasing trend due to mainly uncontrolled use of drugs, poor management system,
environmental change (dry land to wet land for irrigation purpose), communal grazing, luck of
disease awareness, drought and environmental degradation.
The figure below shows a cow is grazing at swampy area andmore likely infected by fasciola.
The cow shows the clinical signs of emaciation, recumbency, rough hair coat, diarrhea and bottle
jaw.
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Figure 5 An emaciated cow more likely infected by fasciola and grazing at swampy area of Wagetera kebele
in Fogera Woreda
Schistosomia: it is an infection which occurs due to trematodes of the genus Schistosomia. The
disease is characterized by its chronic nature and affects the productivity and production
performances; and predisposes animals to other diseases. Schistosomia is endemic in the study
area and are very series problem in Lake Tana bordering permanent wet-lands. These diseases
cause poor weight gain, death, poor milk yield, poor feed conversion and poor reproductive
capacity. As we observed at the field, the disease is very common in permanent wet lands. The
following map shows that, all permanent wet lands or swampy areas are infested by schistosomia.
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Figure 6 Map of schistosomia prevalence
4.1.1.4 External Parasites
External Parasites:-This is very prevalent in each Woreda and external parasites are very
dominant and big problem in Lay Armachiho and Dembia. Ticks and mange mite are very
common external parasites and these parasites cause decrease in livestock production such as
decrease in milk and meat production, decrease in reproduction, reduced working ability, low
quality hide and skin and death of animals. The farmers control the external parasites by diazinon
60% and ivermectin injectiuon.
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The figure below shows a calf severely infected by mange. The calf shows the clinical signs of
emaciation, hair loss, weakness and inflammations of skin. This disease causes, poor weight gain,
poor feed conversion, low reproductive capacity, death and low quality of hide.
Figure, A calf infected by mange.
Figure 7 A calf infected by mange at Dembia Woreda veterinary clinic
4.1.1.5 Bloat
Bloat of bovine and death is common in the study area and it is caused by eating of concentrated
grains, and leguminous plants. Among these, clover is recognized as one of the most nutritious
forages available and is widely used as pasture or conserved forage (ex, hay, silage) in the diets of
cattle. However, the utilization of clover by grazing is dangerous due to its propensity to cause
pasture bloat. Clover is common forage in the whole study area and kills large number of cattle
in each year. Data regarding with people have got death of animals due to eating of clover in the
last two years was collected from HH data at field survey. As a result, 26.3% of people in the
study area have faced bovine death within the last two years. This shows that large number of
cattle are died due to clover bloat. The following table shows the people that have faced animal
death due to alfalfa in the pasture
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Table 6 Death of animals in the last two years due to eating clover
Frequency Valid Percent
Death of animals as consequence of eating clover occurred in the
last two years 1018 26.4
Death of animals as consequence of eating clover did not occur in
the last two years 2842 73.6
Total 3860 100.0
Source, HH survey, 2014
To decrease death of animals, the following pasture managements should be applied
Never graze clover in the morning
Moving during rain is not as dangerous as about two days after a rain when it is hot.
clover is growing rapidly and high risk.
Monitor grazing of the cattle. Observe what they are eating and see if they are mixing
their clover with grass.
Be careful during early fall frosts; cell walls are broken by freezing and make clover
highly digestible and causes bloat and death.
Continuous grazing can present more danger as after two to three weeks of grazing
within a pasture clover starts to regrow. Then feeding of animals by cut and carry
system (after welting) is the best solution.
Manage pasture for no more than 50% legumes. (This has little value if selective
grazing is possible)
Fill cattle on dry roughage or grass pasture before turning out on a legume pasture.
Treatment
Free-gas bloat can usually be relieved by inserting a 3/4" rubber hose into the rumen via the
esophagus. If "hosing" does not give immediate relief, a pint of mineral oil can be given.
Drenching should be avoided because of the danger of inhalation by the bloated animal which can
cause immediate death or lead to pneumonia. A trocar should be used as a last resort. The rumen
microflora have been altered or killed, which allows excessive gas to be produced and reoccurred,
re-establish the rumen microflora with rumen fluid from a healthy animal on similar feed is
essential. Chronic bloaters should be shipped for slaughter
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4.1. 2 Equine diseases
Large number of horses, mules and donkeys are found in the study area. They used for
transportation and for different types of agricultural practices. The farmers give little attention
when we compare with other domestic animals. Different types of disease kill large number of
equine in the sub basin at each year. African horse sickness (AHS), equine herpes virus,
lymphangitis, strangles, internal and external parasites are the main health problems in the sub
basin. Others are very common in all study areas and causes for large number of equine deaths,
decreased production and reduced working ability. Data regarding with severity and dominance
(economically importance) was collected from secondary data at field survey. The following table
shows the ranks of disease in each woreda based on severity, economically importance and in its
endemic nature.
Table 7 Types and rank of Equine diseases in each Woreda
Name of
Woreda
Types and rank of Equine diseases in each Woreda
AHS Epizootic
lymphngitis
Internal
parasites
External
parasites
Equine herpes
virus
Fogera 3 4 1 2 5 Dera 1 3 4 2 East Estie 1 4 3 2 5 Farta 2 1 3 DebretaborTaw
on 3 4 1 2
Ebinat 3 5 1 2 4 LiboKemkem 2 4 1 3 GonderZuria 3 1 2 Wogera 3 4 1 2 Lay
Armachiho 2 3 1 1 2
Chilga 5 4 1 2 3 Dembia 5 3 1 2 4 Alefa 4 1 3 2 Takusa 5 3 1 2 4 North Achefer 2 5 1 4 3 South Achefer 2 5 1 4 3 Mecha 2 4 1 3 BahirdarZuria Dangila 1 4 3 5 2 DangilaTawon 1 3 5 4 2 FagitaLekoma 3 4 1 2 5 BanjaShikudad 1 4 2 3 Sekela 3 1 2 5
Source, ADSWE, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey , 2014
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Based on this table the following map shows the prevalence of equine diseases in each woreda.
Figure 8 Map of equine disease prevalence
Regarding the map, AHS is devastating problem in Dera, East Estie, Dangila and Banja Shikudad
while internal parasite is very common and dominant problem in other Woreda.
4.1.2.1 Infectious disease
African Horse Sickness:-It is an insect-born disease of equidae of high mortality and caused by
double-stranded RNA virus of family Reoviridae, genus orbivirus. Natural transmit ion occurs
seasonally via insect vectors of Culicoides (midges) species. However, this disease can also be
transmitted by species of mosquitoes including Culex, Anopheles and Aedes, and species of ticks
such as Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus.
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The mortality of diseases is 90%, 50% and 10% in horse, mule and donkey respectively. It is fatal
disease and has poulmunary, cardiac, Mild or horse sickness fever and mixed forms. From these
poulumunary and cardiac forms are very big problems in the study area.
Pulmonary form
The peracute form of the disease is characterized by high fever, depression and respiratory
symptoms. The clinically affected animal has trouble breathing, starts coughing frothy fluid from
nostril and mouth, and shows signs of pulmonary edema within four days. Serious lung
congestion causes respiratory failure and results in death in under 24 hours. This form of the
disease has the highest mortality rate.
Cardiac form
This subacute form of the disease has an incubation period longer than that of the pulmonary
form. Signs of disease start at day 7-12 after infection. High fever is a common symptom. The
disease also manifests as conjunctivitis, with abdominal pain and progressive dyspnea.
Additionally, edema is presented under the skin of the head and neck, most notably in swelling of
the supra-orbital fossae, palpebral conjunctiva and intermandibular space. Mortality rate is
between 50-70% and survivors recover in 7 days.
Generally AHS is common in the whole study area and causes large number of horse death and
out breaks occur from September to the end of November. It is very devastating and the first
health problem in Dera, East Estie, Dangila and Banja Shikudad.. Disease prevention and control
is very week and gives low attention. The disease can be prevented and controlled by giving
vaccine before September but in the whole districts give vaccination after out breaks occur and
large number of equne dies.
Epizootic Lymphangitis:-A chronic granulomatus disease of the skin, lymph vessels and lymph
nodes of the limbs and neck of Equida caused by dimorphic fungus histoplasma farciminqsum.
The disease is quite commonly observed in cart- horses and donkeys in the whole study area,
where the horses and donkeys play a major role in transporting water, household goods and
human beings. This disease has a determinant effect on the contribution of equines to the
community on the top of this; sick animals loss the attention of their owners due to their aesthetic
value once affected by the disease. Epizootic lymphangitis is hardly possible to cure using iodine
and antibiotic therapy.
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4.1.2.2 Internal parasites
Internal parasites are very common in the study area and causes for large number of equine
deaths, emaciation (weight loss), decreased reproduction and reduced working ability. The disese
is very common in the study area and the first problem in Farta, Ebinat, Libo Kemkem, Gonder
Zuria, Wogera, Lay Armachiho, Chilga, Dembia, Alefa, Takusa ,North Achefer, South Achefer,
Fagita Lekoma and Sekela.Despite equine contributes largely to the national and local economy,
little attention has been given so far to problem of helminthosis in equine as compared to other
livestock species.
4.1.2.3 External Parasites
External parasites are very common in the study area and causes for large number of equine
deaths, emaciation (weight loss), decreased reproduction and reduced working ability. As we
observed from the field, almost no attention is given for external parasites of equine and their
effect.
4.1.3 Shoat Diseases
Large number of sheep and goats are found in the study area and used for immediate cash and
plays a significant role in poverty alleviation. The people in the study area are not using this
potential due to different types of diseases. The diseases cause death, low production and low
grade of skin. Most common shoat diseases arePeste Des Petitis Ruminants (PPR), Ovine
pasteurellosis, sheep and goat pox, internal parasite and external parasite. Trns- boundary and
zoonotic diseases like PPR, CCPP and sheep and goat pox constitute a serious limitation to export
living animals and their products, as well for international trade. Fasciol is very sever in lake
Tana surrounding areas and in swampy areas of each woreda. PPR is common in all districts and
causes large number of goats and sheep death. It is relatively the harshest and very sever disease,
when we relate to other sheep and goat diseases. Sometimes the disease may eliminate the goats
and sheep in a village. As we observed at clinics and as farmers approved at FGD, large number
of shoat are infected by disease and die each year. Data regarding with severity and dominance
(economically importance) was collected from secondary data at field survey. The following table
shows the ranks of disease in each woreda based on severity, economically importance and in its
endemic nature.
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Table 8 Types and rank of shoat diseases in each woreda
Name of
Woreda
Types and rank of shoat diseases in each woreda
PPR CCPP ovine
pastreulosis
Sheep and
goat pox
Internal
parasite
External
parasite
Fogera 2 6 4 5 1 3 Dera 3 2 4 1 5 6 East Estie 5 6 4 1 2 3 Farta 3 5 2 1 6 DebretaborTaw
on 4 3 5 1 2
Ebinat 6 5 1 4 2 3 LiboKemkem 6 5 1 2 3 4 GonderZuria 2 3 1 4 5 Wogera 3 6 5 2 1 4 Lay
Armachiho 2 3 4 6 5 1
Chilga 1 6 5 4 2 3 Dembia 5 6 3 4 2 1 Alefa 4 6 1 5 2 3 Takusa 4 5 3 6 1 2 North Achefer 4 6 1 5 2 3 South Achefer 5 6 3 2 1 4 Mecha 3 1 2 BahirdarZuria 5 6 2 3 1 4 Dangila 6 5 2 3 1 4 DangilaTawon 5 4 3 6 2 1 FagitaLekoma 4 6 3 5 1 2 BanjaShikudad 3 2 1 4 Sekela 5 6 4 3 1 2
Source, ADSWE, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey, 2014
Based on severity and dominance, internal parasite is very common problem in Fogera, Farta,
Wogera, South Achefer, Mecha, Dangila, Fagita Lekoma, Banja Shikudad, and Sekela . Shoat
pox is also very common and first problem in Dera, East Estie and Gonder Zuria. Ovine
pastreulosis is seasonal and big problem inEbinat, Libo Kemkem, Alefa and North Achefer while
PPR is the first problem in Chilga. The following map is developed from the above table data and
shows the dominant and sever shoat diseases in the study area based on Woreda.
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Figure 9 Map of shoat disease prevalence
4.1.3.1 Infectious diseases
Peste Des Petitis Ruminants (PPR):- is also called pseudorinderpest of small ruminants, pest of
small ruminants, pest of sheep and goat, Kata, stomatitispneumoenteritis syndrom, and
pneumoenteritis complex. It is an acute and sub acute viral disease caused by a morbillivirus of
family paramyxoviridae and affects goat and sheep characterized by fever, necrotic stomatitis,
gastroenteritis, and pneumonia. The incubation period is usually 4-5days. Affected animals
appear ill and restless and have rise of temperature (40-41oC), a dull coat, dry muzzle, congested
mucous membranes, depressed appetite, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, necrosis at
mucous membrane of nasal cavity, conjunctiva, profuse diarrhoea, and finally death within 5-10
days.
The disease is prevalent in all districts and causes large number of goats and sheep death. PPR is
trns- boundary and constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products, as
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well for international trade. It is the first and very series shoat health problem in Chilga. PPR is
relatively the harshest and very sever disease, when we relate to other sheep and goat diseases.
Sometimes the disease may eliminate the goats and sheep in a village and the farmers may
become poor and dependant to the government. Massive vaccination campaign against PPR is
done to prevent and control the outbreaks in all districts after the incidence occurs.
Generally PPR is transmissible disease and has the potential for very serious and rapid spread,
irrespective of national borders which constitutes a serious limitation to export living animals and
their products. Thus, the disease should be eradicated at national level by in collaboration of other
bordering countries by regular vaccination and killing of infected animals.
Sheep and Goat Pox:-Serious, often fatal, disease characterized by widespread skin eruption. It
is caused by poxviruses of sheep and goat (capripoxvirus). Sheep and goat pox is an important
and widely spread viral disease of goat and sheep. Sheep and goat pox is trns- boundary and
constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products, as well for international
trade. The disease is prevalent in all districts and the first problem in Dera, East Estie and
Gonder Zuria. It causes production loss, death and exposes the sheep and goat to the secondary
diseases. It also affects the quality and grade of skin.
Ovine Pasteurellosis: - Ovine pasteurellosis is caused by pasteurolla haemolytica and rarely by
pasteurella multocida. Affected sheep show the clinical signs of sudden death, coughing and
oculo- nasal discharge. The disease is very common in the study area and very series in Ebinat,
Libo Kemkem, Alefa and North Achefer and reoccurs each year. when the animals are under mal-
nutritioned and environmentally stressed. During dry time, ovine pastreulosis becomes very
serious problem due to feed and water shortage. It causes high production loss and death.
Outbreaks are often sporadic in nature and vaccination campaigns are often launched to prevent
and control of the outbreaks.
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP):-An acute pneumonias in goats caused by
mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides and mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri. The disease
affects goats and may have 100% morbidity and 60-100% mortality. Weakness, loss of apatite,
hyperpnoea, and nasal discharge accompanied by fever (41oC) are the common clinical signs.
Large number of goats die in each year due to this disease. The disease is very common in all
districts and causes high production loss and death. CBPP is trns- boundary and constitute a
serious limitation to export living animals and their products, as well for international trade. The
outbreak is controlled by massive vaccination.
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4.1.3.2 Internal Parasites
Internal Parasites: - The internal parasites accounted for the highest production loss in small
ruminants. Internal parasites in sheep and goat are strongylus fasciola, trichuris, lung worm est.
These internal parasites are common in all areas and especially fasciola is a big problem in sheep
and goat where they graze in bordering areas of Tana wet lands and other districts that have large
swampy area likeFogera, Farta, Wogera, South Achefer, Mecha, Dangila, Fagita Lekoma, Banja
Shikudad, Sekela. The parasite is controlled by anthihelementics such as fascionex and
albendazol in all districts.
4.1.3.3 External parasites
External parasites: - It is prevalent in all districts. Ticks and mange mite are the most common
external parasites and affect the sheep and goat. Especially mange mite infests the whole study
area and in some cases the parasite affects whole herd of sheep and goat. In Dembia and Lay
Armachiho, extenal parasites are the first series problems. Unless the farmers, officials and
professionals able to control by diazinon 60% or by any other means, the production of sheep and
goat may decrease in great degree and most farmers may become totally dependant to the
government. It causes weight loss, irritation, and expose to the secondary diseases. In addition to
this it affects the quality and grade of the skin.
4.1.4 Poultry Disease
Poultry play an important economic, nutritional and socio-cultural role in the livelihoods of
poor rural households in the basin and plays a significant role in poverty alleviation. Chickens
have a high socio-economic value and are important to those (often landless) people who do
not own cattle, sheep, or goats. Poultry production is particularly important to women, who
often own and manage the chickens and control cash from sales. The resulting income is often
used to support education of children and buying of crops for family consumption.
In the study area there are many indigenous chicken varieties which are well adapted to local
environments as they are excellent foragers, better able to avoid predator attacks and
demonstrate better immunity to common diseases. However, due to relatively low genetic
potential and poor levels of husbandry, most of these indigenous chicken breeds grow slowly
and are poor producers of small sized eggs. Furthermore, infectious diseases have a major
impact and prevent even this limited genetic potential from being realised.
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Salmonelosis, NCD, gumboro, coccidiosis, external and internal parasites are common in the
study area. Especially NCD is series problem for farmers and small-scale commercial farms by
eliminating the whole flock. Farmers at FGD approved that, poultry disease is the first problem
for poultry production. Trans- boundary and zoonotic avian diseases like NCD, fowl pox, fowl
typhoid and infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) constitute a serious limitation to export
living birds and their products, as well for international trade.
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species with virulent
Newcastle disease virus (NDV). It is a regional problem that presents primarily as an acute
respiratory disease, but depression, nervous manifestations, or diarrhea may be the predominant
clinical form. Severity depends on the virulence of the infecting virus and host susceptibility.
Occurrence of the disease is reportable and may result in trade restrictions. Severity of infection
depends on virus virulence and age, immune status, and susceptibility of the host species.
Infected birds shed virus in exhaled air, respiratory discharges, and feces. Virus is shed during
incubation, during the clinical stage, and for a varying but limited period during convalescence.
Virus may also be present in eggs laid during clinical disease and in all parts of the carcass during
acute NDV infections. Chickens are readily infected by aerosols and by ingesting contaminated
water or food. Infected chickens and other domestic and wild birds may be sources of NDV.
Movement of infected birds and transfer of virus, especially in infective feces, by the movement
of people and contaminated equipment or litter are the main methods of virus spread between
poultry flocks.
Onset is rapid, and signs appear throughout the flock within 2–12 days (average 5) after aerosol
exposure. Spread is slower if the fecal-oral route is the primary means of transmission,
particularly for caged birds. Young birds are the most susceptible. Observed signs depend on
whether the infecting virus has a predilection for respiratory, digestive, or nervous systems.
Respiratory NCD has the signs of gasping, coughing, sneezing, and rales. Tremors, paralyzed
wings and legs, twisted necks, circling, clonic spasms, and complete paralysis may accompany,
but usually follow, the respiratory signs in neurotropic velogenic disease. Varying degrees of
depression and inappetence are seen. Partial or complete cessation of egg production may occur.
Eggs may be abnormal in color, shape, or surface and have watery albumen.
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Mortality is variable but can be as high as 100% with NDV infections. Well-vaccinated birds
may not show any signs of being infected except for a decrease in egg production, but these birds
will shed virus in saliva and feces. Poorly vaccinated birds may develop torticollis, ataxia, or
body and head tremors 10–14 days after infection and may recover with supportive care.
The study area is very potential of poultry production and profitable when we compare with other
agricultural practice. In other ways it doesn’t require large area and capital. But NCD is very
devastating and head ach for farmers as well investors. The disease can kill the whole flock and it
reoccurs at each kebele in each year. It is trans- boundary avian disease and constitute a serious
limitation to export living birds and their products, as well for international trade.
Unfortunately, ND vaccines do not provide sterile immunity, and in many areas of the region
accines are used to prevent losses from sickness and death. In the study area, Alternatively,
individual administration of live vaccines is given via the nares or conjunctival sac. Healthy
chicks are vaccinated as early as day 1–4 of life.
Generally NCD is transmissible disease and has the potential for very serious and rapid spread,
irrespective of national borders; in addition it has serious socio-economic or public health
consequence which constitutes a serious limitation to export living animals and their products.
Thus, the disease should be eradicated at national level by in collaboration of other bordering
countries by regular vaccination and culling of infected animals.
Salmonellosis
Salmonellae is very common in the study area and caused by bacteria, species specific sero-
types S. Pullorum, S. Gallinarum, and also others S. Enteritis and S. Typhimurium (which are
considered separately), are capable of causing enteritis and septicemia in young birds. Even if
these infections do not cause clinical disease, their presence may be significant with respect to
carcass contamination as a potential source of human food poisoning.
Morbidity is 0-90% and mortality is usually low. The route of infection is oral and transmission
may be vertical as a result of shell contamination. Regardless of the initial source of the infection,
it may become established on certain farms, in the environment or in rodent populations. Many
species are intestinal carriers and infection is spread by faeces, fomites and feed (especially
protein supplements but also poorly stored grain). The bacteria are often persistent in the
environment, especially in dry dusty areas, but are susceptible to disinfectants that are suitable for
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the particular contaminated surfaces and conditions, applied at sufficient concentrations.
Temperatures of around 80°C are effective in eliminating low to moderate infection if applied for
1-2 minutes. This approach is often used in the heat treatment of feed.
Dejection, ruffled feathers, closed eyes, diarrhea, vent pasting and loss of appetite and thirst
common clinical signs.
Treatments are sulphonamides, neomycin, tetracyclines, amoxycillin, fluoroquinolones and good
management. Prevention is done by selecting of uninfected breeders, clean nests, fumigate eggs,
all-in/all-out production, good feed, competitive exclusion, care in avoiding damage to natural
flora, elimination of resident infections in hatcheries, mills, breeding and grow-out farms. Routine
monitoring of breeding flocks, hatcheries and feed mills is required for effective control.
Gumboro Disease
Gumboro disease is caused by double stranded RNA virus that has a bi-segmented genome and
belongs to the genus Avibirnavirus of family Birnaviridae. Enlarged bursa of Fabricius with
yellowish peribursal oedemaInfectious bursal disease (also known as IBD, Gumboro Disease,
Infectious Bursitis and Infectious Avian Nephrosis) is a highly contagious disease of young
chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), characterized by immunosuppression
and mortality generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. Clinical signs of disease may appear suddenly and
morbidity typically reaches 100%. In the acute form birds are prostrated, debilitated and
dehydrated. They produce a watery diarrhea and may have swollen feces-stained vent. Most of
the flock is recumbent and have ruffled feathers. Mortality rates vary with virulence of the strain
involved, the challenge dose, previous immunity, presence of concurrent disease, as well as the
flock's ability to mount an effective immune response. Immunosuppression of very young
chickens, less than three weeks of age, is possibly the most important outcome and may not be
clinically detectable (subclinical). In addition, infection with less virulent strains may not show
overt clinical signs, but birds that have bursal atrophy with fibrotic or cystic follicles and
lymphocytopenia before six weeks of age, may be susceptible to opportunistic infection and may
die of infection by agents that would not usually cause disease in immunocompetent birds.
It is very common in the study area and economically important to the poultry industry
nationwide due to increased susceptibility to other diseases and negative interference with
effective vaccination. Infection is via the oro-fecal route, with affected bird excreting high levels
of the virus for approximately 2 weeks after infection.
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Treatment & Control Peri-focal vaccination may not be effective for the combat of an outbreak,
due to the rapidity of wild-IBDV spreading. Passive immunity may protect against challenge with
homologous IBDV, as does previous infection with homologous avirulent strains. Breeder flocks
may be immunized against IBD so that they would transfer protective antibodies to their
progenies, such as broiler and pullet chicks. Low-attenuated vaccine strains may cause damage to
the bursa of Fabricius and immunosuppression in susceptible chicks. Biosecurity with adequate
restriction to farm visitation and distancing from other flocks is very essential. Post outbreak
hygiene measures may not be effective as the virus can survive for long periods in both housing
and water.
Coccidiosis
There are six species of Eimeria (coccidiosis) which are generally considered to be significant for
chickens: E. tenella, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. mitis and E. acervulina. Each of these
species prefers to live in and damage a specific region of the gut. The disease is very
One of the problems with coccidiosis is that a single oocyst throughout its lifecycle can end up
destroying several thousand cells in the gut. If a chicken eats a few oocysts and only a few
thousand cells in the gut are destroyed then the chicken will not have any ill effects and will go on
to become immune to coccidiosis. However if the bird eats large numbers of oocysts then
millions of cells in the gut are destroyed. This is incredibly painful for the birds and causes them
to stop eating and to adopt a hunched posture with ruffled feathers. The damage to the gut wall
reduces the ability of the gut to absorb nutrients resulting in weight loss and diarrhea. In severe
coccidiosis especially where E. tenella is involved the damage to the gut wall can be so severe
that the bird bleeds into its gut causing blood in the bird’s droppings and anemia characterized by
a pale comb and wattles. This gut damage can also disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the
gut thereby allowing harmful bacteria to take over and cross the damaged gut wall causing blood
poisoning.
The aim of poultry keepers and vets is to ensure that chickens are exposed to low levels of
coccidiosis so that they build up immunity but not so many oocysts that they suffer the ill effects
described above. What often can happen is that the first few chickens in the flock are exposed to a
few oocysts and build up immunity however these birds act as coccidiosis factories and produce
millions of oocysts which can go on to infect their flock mates. If the pen is not cleaned properly
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after the flock leaves the pen then the next flock are exposed to high levels of coccidiosis and
suffer the adverse effects. .
Treatment of coccidiosis generally involves three components;
1. Kill the coccidiosis in the birds to stop further gut damage; this usually involves an
anticoccidial medication.
2. Control the bacterial disruption to the gut, this is treated by antibiotic therapy. The life cycle of
coccidiosis is important if we are to understand how to control this parasite.
3. Providing birds with a warm dry environment and following any medication advice. It is
advisable at this stage to follow on with provision of multivitamins and a probiotic to restore gut
flora with a product such as Beryl’s Friendly Bacteria. Prevention as always is better than the
cure.
The first and most important thing is to ensure that the shed is properly cleaned and disinfected to
remove and destroy the coccidiosis oocysts. This involves removing the old litter, using a
detergent to remove dirt and grease so that the disinfectant can work and finally using a
disinfectant such as Bi-OO-Cyst or Interkokask, the concentrate formulation is DEFRA approved
and licensed to kill oocysts, many commonly used disinfectants are unable to kill the oocysts and
will be much less effective. This will stop your young flock being exposed to large numbers of
oocysts and their immune systems being overwhelmed.
4.2 Birth Complexity
Birth complexity causes for death of many animals in the study area.Some farmers prefer treating
their animals by local medicines to veterinary clinics. Scientifically birth complexity can be
treated after the cause is identified. But farmers treat such clinical cases with out knowing the
cause of birth complexity. Most common birth complexities are dystocia and still birth. Birth
complexity is very worst in the study area, because some farmers treat their animals by local
treatments without knowing the cause of birth complexity. Data regarding with birth comlexity
was collected from HH survey. As a result, birth complexity was looked in the sub basin. From
the table it is clearly revealed that some farmers treat their animals by local treatment than
treating in veterinary clinic which is 5.2 % and 94.8% respectively. These showed that the some
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farmers in the sub basin use local treatments than modern veterinary clinics or they treat their
animals without knowing the exact cause of birth complexity.
Table 9 Birth complexity treatment choice in Tana basin
Prefer Frequency Valid Percent
Modern Veterinary Clinic 3722 94.8
Treat by Traditional Medication 205 5.2
Total 3927 100.0
Sources; ADSWE, HH survey result in the present study, 2014
4.2.1 Dystocia
Dystocia:-It is a difficulty at parturition that may result from: myometral defects, hypocalcaemia,
uterine torsion or rupture, primary or secondary uterine inertia, inadequate pelvic canal,
insufficient dilation of the cervix, vagina, or vulva, foetal hormone deficiency (foetal
corticosteroid deficiency), foetal over size, foetal death, or abnormal foetal presentation.
Preventive Measures to Decrease the Incidence of Dystocia:
There are many causes of dystocia some that can be prevented and others that cannot. Many times
there may be multiple causes involved in an individual dystocia incident. Even with all
preventative measures, dystocia will occur in some animals. However, the most effective means
of preventing dystocia losses is to manage animals to decrease occurrence.
Breeding- The sire, as well as the dam, contributes to the size of the calf. Some dystocia
are caused by too large of a calf in a small cow or especially in a heifer. In the study area
the bull is selected by farmers that has attractive color and large in size. Always be sure to
breed heifers to sires that are proven not to produce high birth weight calves. However,
farmers may not want to go to the other extreme and select sires that produce very low
birth weight calves either; small calves tend to grow into small heifers.
Nutrition - The cows/heifers should be supplied with enough calories to maintain body
condition and fetal growth. The cows should not be under conditioned or over
conditioned.
Over conditioning may lead to calving disorders and metabolic problems, whereas under
conditioning can lead to decreased production and reproductive performance. Over conditioned
cows/heifers can accumulate fat around the pelvis causing a smaller birth canal. The normal
calcium balance should be maintained. This may be accomplished by feeding anionic salts and
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extra calcium prior to calving. In the study area farmers have limitations in nutrition and its effect
during parturition. This can be minimized by preventing the dam from under conditioned or over
conditioned.
Observation of the cows/heifers close to calving - early intervention can help prevent
some of the more difficult dystocia and calf deaths.
Educating of farmers - Knowing when to intervene and what to do is extremely
important in decreasing the occurrence of more difficult dystocia and calf death losses.
Economic losses:
Dystocia causes sever economical loss in farmers in different ways. These are:
-Calf loss
-Dam loss
-Treatment costs
-Increased disease in the herd
-Decrease reproductive performance
-Decrease in production
Dystocia is common in all species of mammals and in all districts and it affects greatly animal
production. Dystocia is very worst in these areas due to;-.
Cultural problem:some farmers prefer treating the animals by local medicines to
veterinary clinics.
Remoteness of the area:some farmers live very far away from clinics and also in some
areas bordering low lands (the gorge) they move very far distances to look for feed for
their animals.
4.2.2 Still Birth
Still birth occurs when the foetus has died in the uterus during labour or delivery. Some
possibilities of the causes of death are: bacterial infection, birth defects, especially pulmonary
hypo–plasia. Still birth minimizes as care for pregnancy improves. It is very common in the sub-
basin.
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Still birth becomes very worst because of two main reasons:-
Cultural Problem: - Some farmers prefer treat their animals by local medicine to
veterinary clinics. This is not effective because during still birth the damhas to be given
treatments after the cause of still birth is known.
Remoteness of the area: Some farmers move very far away from clinics to search feed
to their animals and some kebeles are very far from clinics.
4.3 Mechanical Injury
Mechanical injury is also very common in the study area .It may be caused by branding, bush
torn, hyena and fox bite, horn torn and harnessing problem. These causes decreased production,
disability, decreased reproduction and sometimes death. Horn torn and harnessing are common
and series health problems in the study area.
Horn torn
Most Zebu and Fogera breed cattle have genetically long, sharp and strong horn. Most of the time
these animals fight each other and causes different type of injury such as hernia, mechanical
wound, abortion in pregnant cattle, loss of eye and sometimes death of cattle. The management
system of horn in the study area is very poor and the above mechanical injuries are very common.
To protect such types of problems, the sharp horns of cattle should be managed at veterinary
clinics.
Harnessing Problem
The farmers use donkeys, mules and in some areas horses for transportation of household goods,
for fetching of water and cart pulling. The above animals have sores at the back, shoulders and
other parts of the body. Farmers don’t use proper saddles for their animals during transporting of
household goods, for fetching of water and cart pulling. This phenomenon exposes the above
animals to injuries, secondary disease and reduces working ability.
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4.4 Veterinary Service (Institution, Man power, Laboratory and Pharmacy)
Institution
Veterinary clinics and post veterinary clinics are very important institution for prevention and
control of animal diseases in the area. According to Amhara Livstock Agency standards,
veterinary institutions are built based on two-tier health care delivery system which is
characterized veterinary clinic at district level and health posts at kebele level by considering
natural barriers. The growth corridor health care system is augmented by the rapid expansion of
the private for profit and NGOs sector playing significant role in boosting the health service
coverage and utilization thus enhancing the public/private/NGOs partnership in the delivery of
health care services in the country.
Data regarding to institutions was collected by HH survey. As a result, 28 veterinary clinics and
223 health posts were found in the area and constitute, 11.1% and 88.8% respectively. As a result
to address these problems, according to Amhara Livstock Agency standards, all districts have
veterinary clinics which met the standard and 219 post veterinary clinics are essential to meet the
standard. More additional post veterinary clinics may be required where areas have natural
barriers.
Based on FAO standard, clinic <5Km, 5 to 7.5 km, 7.5-10 Km and >10 Km are highly accessible,
moderately accessible, marginally accessible and not accessible respectively. Most areas are very
accessible to veterinary clinics but some areas are very remote or >10km far from veterinary
clinics which is very difficult to treat animals in clinics.
Regarding their spatial distribution, in some localities they are very close to each other while in
other localities, they are dispersed and in some localities they did not exist. The following map
shows the distribution of animal health institutions and its accessibility based on FAO standard.
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Figure 10 Map of veterinary institution
Source, ADSWE, map developed from GPS readings collected, 2014
Data regarding with walking hour to reach the nearest veterinary institution was collected from
HH survey. As a result, from the total people in the basin 50.7%, 35.6%, 13.3, 1nd .4% travel to
reach the nearby institution<1 hour, 1-2hours, 2-3hour and >3hour respectively. Travelling of
more than 1 hour with illed animals is not advised and sick animals may die at journey. The
following table shows that some areas are far from veterinary clinic and around 50% of people
travel more than 1 hour to treat their animals.
Table 10 Time required reach the nearest veterinary institution on foot in hours
Time required reach the nearest
veterinary institution on foot
Frequency Valid
Percent
Below one Hour 1940 50.7
1-2 Hours 1363 35.6
2-3 Hours 509 13.3
Above3 Hours 16 .4
Total 3829 100.0
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Source, ADSWE, HH survey, 2014
People in the study area have different types of problems such as lack of medicines, luack of
professionals, inaccessibility of clinics, transport problem and others. Data regarding with major
problems of veterinary service were collected in the basin. As a result, Frome the total people in
the basin 39.3%, 23%, 10% and 7.3% have faced absence of veterinary clinic nearby, scarce
supply of medicines, high price of veterinary service and lack of skill professionals respectively.
The following table shows major problems of veterinary service.
Table 11 Major Problem of Veterinary Services
Major problems Frequency Valid Percent
Absence of Veterinary Institution Nearby 1525 39.3
Scarce Supply of Medication 892 23.0
Absence of Skilled Veterinary Professional 285 7.3
High Price of Veterinary Service 388 10.0
Source, ADSWE, HH survey, 2014
Geographycal barriers are also critical problems in the study area. Mountains and large rivers are
the main obstacles to farmers to treat their animals in the nearby clinic. As we observed at field,
flooding is also the main problem in Woreta, Dera, Libokemkem, Maksegnit and Dembia
districts. Data regarding with transportation problem was collected by HH survey. As a result,
Frome the total people in the basin 28% and 22.9 have large river and maintain problem
respectively. The following table shows that the transportation problems in the study area.
Table 12 Major transportation problem to get veterinary center
Transportation problem Frequency Valid
Percent
Mountaineus area Difficult for Transportation 891 22.9
A river without Bridge 1121 28.8
No Problem 1875 48.2
Total 3887 100.0
Source, ADSWE, HH survey, 2014
From the table it is clearly revealed that some farmers have large rivers and mountains problems
to reach the nearby clinic. So considering of geographical barriers during building of clinics is
very crucial.
Man power
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Veterinary clinics and post veterinary clinics have sufficient man power and well experienced
professionals from DVM to AHTs. In some areas, Para-vets or community animal health workers
also assist farmers at their residence in some woreda. But the study area is not using the existing
veterinarian due to limited number of post veterinary clinics, shortage of budget, little attention to
the profession, drug shortage and lack of laboratory facilities.
Laboratory Facilities
Laboratory facilities are very important to identify diseases, to give proper clinic service and
preserve samples for long time. Most veterinary institutions are not well equipped by laboratory
materials. Some veterinary institutions have enough laboratory equipments but there is a big
problem in laboratory reagents and some institutions have electricity and portable water
problems. Because of this all veterinary institutions in the study area are greatly dependent to the
regional laboratory. The effect of above problems make very big problem to treat acute cases and
to know the prevalence of diseases as well as to give proper treatments as soon as possible.
Private Veterinary Pharmacy and Clinics
Private veterinary clinics and pharmacies are very important institutions to fill the gap in
veterinary service delivery in the study area. Some districts have private veterinary clinics and
pharmacies but these are not enough to satisfy the demand of the farmers. Additional private
veterinary clinics and pharmacies are very important to improve the status of animal health.
Drugs and Vaccines
Drugs and vaccines are the only options to treat infected animals and for prevention and control
of diseases. The study area has large number of different types of animals and is infested by
different types of animal diseases. This indicates that different and large amount of drugs and
vaccines are essential to prevent and control of these diseases.
Different types of treatments and vaccines are provided by regioanl Livestock Agency to all
districts of the sub-bbasin. The provision of treatments and vaccines shows an improvement
interms of magnitude however; the amount of treatments and vaccines are still insufficient in
comparison with the number of animals and disease incidence. The other critical problem in the
study area is way of vaccination and treatment. In most areas, there is no vaccination and
treatment schedule to endemic diseases. In most areas vaccination and deworming is done after
the outbreak is occurred. Diseases like FMD and equine herpes virus are very devastating
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diseases in the area but there is no vaccination in the last 2 years. In general, using of drugs and
vaccines in the study are is in poor state. As farmers approved, at FGD, drugs are costy and have
low efficacy. So to decrease the incidence of disease, the farmers should be aware of drugs and
vaccines as well as treatments and vaccines should be given regularly based on schedule by
professionals except acute infectious cases.
4.5 Economic Impact of Animal diseases
The sub basin has large number of livestock population and plays a vital role in the economies
farmers in the basin as well country. They provide food, or more specifically animal protein in
human diets, income, employment, and possible foreign exchange. For low income producers,
livestock also serve as a store of wealth, provide draught power and organic fertilizer for crop
production and a means of transport.
The study area is potential for livestock production. But animal disease are great barriers to use
the potentials in domestic as well in international trades.
Domestic economic impacts of diseases
The consequences of animal diseases in domesticated livestock is complex and generally go well
beyond the immediate effects on affected producers. These diseases have numerous impacts,
including:
productivity losses for the livestock sector (e.g. production losses, cost of treatment,
market disturbances)
loss of income from activities using animal resources (in such sectors as agriculture;
energy; transportation; tourism)
Loss of well-being of human beings (morbidity and even mortality rates; food safety and
quality)
prevention or control costs (production costs; public expenditure)
suboptimal use of production potential (animal species, genetics, livestock practices)
Zoonotic effects some diseases are zoonotic and causes to death and illness of human
Domestic market effect( Most foreigners are not welling to eat animal products due to
zoonotic diseases).
International economic impacts of diseases
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Transmissible diseases that have the potential for very serious and rapid spread, irrespective of
national borders, that are of serious socio-economic or public health consequence and that are of
major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products are found in the study
area (OIE list A). These disease are; foot and mouth disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia,
lumpy skin disease, sheep pox and goat pox, peste des petits ruminants, African horse sickness
and newcastle disease. Transmissible diseases that are considered to be of socio-economic and/or
public health importance within countries and that are significant in the international trade of
animals and animal products are also common in the study area (OIE list B).These disease are;
anthrax, heart water, rabies, bovine anaplasmosis, bovine babesiosis, bovine brucellosis, bovine
tuberculosis, trypanosomisis, dourine, salmonellosis fowel pox and fowel typhoid. OIE list A and
B diseases are great obstacle to use the maximum potential of the area. These diseases put a
black spot in international trade. Most developed countries band our live animals as well as
animal products export due to the prevalence of trans boundary and zoonotic disease (list A
disease and B).
Generally the livestock production system is in poor state in the study area. The countries as well
as the farmers are not using this huge resource due to the prevalence of List A and list B disease.
This is mainly due to low attention by the government to the sector. So the government should
give attention to the sector and should change the policies and strategies which will focus in
disease prevention and control especially disease eradication.
4.6 Management levels for fattening, dairy and poultry farming related to disease
Tana sub basin is highly potential for dairy, fattening and poultry farm which able to change the
lively hood of the farmers and significantly can change the national economy. The farmers as
well as investors are now practicing in the above farming systems and they produce milk and
milk products, meat and egg which is used for household consumption and local market. The
overall production is very low when we compare with the potential of the area due to animal
diseases, shortage of feed and poor management systems. Transboundary and zoonotic diseases
like FMD, LSD, CBPP, brucellosis, anthrax, bovine tuberclosis, PPR and NCD (FAO, OIE, WTO
and WHO listed diseases) are prevalent in the study area and causes decreased animal
productivity and production which seriously compromised food security and causing high
socioeconomic problems. The direct impact of trans- boundary and zoonotic animal diseases in
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agriculture and public health, constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their
products, as well for international trade. Because of these diseases, westerns and European as well
as other developed countries band our live animals and animal products. Because of this situation,
the farmers in the sub basin remain in poor state. Thus, customization of high levels of farming
management to produce high quality of live animals and animal products is essential to change
the lively hood of farmers in the basin and significantly to increase the national economy.
Dairy Farm
High level of management is one of the most important aspects of successful dairy production. To
produce high quality and quantity of milk and milk products and to participate in international
trade, the farmers as well as investors should produce milks which is free of zoonotic and trans
boundary diseases (FAO, OIE, WTO and WHO listed diseases). Especially the area should be
free of trans boundary diseases like FMD, LSD and CBPP. The milk and milk products also
should be free of zoonotic diseases like brucellosis and bovine tuberclosisis. Then
high level of managements should be done for the future that enables to use the maximum
potential of the area which can change the livelihood of people in the area and play a great role in
national economy by participating in international market. ( see the annexed table 20 )
Cattle Fattening
Tana sub basin is highly potential for cattle fattening farm which able to change the lively hood of
the farmers and significantly can change the national economy. The farmers as well as investors
are now practicing in the above farming system and they produce meat and live animals which is
used for household consumption and local market. They also sell live animals to Sudan traders by
local market value. The overall production is very low when we compare with the potential of the
area due to animal diseases, shortage of feed and poor management systems. Transboundary and
zoonotic diseases like FMD, LSD, CBPP, brucellosis, anthrax and bovine tuberclosis (FAO, OIE,
WTO and WHO listed diseases) are prevalent in the study area which constitute a serious
limitation to export living animals and their products. Thus, customization of high levels of
farming management to produce high quality of live animals and animal products is essential to
change the lively hood of farmers in the basin and significantly to increase the national economy.
( see the annexed table 21 )
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Shoat Fattening
Tana sub basin is highly potential for shoat fattening farm which able to change the lively hood of
the farmers and significantly can change the national economy. Most farmers in the basin practice
shoat fattening in tradional ways. This system generally depends on grazing natural or planted
pastures with variable degrees of supplementation. Animals require a long period of time to attain
market weight and condition. The overall production is very low and poor in quqlity when we
compare with the potential of the area due to animal diseases, shortage of feed and poor
management systems. Transboundary and zoonotic diseases like anthrax, PPR sheep and goat pox
and CCPP (FAO, OIE, WTO and WHO listed diseases) are prevalent in the study area which
constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products. Thus, customization of
high levels of farming management to produce high quality of live animals and animal products
is essential to change the lively hood of farmers in the basin and significantly to increase the
national economy. ( see the annexed table 22 )
Poultry Farming
In the study area there are many indigenous chicken varieties which are well adapted to local
environments as they are excellent foragers, better able to avoid predator attacks and
demonstrate better immunity to common diseases. However, due to relatively low genetic
potential and poor levels of husbandry, most of these indigenous chicken breeds grow slowly
and are poor producers of small sized eggs. Furthermore, infectious diseases like NCD, fowl
cholera, owl pox, owl typhoid and Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) (FAO, OIE, WTO
and WHO listed diseases) are prevalent in the study area which constitute a serious limitation to
export living birds and their products. Thus, importing of exotic breeds and customization of high
levels of farming management to produce high quality of live animals and animal products is
essential to change the lively hood of farmers in the basin and significantly to increase the
national economy. ( see the annexed table 23 )
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5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
As per the set land use planning objective points of view, the animal disease and associated
animal health problems are thoroughly assessed based on the pre set agreements and working
guide lines. As a result, the study area is highly potential for livestock production. But most
African enzootic and economically sever animal diseases are prevalent in the study area. African
enzootic animal diseases and other health problems constitute decrease in milk and meat
production,decrease in reproduction, reduced working ability,low quality hide and skin, low cost
or totally banded in international market, and death of animals.
As a result the present animal diseases and associated animal health problems and possible
solutions those enable to tackle the development limiting factors and enhance the development
options are forwarded. Therefore, it is likely conclude that the result of the assessment can
contribute irreplaceable roles for the proper land use planning for the sub basin and thereby
enable to prepare sound development management options for animal diseases and then to
achieve the development goals of the sub basin.
With regard to recommendations, the following are forwarded:
Farmers should be award about disease prevention and control methods, birth complexity
and mechanical injuries of diseases
Trans boundary and zoonotic diseases should be eradicated in the basine
Vaccination campaigns should be done before the incidence of out breaks and prior to the
drought season.
Immunization schemes should be implemented to improve the immunity status by
providing booster dose
To prevent and control common diseases, enough amount and type of drugs should be
delivered to each districts
Veterinary clinics should be built based on standard and equipped by laboratory facilities.
In addition to this, distracted clinics should be repaired.
Special attentions shall be paid for the sector development by all respective bodies in the
sub basin.
Infrastructural development strategies shall be harmonized with the direction of animal
disease prevention and control systems (electricity, water development, road, natural
resource development, etc.).
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 60
During seasonal migration, mobile clinic should be applied.
Trainings should be given for farmers and veterinary experts.
To fill the gaps, private veterinary clinics and pharmacies should be appreciated and
supported.
Animals should be vaccinated and dewormed based on schedule in endemic areas.
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 61
6 REFERENCES
1. The merk veterinary manual, a hand book of diagnosis, therapy, and disease prevention and
control for the veterinarian, sixth edition,1986
2. Al-Tarazi YH (2001). Bacteriological and pathological study on pneumonia in the one humped
camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Jordan. Reveue _ Elevage et de Medicine Veterinary des
paysTropicaux
3. .Al-Rawashaden OF, Al-Ani FK, Sharrif LA, Al-Quadah KM, Al-Hami Y, Frank N (2000). A
survey of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan. J. Zoo. Wildlife..
3. Bekele T (1999). Studies on the Respiratory Disease’ in Bovine in the eastern Lowlands of
Ethiopia. Trop. Anim.
4. Central Statistics Authority (CSA) (2007). Livestock population in Ethiopia.
5. (OIE) (2004). Office International des Epizootics Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines
for Terrestrial Animals.
6. Rufael T (1996). Report on the new Cattle disease in Southern rangeland development project
(SORDU): Borena.
7. Ethiopian Veterinary Association 10th conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia pp..
8 Food and Agriculture organization(FAO)1999. Animal Health Manual Recognizing Pestdes
Petits Ruminants.
9. Furley C.W., Taylor W.P and Obi T.U. 1987. An outbreak of pes des petits Ruminants in a
zoological collection
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 62
7 Annexes
Annex I: Data and Photographs
Most important animal internal parasites in the basin
NO Most important internal parasites
Bovine Equine Shoat Poultry
1 Fasciola Oxyrisequi Haemoncus Ascaris
2 Ascaris Strongly Fasciola Syngamus
trachea
3 Bonostomum Trichuris Trichuris
4 Schistosomia Fasciola Ostertagia
5 Theliza Lung worm Strongyloids
6 Lung worm Dictocullosis paraphitomum
7 paraphitomum Ascaris Lung worm
8 C. Bovis C. Ovis
9 Strongly Ascaris
10 Haemoncus Tap Worm
Source, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey , 2014
Most important animal external parasites in the basin
NO Most important external parasites
Bovine Equine Sheep and Goat Poultry
1 Ticks Mangmite ( Lice,
kids and mite)
Mangmite( Lice,
kids and mite)
Lice
2 Mangmite( Lice,
kids and mite)
fleas
Source, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey , 2014
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 63
Treated and vaccinated bovine in each Woreda in 2004 and 2005 E.C
Name
of
Wored
a
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Bovine Vaccinated Bovine
Infe
ctio
us
dis
ease
s
Try
pa
n
oso
mia
s
is
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
a
l pa
rasi
te
An
thra
x
Bla
ck
leg
Bo
vin
e
pa
stre
ul
osi
s
FM
D
LS
D
CB
PP
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 0
4
0
5
04 05 0
4
05
Fogera 22,90
0
19,30
0
21,00
0
19,86
7
102,3
00
97,00
0
17,25
0
18,98
2
23,00
0
37,00
0
13,00
0
16,90
0
3,45
0
Dera 21,59
0
20,51
2
19,00
0
17,23
5
97,45
0
84,67
1
24,55
0
25,96
3
31,81
0
34,60
3
16,50
0
14,42
4
2,93
1
2,45
4
12,00
0
East
Estie
3,014 2,810 4,911 6,801 3,840 4,020 6,200 7,819 4,500 5,240 8,200 7,050
Farta 6,685 10,03
4
8 40,994 33,83
2
17,11
7
19,71
2
19,38
6
33,62
8
14,00
9
22,99
5 13
Debretab
or
Tawon
2,662 5,092 10,780 15,68
0
3,672 3,737 1,600 1,292 2,150 1,896
Ebinat 40,00
0
78,72
2
6,804 5,905 68,262 41,69
1
29,82
3
53,86
9
50,72
7
30,39
1
9,970 5,236 7,050 12,13
9
Libo 9,556 9,870 13,33 5,510 48909 11,19 2,989 8,993 18,54 310 2,100 650 1,249
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 64
Name
of
Wored
a
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Bovine Vaccinated Bovine
Infe
ctio
us
dis
ease
s
Try
pa
n
oso
mia
s
is
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
a
l pa
rasi
te
An
thra
x
Bla
ck
leg
Bo
vin
e
pa
stre
ul
osi
s
FM
D
LS
D
CB
PP
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 0
4
0
5
04 05 0
4
05
Kemkem 1 4 2
Gonder
Zuria
5,423 3,979 43 43,009 48,39
3
16,12
6
14,15
2
17,75
3
37,97
7
6,100 7,860 1,500 5,750
Wogera 402 286 3,118 4,863 226 231 4,600 5,100
Lay
Armachi
ho
15,20
7
21,10
8
5,293 4,819 30,129 22,39
8
2,045 9,011 18,90
0
13,40
0
Chilga 28,00
0
35,00
0
5,000 6,000 50,000 80,00
0
4,000 5,000 2,000 15,00
0
16,00
0
20,00
0
30,00
0
25,00
0
Dembia 90,12
4
82,12
7
5,000 3,942 30,125 20,19
0
20,13
0
29,15
0
43,13
0
51,99
7
Alefa 70,60
0
85,03
2
20,60
5
20,60
5
30,000 44,99
9
10,43
3
10,43
3
3,200 41,51
2
4,300 6,200 13,90
0
17,78
5
Takusa 3,186 2,478 1,060 1,006 7,920 6,493 4,197 5,727 813 716 83 42 527 438
North
Achefer
7,268 12,08
3
1,878 3,411 13,081 14,82
2
6,718 6,070 15,65
0
18,05
2
890 1,090 2,875 17,86
0
South 14,75 16,65 34,61 50,78 47,024 81,52 19,24 29,15 30,53 42,32 300 100 21,00 31,30
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 65
Name
of
Wored
a
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Bovine Vaccinated Bovine
Infe
ctio
us
dis
ease
s
Try
pa
n
oso
mia
s
is
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
a
l pa
rasi
te
An
thra
x
Bla
ck
leg
Bo
vin
e
pa
stre
ul
osi
s
FM
D
LS
D
CB
PP
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 0
4
0
5
04 05 0
4
05
Achefer 6 5 5 7 0 0 4 5 5 0 0
Mecha 10,00
0
12,00
0
15,00
0
21,00
0
85,000 92,00
0
32,00
0
36,00
0
50,00
0
70,00
0
10,00
0
12,00
0
Bahirdar
Zuria
Dangila 25,92
6
29,43
5
23,78
8
22,05
1
24,507 29,55
5
12,26
8
22,46
7
8,435 1,959 1000
Dangila
Tawon
3,100 4,000 2,000 2,500 15,000 20,00
0
6,000 6,500 600 1,550 1,200 1,400
Fagita
Lekoma
29,00
0
40,00
0
1,200 1,300 30,000 60,00
0
37,00
0
29,00
0
15,00
0
22,05
0
2,000 2,050 1,10
0
Banja
Shikuda
d
16,00
0
8,123 19,413 22,32
3
875 899 42,70
0
49,35
5
Sekela 3,614 17,35
3 36,078 83,72
9
1,860 15,09
6
63,48
0
34,17
3
Source, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey , 2014
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 66
Treated and vaccinated equine in each Woreda in 2004 and 2005 E.C
Name of
Woreda
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Equine Vaccinated Equine
Infe
ctio
u
s
dis
ease
s
Try
pa
no
som
iasi
s
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
al
pa
rasi
te
An
thra
x
AH
S
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05
Fogera 12,500 13,254 590 870 6,500 3,070 1,070 2,840 5,350 900 1,040 960
Dera 10,900 11,399 15,670 1,497 4,900 5,426 1, 701 1,605 8,850 9,059 3,500 2,050
East Estie 1,040 1,937 880 804 214 267 1,580 1,940 2,500 2,650
Farta 2,346 3,931 8,105 9,552 4,253 4,833 8,077 11,898 2,000 9,963
Debretabor
Tawon
687 1,445 1,194 4,582 483 931 450 98
Ebinat 7,399 439 897
Libo
Kemkem
4,439 1,714 355 855 456 1,166 452 314 591 150 3,200
Gonder Zuria 1,052 754 383 467 238 382 2,029 7,607
Wogera 210 58 432 695 38 2 200 200 500
Lay
Armachiho
1,003 35 27 603 3,476 212 96 1,150 1,940
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 67
Name of
Woreda
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Equine Vaccinated Equine In
fect
iou
s
dis
ease
s
Try
pa
no
som
iasi
s
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
al
pa
rasi
te
An
thra
x
AH
S
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05
Chilga 9,000 5,000 2,500 2,000 5,000 7,000 5,000 3,000 5,000 3,000 400
Dembia 3,500 2,700 250 200 1,200 1,080 9,100 10,100
Alefa 9,500 10,063 500 4,041 2,000 14,452 2,300 2,206 7,500 10,657
Takusa 1,040 1,160 43 89 890 538 526 518 193 213
North
Achefer
1,200 2,071 37 50 1,132 3,411 586 960 5,330 4,750 7,124
South
Achefer
5,269 6,394 3,757 4,268 8,584 14,217 5,610 5,490 5,834 7,125 10,800 27,850
Mecha 950 1,200 3,000 4,000 5,000 7,000 12,000 15,000
Bahirdar
Zuria
Dangila 5,836 8,724 4,066 8,801 6,103 6,425 4,714 6,260 678 127 9,513
Dangila
Tawon
Fagita
Lekoma
3,890 16,000 130 108 10,000 17,000 11,000 6,000 360 2,250 15,000 16,550
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 68
Name of
Woreda
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Equine Vaccinated Equine In
fect
iou
s
dis
ease
s
Try
pa
no
som
iasi
s
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
al
pa
rasi
te
An
thra
x
AH
S
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05
Banja
Shikudad
3,200 4,323 13,883 15,313 683 713 7,213 11,327 17,632 19,453
Sekela 1,701 7,884 2,361 13,551 802 4,439 6,870 6,651 800 14,750
Source, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey , 2014
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 69
Treated and vaccinated Shoats in each Woreda in 2004 and 2005 E.C
Name of
Woreda
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Shoat (Ovine + Caprine) Vaccinated Shoat (Ovine + Caprine)
Infe
ctio
us
dis
ease
s
Try
pa
n
oso
mia
si
s Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
a
l pa
rasi
te
An
thra
x
PP
R
Oo
vin
e
pa
stre
ul
osi
s
Sh
eep
po
x
CC
PP
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05
Fogera 14,600 13,000 42,570 53,000 96,000 8,900 11,000 9,500 2,700 3,987 5,350 2,100 13,675 14,569
Dera 15,000 14,399 37,452 66,087 88,636 7,007 15,700 17,237 3,500 2,050 2,140 2,571 12,550 11,500 3,70
0
3,50
0
East Estie 3,860 4,029 8,020 11,340 916 1,020 2,050 2,650 4,090 4,010 2,940 3,200 12,50
0
13,90
0
Farta 3,261 9,601 18,43
7
36,942 6,825 19,22
2
5,714 18,77
4
75,81
0
11,95
0
14,66
8
Debretabo
r Tawon
2,011 2,846 24,89
8
14,458 981 1,833 1,550 994
Ebinat 45,00
0
31,24
8
4,351 6892
Libo
Kemkem
8,785 8,246 679 516 30,45
9
8,759 1,753 6,663 2,870 125 7,279
Gonder
Zuria
3,080 2030 43,88
1
27,902 5,971 4,365 10,81
4
23,36
6
2,600
Wogera 389 256 5,560 8,337 180 78 150 2,100 2,000
Lay
Armachih
7,732 255 300 19,02 2,359 400 4,056 5,850 3,960 34,13
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 70
Name of
Woreda
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Shoat (Ovine + Caprine) Vaccinated Shoat (Ovine + Caprine)
Infe
ctio
us
dis
ease
s
Try
pa
n
oso
mia
si
s Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
a
l pa
rasi
te
An
thra
x
PP
R
Oo
vin
e
pa
stre
ul
osi
s
Sh
eep
po
x
CC
PP
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05
o 0 7
Chilga 8,000 12,00
0
1,50
0
1,00
0
2,000 30,000 1,000 7,000 2,000 7,000 20,00
0
60,00
0
20,00
0
18,00
0
500 1,000
Dembia 38,18
7
33,12
0
100 80 21,92
7
23,129 39,90
7
30,10
0
27,30
0
29,20
0
Alefa 14,60
0
15,67
4
12,00
0
14,801 3,500 4,579 12,00
0
15,75
1
4,000 5,000 10,96
5
Takusa 2,127 2,238 29 43 4,200 3,970 5,676 5,820 589 643 273 216
North
Achefer
4,078 3,800 54 62 6,999 6,229 2,625 2,654 1,633 650 9,026
South
Achefer
10,74
4
11,22
7
5,08
2
5,77
3
21,14
3
33,770 11,19
1
18,73
4
1,374 1,852 3,600 1,000 11,10
0
43,57
0
Mecha 3,000 4,000 27,00
0
30,000 8,000 10,00
0
Bahirdar
Zuria
Dangila 20,97
4
21,63
4
7,55
9
6,17
7
17,84
2
17,556 9,681 11,22
2
1,193 200 1,400
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 71
Name of
Woreda
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Shoat (Ovine + Caprine) Vaccinated Shoat (Ovine + Caprine)
Infe
ctio
us
dis
ease
s
Try
pa
n
oso
mia
si
s Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
a
l pa
rasi
te
An
thra
x
PP
R
Oo
vin
e
pa
stre
ul
osi
s
Sh
eep
po
x
CC
PP
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05
Dangila
Tawon
Fagita
Lekoma
10,80
0
32,00
0
25 15 35,00
0
50,000 12,00
0
13,00
0
760 10,00
0
7,000
Banja
Shikudad
9,123 16,21
3
34,61
3
46,312 3,213 7,623 7,320 5,312
Sekela 5,445 31,07
9
98,41
2
121,36
1
955 15,31
2
1,526 190 2,800 2,500 14,70
0
Source, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey , 2014
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 72
Treated and vaccinated poultry in each Woreda in 2004 and 2005 E.C
Name of
Woreda
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Avian Vaccinated Avine
Infe
ctio
us
dis
ease
s
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
al
pa
rasi
te
New
ca
stle
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05
Fogera 6,700 4,850 1,060 890 10,000 15,200
Dera 12,000 13,161 2,354 22,535 15,444 19,334
East Estie 129 231 84 62 340 400
Farta 469 4,373 9,389
Debretabor
Tawon
829 894
Ebinat 5,000 2,050 6,312
Libo
Kemkem
Gonder
Zuria
Wogera 14 3
Lay 2,400 8,000
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 73
Name of
Woreda
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Avian Vaccinated Avine In
fect
iou
s
dis
ease
s
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
al
pa
rasi
te
New
ca
stle
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05
Armachiho
Chilga 1,000 3,000
Dembia 2,607 2,900 3,000 200
Alefa 2,000 3,200 500 600 300 400 10,000 57,000
Takusa 560 900 760 2,190 1,066
North
Achefer
1,609 3,383 2,544 1,159 76 31
South
Achefer
9,331 7,303 1,543 3,262 1,005 1,250 6,500 6,524
Mecha 900 1,200 400 600 900 1,250
Bahirdar
Zuria
Dangila 1,200 1,500
Dangila
Tawon
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 74
Name of
Woreda
Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda
Treated Avian Vaccinated Avine In
fect
iou
s
dis
ease
s
Inte
rna
l
pa
rasi
te
Ex
tern
al
pa
rasi
te
New
ca
stle
04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05
Fagita
Lekoma
3,000 3,200 500 1,000 100 150 15,560 4,400
Banja
Shikudad
120 3,333 4,560
Sekela 1,040 2,000
Source, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey , 2014
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 75
Management levels of Dairy farm
Management levels for dairy farm
High level of management system Medium level of management
system
Normal level of management
system
Low level of management
system
Calves
Dipping navel-dip navel of newborn
calves in iodine solution
Check- for cancer eye & other health
problems
Feeding- Colostrum immediately after
birth and milk( sea more at volume VIII)
Dehorn & castrate- calves shortly after
birth.
-Black leg vaccination Preweaning 3-4
weeks
- Pasteurella- vaccination Pre-weaning
3-4weeks
Anthrax- Pre-weaning 3-4 weeks
FMD, LSD, and CBPP- annually
Calves
-Black leg- Circular or triangular
vaccination after the outbreaks
- Pasteurella- Circular or triangular
vaccination after the outbreaks
-Anthrax- Circular or triangular
vaccination after the outbreaks
Internal parasites- Deworming of
calves between 6 months interval
by broad spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite- Deeping or
spraying of calves by acaricides
weeks before introducing to dairy
farm (if it is newly purchased)
Housing-for night and rainy time
-Large number of calves at one
Calves
-Black leg- vaccinating of whole
herd after the out breaks
- Pasteurella-vaccinating of
whole herd after the out breaks
Anthrax- vaccinating of whole
herd after the out breaks
Internal parasites- Deworming of
calves when calves become
emaciated by antihelementhics
External parasite-
Mechanical or local treatment
Housing- with human beings or
large numbers at one class
Grazing system- Free grazing and
some additional crop residue
Calves
-Black leg-Treating of sick
calves by anti- biotic and
other local medicines after
outbreaks
- Pasteurella- Treating of
sick calves by anti- biotic
and other local
medicinesafter outbreaks
Anthrax- Treating of sick
calves by anti- biotic and
other local medicinesafter
outbreaks
Internal parasites-
Deworming of calves
when calves become
emaciated
External parasite-
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 76
Internal parasites- Deworming of calves
between 3 months interval by broad
spectrum antihelementhics
External parasite- Deeping or spraying
of calves by acaricides every 1-3
months accordingly Quarantine-
Quarantine newly purchased calves for
more than 30 days and vaccinating for
anthrax, pastreullosis, FMD, LSD,
CBPP and black leg
Housing- dry, smooth, lighted have
individual portions and able to adjust
room temperature(see more at volume -)
Grazing system- Zero grazing or cut and
carry system
Professional super vision-Twice a day
Veterinary clinic accessibility- standard
veterinary clinics in dairy farm
Heifer
-Brucellosis- Calf hood (4 to 12 months)
Black leg- before breeding
home
Grazing system- Rotational
Professional super vision-once a
week
Veterinary clinic accessibility-
<5km
Heifer
Black leg- Circular or triangular
vaccination after the outbreaks
Anthrax- Circular or triangular
vaccination after the outbreaks
Internal parasites- Deworming of
heifers between 6 months interval
by broad spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite- Deeping or
spraying of heifers by acaricides
weeks before introducing to dairy
farm(if it is newly purchased)
Professional super vision-when
animals get ill
Veterinary clinic accessibility-7-
10Km
Heifer, Cows and Bulls
Black leg- vaccinating of whole
herd after the out breaks
Anthrax- vaccinating of whole
herd after the out breaks
Internal parasites- Deworming of
animals when heifers become
emaciated by antihelementhics
External parasite-
Mechanical or local treatment
Housing- with human house or
in one class, heifer, cow and
bulls(oxen)
Grazing system- Free grazing and
some additional crop residue
Mechanical or local
treatment
Grazing system- Free
grazing
professional super vision -
No
Veterinary clinic
accessibility->10Km
Heifer, cows and Bulls
-Brucellosis- Treating of
sick animals by anti- biotic
and other local medicines
Black leg- Treating of sick
animals by anti- biotic and
other local medicines
Anthrax- Treating of sick
animals by anti- biotic and
other local medicines
Internal parasites-
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 77
Anthrax-Before breeding
FMD, LSD, and CBPP- annually
Internal parasites- Deworming of heifers
between 3 months interval by broad
spectrum antihelementhics
External parasite- Deeping or spraying
of heifer by acaricides every 1-3
months accordingly
Quarantine-Quarantine newly purchased
heifers for more than 30 days and
vaccinating for anthrax, FMD, LSD, and
CBPP, brucellosis
pastreullosis and black leg
Feeding- Rouphage and concentrated
feeds + minirals= balance feed ( sea
more at volume VIII)
Housing- Thermostable, clean, dry,
having enough space for feeding and
laying( see more at volume-)
Grazing system- Zero grazing or cut and
carry system
Professional super vision-Twice a day
Veterinary clinic accessibility- standard
Housing-for night and rainy time
-Large number of heifers at one
home
Feeding- feeding of industry by
producte
-hey, straw
_grasses from grazing
Grazing system- Rotational
Professional super vision-once a
week
Veterinary clinic accessibility-
<5km
Cows
Black leg- Circular or triangular
vaccination after the outbreaks
Anthrax - Circular or triangular
vaccination after the outbreaks
Professional super vision-when
animals get ill
Veterinary clinic accessibility-7-
10Km
Deworming of animals
when animals become
emaciated by
antihelementhics or local
medicines
External parasite-
Mechanical or local
treatment
Grazing system- Free
grazing
professional super vision-
No
Veterinary clinic
accessibility->10Km
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 78
veterinary clinics in dairy farm
Cows
- E. coli vaccination- Vaccinate cows
(twice 30 days before calving)
Black leg- vaccination before breeding
30-60 days
Anthrax -vaccination before breeding
6weeks
FMD, LSD and CBPP-annually
Internal parasites- Deworming of cows
between 3 months interval by broad
spectrum antihelementhics
External parasite- Deeping or spraying
of cows by acaricides every 1-3 months
accordingly
Quarantine-Quarantine newly purchased
cows for more than 30 days and
vaccinating for anthrax, pastreullosis,
LSD, FMD, CBPP, brucellosis and
black leg
Internal parasites- Deworming of
cows between 6 months interval
by broad spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite- Deeping or
spraying of cows by acaricides
weeks before introducing to dairy
farm(if it is newly purchased)
Housing-for night and rainy time
-Large number of cows at one
home
Feeding- feeding of industry by
product
-hey, straw
_grasses from grazing
Grazing system- Rotational
Professional super vision-once a
week
Veterinary clinic accessibility-
<5Km
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 79
Feeding- Rouphage and concentrated
feeds + minerals= balance feed ( sea
more at volume VIII)
Housing- Thermostable, clean, dry,
having enough space for feeding and
laying( sea more at volume VIII)
Grazing system- Zero grazing or cut and
carry system
Professional super vision-Twice a day
Veterinary clinic accessibility- standard
veterinary clinics in dairy farm
Bulls
Black leg -vaccination before breeding
30-60 days
Anthrax -vaccination before breeding
FMD,LSD and CBPP-annually
Internal parasites- Deworming of bulls
between 3 months interval by broad
spectrum antihelementhics
Bulls
Black leg - Circular or triangular
vaccination after the outbreaks
Anthrax - Circular or triangular
vaccination after the outbreaks
Internal parasites- Deworming of
bulls between 6 months interval by
broad spectrum antihelementhics
External parasite- Deeping or
spraying of bulls by acaricides
weeks before introducing to dairy
farm(if it is newly purchased)
Grazing system- Rotational
Professional super vision-once a
week
Veterinary clinic accessibility-
<5Km
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 80
External parasite- Deeping or spraying
of bulls by acaricides every 1-3 months
accordingly
Quarantine-Quarantine newly purchased
bulls for more than 30 days and
vaccinating for anthrax, pastreullosis,
FMD, LSD, CBPP, brucellosis and
black leg
Feeding- Roughage and concentrated
feeds + minerals= balance feed ( sea
more at volume VIII)
Housing- Thermostable, clean, dry,
having enough space for feeding and
laying( see more at volume-)
Grazing system- Zero grazing or cut and
carry system
Professional super vision-Twice a day
Veterinary clinic accessibility- standard
veterinary clinics in dairy farm
Source, OIE guidelines , internet and professional judgments, 2014
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 81
Management levels of cattle fattening farm
Management evels for fattening cattle
High level of
management system Medium level of
management system Normal level of
management system
Low level of
management system
Calves
Dipping navel-dip
navel of newborn
calves in iodine
solution
Check- for cancer eye
& other health
problems
Feeding- Colostrum
immediately after
birth and milk( sea
more at volume VIII) Dehorn & castrate-
calves shortly after
birth.
Heart water -
vaccination 0 - 21
days of age
-Black leg
vaccination
Preweaning 3-4
weeks
- Pasteurella- Pre-
weaning 3-4weeks
Internal parasites-
Deworming of calves
between 3 months
Calves
-Black leg- annual or
Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
- Pasteurella- annual
or Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
-Anthrax- annual or
Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
Internal parasites-
Deworming of calves
between 6 months
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Deeping or spraying
of calves by
acaricides weeks
before introducing to
fattening farm(if it is
newly purchased)
Grazing system-
Calves
-Black leg-
vaccinating of whole
herd after the out
breaks
- Pasteurella-
vaccinating of whole
herd after the out
breaks
Anthrax- vaccinating
of whole herd after
the out breaks
Internal parasites-
Deworming of calves
between 9-12 months
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Mechanical or local
treatment
Housing- with human
beings or large
numbers at one class
Grazing system- Free
grazing and some
additional crop
Calves
-Black leg-Treating of
sick calves by anti-
biotic and other local
medicines after
outbreaks
Pasteurella- Treating
of sick calves by anti-
biotic and other local
medicines after
outbreaks
Anthrax- Treating of
sick calves by anti-
biotic and other local
medicines after
outbreaks
vaccination- is done
if the out break kills
large number of
calves by campaign
vaccination
Internal parasites-
Deworming of calves
between 9-12 months
interval by any
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 82
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Deeping or spraying
of calves by
acaricides every 1-3
months accordingly
Quarantine-
Quarantine newly
purchased calves for
more than 30 days and
vaccinating for
anthrax, pastreullosis
and black leg
-Deworming by
broad spectrum
antihelementhics
before 3 weeks
-Deeping or spray by
acaricides before 3
weeks
Housing- dry,
smooth, lighted have
individual portions
and able to adjust
room temperature
Grazing system-
Zero grazing or cut
and carry system( sea
more at volume VIII) Professional super
vision-Twice a day
Rotational
Professional super
vision-once a week
Veterinary clinic
accessibility-<5km
Housing-for night and
rainy time
-Large number of
calves at one home
Heifer
Black leg- annual or
Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
- Pasteurella- annual
or Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
-Anthrax- annual or
Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
Internal parasites-
Deworming of heifers
between 6 months
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Deeping or spraying
of heifers by
residue
Professional super
vision-when animals
get ill
Veterinary clinic
accessibility--<10Km
Heifer, Cows and
bulls or castrated
oxen live at one
herd
Black leg-
vaccinating of whole
herd after the out
breaks
Anthrax- vaccinating
of whole herd after
the out breaks
Internal parasites-
Deworming of heifers
between 9-12 months
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Mechanical or local
treatment
Housing- with human
house or in one class
Feeding-hey, crop
residue like straw and
others
Mechanical or local
treatment
Housing- with human
beings or large
numbers at one class
Grazing system- Free
grazing
Professional super
vision-when animals
get ill
Veterinary clinic
accessibility-
inaccessible due to
large mountains,
rivers and > 10Km
from vet. clinic
Heifer, Cows and
bulls or oxen
-Brucellosis- Treating
of sick heifers by anti-
biotic and other local
medicines
Black leg- Treating of
sick heifers by anti-
biotic and other local
medicines
Anthrax- Treating of
sick heifers by anti-
biotic and other local
medicines
vaccination- is done
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 83
Veterinary clinic
accessibility- within
the farm
Heifer
-vaccinate pregnant
heifers: with
enterotoxemia C & D
toxoid if
enterotoxemia has
been a problem and
with Scours vaccine if
virus diarrhea has
been a problem.
_revaccinate pregnant
heifers not yet calved:
enterotoxemia C & D
toxoid (10-11 months)
-Observe heifers
every 3-4 hours after
calving starts -assist
delivery
-Move bred heifers to
calving area 10 days
before calving
expected
Brucellosis –
vaccinate at 4 to 8
months
Anthrax- vaccinate 5-
6 months
Black leg- vaccinate
acaricides weeks
before introducing to
fattening farm(if it is
newly purchased)
Housing-for night
and rainy time
-Large number of
heifers at one home
Feeding- feeding of
industry by producte
-hey, straw
_grasses from grazing
Grazing system-
Rotational
Professional super
vision-once a week
Veterinary clinic
accessibility-<5km
Cows
Black leg- annual or
Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
- Pasteurella- annual
or Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
-Anthrax- annual or
Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
-grazing at pasture
Grazing system- Free
grazing at communal
grazing land and
cultivated land.
Professional super
vision- when animals
get ill. Veterinary
clinic accessibility-
<10Km
if the out break kills
large number of
calves by campaign
vaccination
Internal parasites-
Deworming of
animals between 9-12
months interval by
any antihelementhics
External parasite-
Mechanical or local
treatment
Housing- fenced area
of farm lands without
shed at night
Feeding- grasses from
communal pasture and
crop residue
Grazing system- Free
grazing
Professional super
vision-when animals
get ill
Veterinary clinic
accessibility-
inaccessible due to
large mountains,
rivers and > 10Km
from vet. clinic
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 84
5-6 months
Heart water-
vaccinate 5-6 months
Internal parasites-
Deworming of heifers
between 3 months
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Deeping or spraying
of heifers by
acaricides every 1-3
months accordingly
Quarantine-
Quarantine newly
purchased hiefers for
more than 30 days
-vaccinating for
anthrax,
pastreullosis and
black leg
-Deworm by
broadspectrum
antihelementhics
before 3 weeks
introducing to the
herd
- Deeping or spraying
of heifers by
acaricides before 3
weeks
Housing –well
outbreaks
Internal parasites-
Deworming of cows
between 6 months
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Deeping or spraying
of cows by acaricides
weeks before
introducing to
fattening farm (if it is
newly purchased)
Housing-for night and
rainy time
-Large number of
cows at one home
Feeding- feeding of
industry by products
without control
-hey, straw
_grasses from grazing
Grazing system-
Rotational
Professional super
vision-once a week
Veterinary clinic
accessibility-<5km
Bulls
Black leg- annual or
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 85
drained 6% slope and
dry
- able to adjust room
temperature
-18 m2 of space with
9 m2 in a paved lot
-≥2.5 m high and 1–
1.5 m2 of cover
-trees and fences for
wind break
( sea more at volume
VIII) Feeding- Rouphage
and concentrated
feeds + minirals=
balance feed ( sea
more at volume VIII) Grazing system-
Zero grazing or cut
and carry system( sea
more at volume VIII) Professional super
vision-Twice a day
Veterinary clinic
accessibility- within
the farm
Cows
-Prepare calving
quarters-clean sodden
area.
-Vaccine open cows
Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
- Pasteurella- annual
or Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
-Anthrax- annual or
Circular / triangular
vaccination after the
outbreaks
Internal parasites-
Deworming of bulls
between 6 months
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Deeping or spraying
of bulls by acaricides
weeks before
introducing to
fattening farm(if it is
newly purchased)
Housing-for night and
rainy time
-Large number of
bulls or castrated oxen
at one home
Feeding- feeding of
industry by products
without control
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 86
for vibriosis,
leptospirosis, IBR,
BVD
-Move "close" cows
to calving area about
10 days before
expected calving.
-Observe every 3-4
hours after calving
starts.
-Mark cows having
calving difficulty or
other problems for
early culling
-vaccinate cows
within 3-4 weeks of
calving:
enterotoxemia C &D
toxoid booster
-Observe cows for
prolapse & retained
placenta
- E. coli vaccination-
Vaccinate cows (twice
30 days before
calving
Black leg-
vaccination before
breeding 30-60 days
Anthrax -vaccination
before breeding
6weeks
Internal parasites-
-hey, straw
_grasses from grazing
Grazing system-
Rotational
Professional super
vision-once a week
Veterinary clinic
accessibility-<5km
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 87
Deworming of cows
between 3 months
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Deeping or spraying
of cows by acaricides
1-3 months
accordingly
Quarantine-
Quarantine newly
purchased cows for
more than 30 days
-vaccinating for
anthrax,
pastreullosis and
black leg
-Deworm by
broadspectrum
antihelementhics
before 3 weeks
introducing to the
herd
- Deeping or spraying
of cows by acaricides
before 3 weeks
Housing –well
drained 6% slope and
dry
-18 m2 of space with
9 m2 in a paved lot
-≥2.5 m high and 1–
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 88
1.5 m2 of cover
-- able to adjust room
temperature
-trees and fences for
wind break
( see more at volum-
)
Feeding- Rouphage
and concentrated
feeds + minirals=
balance feed ( sea
more at volume VIII)
Grazing system-
Zero grazing or cut
and carry system( sea
more at volume VIII) Professional super
vision-Twice a day
Veterinary clinic
accessibility-within
the farm
Bulls
Black leg -
vaccination before
breeding 30-60 days
Anthrax -vaccination
before breeding
Internal parasites-
Deworming of bulls
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 89
between 3 months
interval by broad
spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Deeping or spraying
of bulls by acaricides
1-3 months acordingly
Quarantine-
Quarantine newly
purchased bulls for
more than 30 days
-vaccinating for
anthrax,
pastreullosis and
black leg
-Deworm by
broadspectrum
antihelementhics
before 3 weeks
introducing to the
herd
- Deeping or spraying
of bulls by acaricides
before 3 weeks
Housing –well
drained 6% slope and
dry
-18 m2 of space with
9 m2 in a paved lot
-≥2.5 m high and 1–
1.5 m2 of cover
-able to adjust room
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 90
-trees and fences for
wind break( sea more
at volume VIII)
Feeding- Rouphage
and concentrated
feeds + minirals=
balance feed ( sea
more at volume VIII) Grazing system-
Zero grazing or cut
and carry system( sea
more at volume VIII) Professional super
vision-Twice a day
Veterinary clinic
accessibility-within
the house
Source, OIE guidelines , internet and professional judgments, 2014
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 91
Management levels of Shoat fattening
Management Levels for fattening shoat
High level of management system Medium level of management
system
Low level of management
system
Shoats
Dipping navel-dip navel of newborn lambs or kids in iodine solution
Check- for health problems
Feeding- Colostrum immediately after birth and milk( sea more at volume
VIII)
Agro-ecological zone
Highland
-Anthrax
-Sheep and goat pox
-Pasteurellosis
Mid altitude
-Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
Shoats
- Pasteurella- vaccinate after
the outbreaks
-Anthrax- vaccinate after the
outbreaks
Internal parasites- Deworming
of shoats when they inter to
fattening and as required by
broad spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite- Deeping or
spraying of shoats when the
owner observe external
parasites
Feeding- industry products and
crop residue
Shoats
- Pasteurella- vaccinate after
the outbreaks
-Anthrax- vaccinate after the
outbreaks Internal parasites-
Deworming of shots when
shoats become emaciated by
broad spectrum
antihelementhics
External parasite-
Mechanical or local treatment
Housing- with human beings
or large numbers at one class
Grazing system- Free grazing
and some farmers give grains
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 92
-Sheep and goat pox
-Anthrax
- Pasteurellosis
Lowland
-Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
-Anthrax
-Pasteurellosis
-Contagious Caprine Pleuro-Pneumonia (CCPP)
Enterotoxaemia- clostridium perfringes:
-First immidatly after birth and vaccinate within an interval of 20-25
days or boostervaccination –one dose annually
Internal parasites- Deworming of shoats between 3 months interval by
broad spectrum antihelementhics
External parasite- Deeping or spraying of shoats s by acaricides every 1-
3 months accordingly
Quarantine-Quarantine newly purchased shoats for more than 30 days and
Grazing system- zero or in
fenced area
Professional super vision-
when animals get ill
Veterinary clinic accessibility-
<5km
Housing-for night and rainy
time
-Large number of shoats at one
home
Professional super vision-
when animals get ill
Veterinary clinic
accessibility--<10Km
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 93
vaccinating for anthrax and pastreullosis
-Deworming by broad spectrum antihelementhics before 3 weeks
-Deeping or spray by acaricides before 3 weeks
Housing- dry, smooth, lighted and able to adjust room temperature
Grazing system- Zero grazing or cut and carry system( sea more at
volume VIII)
Professional super vision-Twice a day
Veterinary clinic accessibility- within the farm
Source, OIE guidelines , internet and professional judgments, 2014
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 94
Management levels of poultry farm
Management Levels for poultry farming
High level of management system Medium level of management
system
Low level of management
system
Poultry
Days
Marek's Disease
9-14- Newcastle-Bronchitis
14- Infectious Bursal Disease
28- Infectious Bursal Disease
Weeks
4- Newcastle-Bronchitis
8- Laryngotracheitis
Fowl Pox
13-14- Newcastle Bronchitis
16- Laryngotracheitis
16- Inactivated Newcastle-Bronchitis
Poultry
- Newcastle- vaccinate the
whole flock at one time(day
old chicken)
Internal parasites- Deworming
of the whole flock after some
birds died
External parasite- fumigate
when chickens inter and leave
Feeding- grains
Housing- deep litter system and
other cemented house
Professional super vision-
when chickens died
Veterinary clinic
accessibility-<5km
Poultry
- No vaccination
-No treatment
Internal parasites-
Housing- with human beings
-extensive management
-Exposed to disease, and
predators
Professional super vision-no
at all
Veterinary clinic
accessibility- not in
consideration
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 95
Internal parasites- Deworming of poultry between 3 months interval by
broad spectrum antihelementhics
External parasite- fumigate or spraying the house before entrance and
immediately leave
Housing- cage system which is very clean, dry, lighted and able to adjust
room temperature
-no contact chickens with their feces
-able to protect rodents and other animals
-Deeping bath at entrance
Feeding- balanced feed according to the purpose
Professional super vision-Twice a day
Veterinary clinic accessibility- within the farm
Source, OIE guidelines , internet and professional judgments, 2014
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 96
Photo of emaciated and week ox due to trypanosomiasis disease in Fogera Woreda
Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project
BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 97
Photo of artificial insemination in Farta Woreda
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