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An experimental examination of temperature interactions in the ‘match-mismatch’ hypothesis for Pacific cod
larvae
Benjamin J. Laurel, Thomas P. Hurst, and Lorenzo Ciannelli1Fisheries Behavioral Ecology Program, NOAA RACE Division-Alaska
Fisheries Science Center, Newport, OR 973652College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University,
Corvallis OR, 97331-5503
Pacific cod
-Rank 2nd in catch and product value in the groundfish fishery in Alaska (much smaller relative component of fishery in Canada)
-Pacific cod has been examined in a multi-species framework e.g., regime shifts, climate change and North Pacific trophodynamics
-Few studies have explicitly examined the ecology and life history of Pacific cod possibly because of assumed similarities between Pacific cod and their better-studied congener, Atlantic cod (Gadusmorhua).
Sea ice coverage in the Bering sea has changed over the past 30 years
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 9820
0020
0220
04
Biom
ass
(100
0 mt)
050100150200250300350400450500
Catch
YC Age3 Millions
Age 3+Bio
Climate affects the ecosystem through sea ice
February March April May June
Slide courtesy of Gary ShawHunt et al. 2002
The Oscillation Control Hypothesis contradicts predictions based on the
‘Match/mismatch’ hypothesis
Month
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Abu
ndan
ce (n
o./m
2) o
f lar
vae
in p
ositi
ve to
ws
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 Peak Pacific cod larval production (1972-1996)Yr 1997 primary productivity (sea-ice present)Yr 2000 primary productivity (sea-ice absent)
OCH or match-mismatch? Complex interactions
Prey field(timing, magnitude)Temperature
field
Post-feeding stages(growth and survival)
Pre-feeding stages(hatch duration,
endogenousresources)
Modeling growth and survival of Pacific cod eggs/larvae in response to climate-related changes in sea ice conditions in
the Bering Sea
• Phase I: Vital rates of eggs and pre-feeding larvae in response to temperature
• Phase II: Vital rates of post-feeding larvae and juveniles in response to interactions in temperature and food availability
• Phase III: Development of spatially explicit models of early life survival of Pacific cod in the Bering Sea using laboratory validated data
Temperature controlat the NOAA-FBEP laboratory at the HMSC in Newport, OR
Flow-through, temperature controlledseawater system
Experiment #1: Pre-feeding larvae
• 5 temperatures (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8ºC)– Larvae: 3 replicate containers for each hatching
stage: ~25%, ~50% and 75% hatch (n=45 tanks)
• Measured daily mortality and morphometricchanges (yolk area, MH, SL and ED) every 3 days to ~50% mortality
• Lipid/fatty acid characteristics measured at early, mid and late hatch for each temperature treatment
Hatching is temperature-mediated
0 2 4 6 84
8
12
16
20
24
0 2 4 6 8 1010
20
30
40
50
60
Temperature (ºC)
Dur
atio
n (d
ays)
Hatch Duration Timing to Hatch
0° C
020406080
100
2° C
020406080
100
Early hatchMid- hatchLate hatch
4° C
X Data
% S
urvi
val
020406080
100
6° C
X Data
020406080
100
8° C
DPH
0 10 20 30 40
020406080
100
Early hatchers survive longeracross all temperature treatments
4° C
Days post hatch0 10 20 30 40
% S
urvi
val
0
20
40
60
80
100
Early hatchMid hatchLate hatch
Temperature
0 2 4 6 8 10
DPH
to 5
0% m
orta
lity
(LO
G+1
)
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6Early HatchLate Hatch
Size and growth SL
Days into hatch cycle
0 2 4 6 8 10
Size
(SL
mm
)
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.60 degrees2 degrees 4 degrees6 degrees8 degrees
Temperature
0 2 4 6 8 10
Max
siz
e (S
L m
m)
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
8°C
6°C
4°C
2°C
Day 3 - P. cod larvae
0°C
0° C
8° C
62 DPF
The consequences of cold and warm environments
LF-LF
Experiment #2: Post-feeding larvae
6 wks3ºC
8ºC
HF-HFLF-LFHF-LFLF-HF
NF
6 wksHF-HF
HF-LFLF-HF
NF
Temperature mediated match-mismatch experiment
Match-mismatches in prey at two temperatures
• Temperature explains the most variance in growth
• Fish at cold temperatures survived longer in the absence of prey
• The relative timing of match-mismatches in prey therefore differed between temperature treatments
Week0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SL
(mm
)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12HFHF HFLF LFHF LFLF
Week0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SL
(mm
)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12HFHFHFLFLFHF LFLF
3ºC
8ºC
8ºC
Week0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SL
(mm
)
5
6
7
8
9HFHF HFLF LFHF LFLF
3ºC
Week0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SL
(mm
)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12HFHFHFLFLFHF LFLF
8ºC
Growth consequences of early and late mismatches of prey
Conclusions• Time of hatch and hatch cycle duration are negatively correlated
with temperature—early hatchers survive longer in the absence of prey but may have a limited ability to feed on certain sizes and types of prey relative to late hatchers.
• Optimal conversion efficiency using endogenous reserves occurs at colder temperatures (≤4ºC). Larvae grow larger and survive longer in the complete absence of prey at colder temperatures
• (3ºC) Mismatches in food availability at cold temperatures are relatively inconsequential at low temperatures except in the complete absence of food. However, early and late mismatches in food have measurable effects on growth
• (8ºC) Mismatches in food availability are very important to growth, especially when mismatches occur after 3 wks post-hatch.
• Temperature ultimately drives growth when sufficient prey for survival are present
Future and ongoing work
• Further integration into Bering sea models (Phase III)
• The behavioral consequences of early and late hatching in a predator and feeding environment
AcknowledgementsFundingNorth Pacific Research Board (NPRB - Grant#: R0605, NOAA Fisheries – Alaska Fisheries Science Center RACE Division
Co-PIs: Al Stoner-NOAA/AFSC and Mike Behrenfeld-OSU
PersonnelField assistance: Alisa Abookire and Brian Knoth
Boat charters: Tim Tripp and Jan Axel
Laboratory experiments: Scott Haines, Michele Ottmar and PaulIseri
Match-mismatch results wk 6 at 8ºC
• Optimal feeding conditions contribute to highest growth
• Late mismatches in food are more consequential to growth than early mismatches.
Match-mismatch results wk 6 at 3ºC
• Optimal feeding conditions matter little in terms of growth
• Late mismatches still appear to be consequential to growth compared to early mismatches.
Survival% survival at wk 6
Feeding conditions
HFHF LFLF HFLF LFHF
% S
urvi
val
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
708 degrees 4 degrees
Match-mismatch results wk 6 at 3ºC
Preliminary model runs
1999(coolest)
2005(warmest)
Experiment #2: Post-feeding larvae
• 2 temperatures (3 and 8ºC)• 6 wk experiment with 5 feeding treatments
per temperature: HF-HF, LF-LF, HF-LF, LF-HF and no food. Three replicate incubators per food-temperature treatment (n=30 tanks)
• Morphometric measurements using image analysis taken every wk (SL, MH, ED, Yolk area)
• % survival measured at the end of the experiment in the food treatments. Daily mortality recorded for the no food treatments
Questions?
Changes in lipid classes at 2ºCTAG
DPF
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
µg li
pid/
egg
or la
rvae
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
PL
DPF
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
µg li
pid/
egg
or la
rvae
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
AMPL
DPF
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
µg li
pid/
egg
or la
rvae
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Sterols
DPF
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
µg li
pid/
egg
or la
rvae
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Changes in total lipid composition of early and late hatching eggs as a function of
temperature
Days post fertilization
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
µg li
pid
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
112°C4°C6°C8°C
8°C
6°C
2°C
Day 3 - P. cod larvae
0°C
4°C
Egg collection March 2006
Coulson et al. 2006
Similar but perhaps not as similar as was previously thought……
Pacific cod
Atlantic cod
0º C
DPH
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Siz
e (S
L m
m)
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
DPH0 5 10 15 20 25S
ize
(SL
mm
)4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
EarlyMidLate
DPH0 2 4 6 8 101214161820
Siz
e (S
L m
m)
4.24.44.64.85.05.25.45.6
DPH0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Siz
e (S
L m
m)
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
DPH0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Siz
e (S
L m
m)
4.54.64.74.84.95.05.15.25.3
2º C 4º C
6º C 8º C
Length
Eye diameter0º C
DPH
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Eye
dia
met
er (m
m)
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
DPH0 5 10 15 20 25
Eye
dia
met
er (m
m)
0.270.280.290.300.31
0.320.33
0.34
EarlyMidLate
DPH0 2 4 6 8 101214161820
Eye
dia
met
er (m
m)
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
DPH0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Eye
dia
met
er (m
m)
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
DPH0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Eye
dia
met
er (m
m)
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
2º C 4º C
6º C 8º C
Condition Index0º C
DPH
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Con
ditio
n (M
H/S
L m
m)
0.0460.0480.0500.0520.0540.0560.0580.0600.062
DPH0 5 10 15 20 25
Con
ditio
n (M
H/S
L m
m)
0.0460.0480.0500.0520.0540.0560.0580.060
EarlyMidLate
DPH0 2 4 6 8 101214161820
Con
ditio
n (M
H/S
L m
m)
0.0460.0480.0500.0520.0540.0560.0580.0600.062
DPH0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Con
ditio
n (M
H/S
L m
m)
0.0460.0480.0500.0520.0540.0560.0580.0600.0620.064
DPH0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Con
ditio
n (M
H/S
L m
m)
0.0480.0500.0520.0540.0560.0580.0600.0620.0640.066
2º C 4º C
6º C 8º C
Yolk depletion0º C
DPH
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Yol
k ar
ea (m
m2 )
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
DPH0 5 10 15 20 25
Yol
k ar
ea (m
m2 )
0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.35
EarlyMidLate
DPH0 2 4 6 8 101214161820
Yol
k ar
ea (m
m2 )
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
DPH0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Yol
k ar
ea (m
m2 )
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
DPH0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Yol
k ar
ea (m
m2 )
0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.35
2º C 4º C
6º C 8º C
Pacific cod
-Rank 2nd in catch and product value in the groundfish fishery in Alaska (much smaller relative component of fishery in Canada)
-Pacific cod has been examined in a multi-species framework e.g., regime shifts, climate change and North Pacific trophodynamics
-Few studies have explicitly examined the ecology and life history of Pacific cod possibly because of assumed similarities between Pacific cod and their better-studied congener, Atlantic cod (Gadusmorhua).
Lipid catabolism in Pacific cod eggs and pre-feeding larvae
Lipid catabolism in Atlantic cod eggs and pre-feeding larvae
Days post fertilization
1 4 7 9 11 14
µg li
pid
/ egg
or l
arva
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Total lipidPhospholipidsTriacylglycerol Hatch
Lipogenesis in Pacific cod eggs/larvae across all temperature treatments
0 Degrees
Days post fertilization0 10 20 30 40 50
µg li
pid
/ egg
or l
arva
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2 Degrees
Days post fertilization0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
µg li
pid
/ egg
or l
arva
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
4 Degrees
Days post fertilization0 5 10 15 20 25 30
µg li
pid
/ egg
or l
arva
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6 Degrees
Days post fertilization0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
µg li
pid
/ egg
or l
arva
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 Degrees
Days post fertilization0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
µg li
pid
/ egg
or l
arva
0
2
4
6
8
10
Changes in total lipid composition of early and late hatching eggs as a function of
temperature
Days post fertilization
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
µg li
pid
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
112°C4°C6°C8°C
Yolk area
Hatch day0 2 4 6 8 10
Yol
k ar
ea (m
m2 )
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.350 degrees2 degrees 4 degrees6 degrees8 degrees
2°C
4°C
8°C
6°C
0°C
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