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An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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An Introduction to Sonnet
Dr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
2Dr. J. E. Rayas Sánchez
Sonnet EM Simulator
A 3-D planar EM analysis software
Based on the Method of Moments
Intended for frequency-domain analysis of planar circuits (microstrip, stripline, PCBs, and integrated circuits)
Not intended for completely arbitrary 3-D problems
Development started in 1983 by Dr. James C. Rautio
Commercial introduction in 1989
www.sonnetusa.com
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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3Dr. J. E. Rayas Sánchez
4Dr. J. E. Rayas Sánchez
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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5Dr. J. E. Rayas Sánchez
Basic Sonnet Tools
‘xgeom’, for drawing the circuit to be analyzed
‘em control’ to launch an analysis with the ‘em’ analysis engine
‘emgraph’ to plot the results
‘emvu’ to view and animate current distributions in both frequency domain and time domain (for a given exciting frequency)
6Dr. J. E. Rayas Sánchez
Decomposition Capabilities
‘em’ includes a net-list based circuit theory analysis that allows complete EM simulations to be included in the net-list
Very useful for breaking a circuit into pieces, having each piece automatically analyzed and then all results automatically connected back together
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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The Project Editor – Example 1
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The Project Editor – Example 1 (cont)
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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The Project Editor – Example 1 (cont)
10Dr. J. E. Rayas Sánchez
The Project Editor – Example 1 (cont)
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Setting-up the Analysis – Example 1
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Running the Simulation – Example 1
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Showing Results – Example 1
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Setting-up the Analysis – Example 1 (cont)
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Running the Simulator – Example 1 (cont)
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Showing Results – Example 1 (cont)
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Showing Results – Example 1 (cont)
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Current Density Viewer – Example 1 (cont)
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Current Density Viewer – Example 1 (cont)
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Current Density Viewer – Example 1 (cont)
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Current Density Viewer – Example 1 (cont)
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The Substrate, Subsectioning, and Cell Size
Sonnet encloses the circuit in a metal boxThe substrate covers the bottom area of the boxCell Size, Box Size and Number of Cells in each direction (x or y) are related as
Cell Size × Number of Cells = Box SizeThe EM analysis starts by automatically subdividing the circuit into small rectangular subsectionsSonnet uses variable size subsections (small subsections are used where needed)A Cell is the building block for all subsections, and each subsection is built from one or more cellsTo reduce memory requirements use a cell size as large as possible
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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The Box and the Substrate
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Subsectioning
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Subsectioning (cont)
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Metalization Levels and Dielectric Layers
Sonnet Professional can handle any number of metalizationlevelsMetalization is refered to as “levels” and dielectric as “layers”Each metalization level is sandwiched between two dielectric layers
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Example 2: A Double Folded Stub Filter
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Example 2: A Double Folded Stub Filter (cont)
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Setting up the Structure – Example 2
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Setting up the Analysis – Example 2
efcε
λmax
min =
8.9GHz8Mm/s300
min ≈λ
λmin = 11.98 mm = 471.61 mil
λmin / 20 = 23.58 mil Cell size < 23.58 mil
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Results – Example 2
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Using Adaptive Frequency Sweep – Example 2
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Results – Example 2
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Results – Example 2
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Increasing Resolution – Example 2
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Increasing Resolution – Example 2 (cont)
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Increasing Resolution – Example 2 (cont)
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Increasing Resolution – Example 2 (cont)
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Increasing Resolution – Example 2 (cont)
40Dr. J. E. Rayas Sánchez
Vias
A special kind of subsection which allows current to flow in the z-direction between metals“Ground via” connect metal on the surface of the substrate to the groundplane beneath the substrate“Level-to-level via” connect metalization between any two adjacent levels
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Vias (cont)
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An Air Bridge
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Example 3: Square Spiral Inductor
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Setting Up the Structure – Example 3
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Square Spiral Inductor – Example 3
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Vias (Lower Level) – Example 3
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Vias (Upper Level) – Example 3
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Simulation Time – Example 3
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Results – Example 3
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Lumped Circuit Models for Spiral Inductors
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Example 4
ε r
W1
W2
W0
L1
HL2
W1
L0
L0
Bandstop Microstrip Filter with Quarter-Wave Open Stubs
H = 25 milεr = 9.4 (alumina)W0 = 25 milW1 = 9 milW2 = 19 milL0 = 95 milL1 = 115 milL2 = 114 mil
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Setting-up Structure – Example 4
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Structure – Example 4
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Simulation Time – Example 4
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Results – Example 4
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Current Density – Example 4
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Current Density – Example 4 (cont)
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Aplac Model – Example 4
L=L1W=W1
W=W2L=L2
outin
L=L1W=W1
L=L0W=W0
L=L0W=W0
Sweep "S-Parameter Analysis"LOOP 1000 FREQ LIN 5GHz 15GHzgrid
Show Y Mag(S(2,1))EndSweep
L=1milW=W0
L=1milW=W0
MSub Alumina_25milER=9.4H=25mil
Declare iaplacvar W0 25milW1 9milW2 19milL0 95milL1 115mil L2 114mil
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Results using Aplac – Example 4
5.000G 7.500G 10.000G 12.500G 15.000G0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
S-Parameter AnalysisAplac 7.70 User: Evaluation Customer: ITESO Apr 09 2003
f/HzMag(S(2,1))
60Dr. J. E. Rayas Sánchez
h
w
Characteristic impedance for microstrip transmission lines
(assumes nonmagnetic dielectric)
Example 5: A Simple Microstrip Line
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Microstrip Line Set Up – Example 5
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Microstrip Line Set Up (50Ω line) – Example 5
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Terminating Port 2 with 50Ω – Ex. 5
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Terminating Port 2 with 25Ω – Ex. 5
An Introduction to SonnetDr. José Ernesto Rayas Sánchez
April 20, 2009
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Terminating Port 2 with an Open Circuit – Ex. 5
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