Anatomy & Kinesiology

Jan McElroy PT, MS, PCS 2009Do not copy without permission

In the spine there are 33 vertebral segments:• 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-7C1-7)

• 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-12T1-12)

• 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-5L1-5)

• 5 sacral vertebrae (fused into a single bone called the sacrumsacrum)• 4 coccygeal bones (fused into a single bone called the coccyx or tail bonecoccyx or tail bone)

CervicalC1-7

ThoracicT1-12

LumbarL1-5

Sacrum

Coccyx

The vertebrae belonging to each section of the spine have specific morphologic characteristics which are related to the function of the region.

cervical vertebra

thoracicvertebra

lumbarvertebra

From: McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Abrahams, Gutchings, Marks, 4th edition

thoracicvertebra

From: McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Abrahams, Gutchings, Marks, 4th edition

However, all vertebrae are composed of the same basic parts:

1.vertebral body2.pedicle (one on each side)

3.transverse process (one on each side)

4.spinous process5.articular surface for facet6.lamina (one on each side)

7.vertebral foramen

1

2

43

57

There are 2 types of curves found in a typical spine when standing: kyphosis & scoliosis. Both occur in the sagittal plane.

Kyphosis • a spinal curve that is concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly• typically found in the thoracic and the sacrococcygeal regions of the spine

Lordosis • a spinal curve that is convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly• typically found in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine

TypicalCervicalLordosis

TypicalThoracicKyphosis

TypicalLumbarLordosis

Anterior Posterior

It is important It is important to note that:to note that:• excessive or fixed postural kyphotic and lordodic curves in the spine are NOT typical• postural curves (present and/or fixed) in the spinal column in the frontal and transverse planes are NOT typical…these are called scoliosisscoliosis.

scoliosis

excessive thoraco-lumbar lordosis

excessivethoracic kyphosisduring sitting

During dynamic movement, the spinal curves in the sagittal plane vary and change shape according to the demands of the task.

Demands of the task are also met with dynamic spinal curve movements in the frontal and transverse planes.

Everything Everything changes when changes when we begin to we begin to move!!!!move!!!!

Deepest muscles Interspinalis Intertransversarus

Intermediate muscles Rotators Multifidi Semispinalis

Erector Spinae (more superficial)

Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis

***Note the lateral position of the iliocostalis & longissimus muscles

Drawings adapted from Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System,

Neumann 2002

The intermediate layer consists only of the •serratus posterior superior

and the •serratus posterior inferior

Currently, these muscles are not thought to play a role in movement.

Instead, they are believed to assist in respiration.

From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist

Trapezius› Upper› Middle› lower

Rhomboids Levator

Scapula Serratus

Anterior Latissimus

DorsiFrom: Novartis Interactive Atlas,

Frank Netter artist

Superficial to Deep

Rectus abdominus› 3 sections

External Obliques

Internal Obliques

Transverse abdominus From: Novartis Interactive Atlas,

Frank Netter artist

Anterior view

Posterior view

1. Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank Netter

2. McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Abrahams, Hutchings, & Marks

3. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System, Donald Neumann

4. Anatomy Coloring Book, Kapit & Elson