View
46
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
AP Psychology Exam Info. Monday, May 5 (afternoon session) Bring photo ID, pens/pencils, & DO NOT BE LATE 2 hour, 10 minute exam Part 1: Multiple choice 100 questions (A-E) 70 minutes ANSWER EVERY QUESTION! GUESS GUESS GUESS ! 10 minute break Part 2: Free response 2 questions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
AP Psychology Exam Info Monday, May 5 (afternoon session)
Bring photo ID, pens/pencils, & DO NOT BE LATE 2 hour, 10 minute exam
Part 1: Multiple choice○ 100 questions (A-E)○ 70 minutes○ ANSWER EVERY QUESTION! GUESS GUESS GUESS!
10 minute break Part 2: Free response
○ 2 questions○ 50 minutes○ ANSWER DIRECTLY!
AP Psychology Exam Info
Composite Score AP Grade (approx.)96-150 5
74-95 4
55-73 3
36-54 2
0-35 1
150 total possible points (100 multiple choice, 50 free response)
Unit 1 Review Topics Important People to Know
John Locke Rene Descartes Hippocrates Wilhelm Wundt William James Sigmund Freud
Terms/Ideas psychology phrenology structuralism introspection functionalism Gestalt
○ perceptual units psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory
○ unconscious behaviorism humanistic psychology cognitive psychology social psychology nature vs. nurture psychology vs. psychiatry
Unit 2 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
random assignment reliability validity (internal & external) demand characteristics placebo effect double-blind design Descriptive statistics
○ measures of central tendency○ measures of variability
Inferential statistics○ statistical significance○ meta-analysis
informed consent debriefing Institutional Review Boards
(IRBs)
Terms/Ideas hypothesis theory operational definition population sample (random sampling) Descriptive research
○ case study○ surveys○ naturalistic observation
Correlational research○ correlation coefficient (r)○ direction and size of correlations○ drawbacks?
Experimental research○ independent & dependent variables○ experimental & control conditions○ confounds
Unit 3 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
agonists & antagonists Nervous system
○ central and peripheral○ PNS = Skeletal and autonomic○ ANS = sympathetic and
parasympathetic Endocrine system
○ hormones○ pituitary gland
Mapping Brain Functions○ EEG○ CT scan○ PET scan○ MRI & fMRI
Terms/Ideas glial cells Neuron
○ cell body/soma○ nucleus○ dendrites○ axon○ myelin sheath○ Nodes of Ranvier○ terminal buttons/terminal branches
resting potential action potential threshold (“all or none law”) synapse/synaptic cleft Neurotransmitters
○ vescicles○ receptors○ reuptake
Unit 3 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Forebrain, cont.○ cerebral cortex
frontal lobeparietal lobetemporal lobeoccipital lobe
○ corpus callosumplasticity
Important People to KnowPhineas GageH.M.
Terms/IdeasHindbrain
○ medulla○ pons○ reticular formation○ cerebellum
Midbrain○ thalamus
Forebrain○ limbic system
hippocampushypothalamusamygdala
Unit 4 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Visual Sensation & Perception, cont.○ cues to depth perception
(monocular vs. binocular)○ motion perception
stroboscopic effectphi phenomenon
○ change blindness○ Stroop task
Auditory Sensation & Perception○ amplitude & frequency of sound
waves○ parts of the ear○ pitch theories (place theory,
frequency theory)○ cocktail party effect
gate-control theory of pain synesthesia
Terms/Ideas sensation vs. perception bottom-up & top-down processing absolute threshold
○ just-noticeable difference (JND)○ Weber’s Law
priming sensory adaptation transduction Visual Sensation & Perception
○ amplitude & frequency of light waves
○ parts of the eye○ theories of color vision
trichromatic theoryopponent-process theory
(afterimages)○ feature detector neurons
Unit 5 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Sleep, cont.○ sleep disorders
insomnia narcolepsy (hypocretin) sleep apnea night terrors
Hypnosis○ absorption○ applications of hypnosis
Psychoactive drugs○ addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal○ 3 classes:
depressants stimulants hallucinogens
Near-death experiences
Terms/Ideas consciousness (normal/waking vs.
altered states) Sleep
○ circadian rhythm (roles of hypothalamus, pineal gland, melatonin)
○ stages of sleepbrain wave activity
○ Why do we sleep?○ Why do we dream?
Freud (manifest vs. latent content)
sctivation-synthesis theorymemory consolidation
Unit 6 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Operant conditioning○ Law of Effect○ shaping○ positive & negative reinforcement○ 4 schedules of partial reinforcement:
fixed ratiovariable ratiofixed intervalvariable interval
○ positive & negative punishment Other types of learning besides
conditioning○ latent learning○ insight learning○ social/observational learning
(modeling)○ mirror neurons
Terms/Ideas Classical conditioning
○ 4 aspects:unconditioned stimulus (US)conditioned stimulus (CS)unconditioned response (UR)conditioned response (CR)
○ acquisition○ extinction○ reacquisition○ spontaneous recovery○ stimulus discrimination○ stimulus generalization○ biological preparedness○ taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling
study)○ systematic desensitization
Unit 6 Review Topics Important People to Know
Ivan PavlovJohn WatsonEdward ThorndikeBF SkinnerWolfgang KohlerAlbert Bandura
In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
1. A college guy spends a summer going down to the football field every day, scattering birdseed all over the field while blowing a whistle, then walking off. Fall arrives, and the school’s first home game
starts. The referee walks out and blows his whistle - and the game has to be delayed half an hour to remove the birds who flocked when they heard the sound of the whistle.
In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
2. This story is from the U.S. Army’s Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland. MaryBeth Garrigan of the University of Minnesota recalls a bird-watching assignment there during explosives testing. “Looking through my binoculars, I saw a pair
of red-tailed hawks sitting on a telephone pole, and as the bombing started, I expected the birds to fly away in a panic. Instead they flew to a platform closer to the explosions!”
She made sense of this when the bombing subsided, and the hawks began flying slowly over the field, diving down and picking up what looked like shell-shocked mice and rabbits.
In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
3. It’s your first day of college! Ah yes, your first experiences with dorm life. You are standing in the shower, trying to wake up, when you hear someone flush the toilet, then a few seconds later the shower water turns scaldingly hot! You yell and jump out of the way. After the water temperature returns to normal,
you resume the shower, but someone else flushes the toilet, the water gets hot, you jump again.
Sooner or later (sooner, I hope!), you begin to jump out of the way as soon as you hear a toilet flush without waiting to get burned.
In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
4. While crossing an intersection, you are nearly run down by a car. The next time you approach that intersection, you find yourself feeling nervous (e.g. palms sweating, heart racing, etc.)
In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)
5. In order to punish your cat even when you’re not close enough to reach him, you have paired the sound of a clicker with getting squirted with water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him to startle.
Unit 7 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Memory, cont.○ retrograde & anterograde
amnesia○ long-term potentiation○ flashbulb memories○ memory interference
(proactive & retroactive)○ repression○ mnemonic devices
Terms/Ideas Memory
○ 3 steps to forming a memory (encoding, storage, retrieval)
○ Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage Model of Memorysensory memory short-term
(working) memory long-term memory
○ rehearsal○ chunking○ levels/depth of processing○ primacy & recency effects○ types of memories
explicit vs. implicitepisodic, semantic
Unit 7 Review Topics Important People to Know
Hermann Ebbinghaus Elizabeth Loftus Benjamin Whorf Noam Chomsky
Terms/Ideas Thinking
○ linguistic relativity (Whorf)○ algorithms vs. heuristics
heuristics: availability, representativeness, anchor & adjust
○ confirmation bias Language
○ phonemes, morphemes○ grammar (syntax, semantics)○ Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s
aphasia
Unit 8 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Emotion○ catharsis○ 3 important theories of emotion
1. James-Lange2. Cannon-Bard3. two-factor theory
(Schacter & Singer)○ polygraph tests
Important People to Know Abraham Maslow Paul Ekman Schacter & Singer
Terms/Ideas Motivation
○ drive-reduction theory○ law of optimal arousal (aka.
Yerkes-Dodson Law)○ hunger (lateral & ventromedial
hypothalamus)anorexia nervosa, bulimia
nervosa○ evolutionary perspective on
mating habits○ flow
Unit 9 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Psychosocial Development○ attachment styles○ critical period/imprinting○ Baumrind’s parenting styles○ Erikson’s stage model
Moral Development○ Kohlberg’s stage model
dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease Important People to Know
Jean Piaget Harry Harlow Mary Ainsworth Konrad Lorenz Lawrence Kohlberg Erik Erikson
Terms/Ideas Physical/Prenatal
Development○ zygote embryo fetus○ teratogens
Cognitive Development○ schemas (assimilation &
accomodation)○ Piaget’s stage model
object permanenceconservationegocentrism/theory of
mind○ autism
5 REVIEW DAYS LEFT!
Child Rearing Practices:Level of Control?
1. authoritarian style impose rules, expect unquestioning
obedience & conformity high expectations, but no explanation of
rules (“Why? Because I said so.”) most likely to use physical punishment kids: low in social competence
rarely take initiative, look to others for what is right
lack spontaneity
Child Rearing Practices:Level of Control?
2. permissive stylewarm, but lax, stylesubmit to children’s wishes, make
few demands, use little punishment, few rules
kids: selfish, impulsive, aggressive, insecure, low achievers often lacking in social responsibility
Child Rearing Practices:Level of Control?
3. authoritative styleboth demanding & responsiveset rules & enforce them...
...but explain reasons for rules ...and explain why punishment is
happeningencourage independencekids: high self-esteem,
independence ability to reason, form own
opinions & arguments
Unit 10 Review Topics
Terms/Ideas, cont. Trait approach
○ factor analysis○ five-factor theory of
personality (“the Big Five”) learned helplessness
Important People to Know Sigmund Freud Anna O. Carl Jung Gordon Allport
Terms/Ideas Psychoanalytic theory (aka.
psychodynamic)○ the unconscious○ accessing the unconscious:
dreams (manifest vs. latent content)
free associationhypnosisprojective tests
○ id, superego, & ego○ Freud’s stage model of
psychosexual development○ Oedipus complex○ defense mechanisms:
repression, projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation
4 REVIEW DAYS LEFT!
Unit 11 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
stereotype threat Important People to Know
Charles SpearmanHoward GardnerAlfred Binet & Theodore
SimonLewis Terman
Terms/Ideas Intelligence
○ general intelligence (g)○ emotional intelligence○ convergent vs. divergent thinking
(creativity?)○ crystallized vs. fluid intelligence
Intelligence testing○ Intelligence quotient (IQ)○ famous IQ tests:
Binet-SimonStanford-BinetWAIS/WISC
○ standardization○ reliability (test-retest, split-half)○ validity (criterion)
Stray Topic #1: Hans Selye General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)3 stage model of reactions to stress:
○ 1. Alarm (fight-or-flight, sympathetic NS, prepare body)○ 2. Resistance (remain physically “ready”; can deplete energy if
too long)○ 3. Exhaustion (parasympathetic NS)
more vulnerable to disease, illness in Exhaustion stage
Stray Topic #2: Opponent-Process Theory
Not just for color vision…also opposing processes in emotions, addictionEmotions & skydivers
○ inexperienced = more scared before, less pleasure upon landing
○ experienced = less scared before, more pleasure upon landing
Stray Topic #3: A Few Misc. Names Carol Gilliganrefined Kohlberg’s stage theory
○ men = absolute in their morality○ women = more likely to take situation into account
Hubel & Wieselfeature detector neurons
Robert RescorlaContingency model of classical conditioning (aka. Rescorla-
Wagner model)○ Pavlov = contiguity model (more pairings = more learning)○ Rescorla = contingency model (more CONSISTENT
pairings = more learning)Expectations/cognition matter in conditioning
Schacter & Singer: two-factor theory of emotion
Unit 12 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Mood disorders○ Major depressive disorder
(MDD)Seasonal affective disorder
(SAD)○ Bipolar disorder (BD)
Schizophrenia○ delusions, hallucinations,
language disruptionsPersonality disorders
○ especially borderline (BPD) and antisocial (APD)
Important People to KnowDavid Rosenhan
Terms/Ideas Diagnostic & Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV)○ 5 axes
Anxiety Disorders○ Generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD)○ Panic disorder (PD)○ Agoraphobia○ Phobias○ Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
(aka. social phobia)○ Obsessive-compulsive
disorder (OCD)○ Post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)
Unit 13 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Types of Medication○ antipsychotics,
antidepressants, antianxiety, mood-stabilizers
“Alternative” Therapies○ electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy Important People to Know
Sigmund FreudCarl Rogers
Terms/Ideas Psychoanalytic Therapy
○ resistance○ transference
Humanistic Therapy○ client-centered therapy○ active listening
Behavioral therapy○ counterconditioning○ token economies○ systematic desensitization
Cognitive therapy/cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Stray Topic #4: Types of Intelligence Tests
aptitude tests: ability, what you can do
achievement tests: knowledge, what you have learned
Stray Topic #5: Somatoform Disorders
experiencing physical problems in the absence of any physical causehypochondriasis: frequent physical complaints for
which doctors cannot find cause○ minor problems indicative of major problems?
conversion disorder: severe physical problems with no apparent biological reason (paralysis, blindness)
Due to unresolved unconscious conflicts? Reinforced behaviors?
Stray Topic #6: Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Specific type of CBT Developed by Albert
Ellis Aims to expose,
confront dysfunctional thoughts of clients
Stray Topic #7: Group Dynamics besides social facilitation, social loafing group polarization: groups make more
extreme decisions than they would individually
groupthink: group members suppress concerns about ideas that group supportsfalse unanimity (missing important flaws in
idea?)
Unit 14 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.
Stereotypes, prejudice, & discrimination○ Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT)○ outgroup homogeneity, ingroup
favoritism Persuasion
○ Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
○ persuasion techniques: foot-in-the-doordoor-in-the-face
Attraction & relationships○ mere exposure effect○ halo effect○ Sternberg’s triangle theory
Group processes○ social facilitation, social loafing
Terms/Ideas Hindsight bias Fundamental attribution error Social roles (Stanford Prison
Study) Cognitive dissonance Conformity
○ Informational & normative social influence
Obedience to authority Helping behavior
○ Bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility
Terror Management Theory
Unit 14 Review Topics Important People to Know
Phil ZimbardoLeon FestingerSolomon AschStanley Milgram
Recommended