AP World History: Unit 3 Regional & Transregional Interactions Europe: 600 – 1450 CE

AP World History: Unit 3

Regional & Transregional Interactions

Europe: 600 – 1450 CE

Chapter 7:

State Building, Expansion,&

Conflict – Europe and Byzantium

Getting Started…4 key questions:

After the fall of Rome, what was life like in Western and Central Europe?

Who was Charlemagne? Why was he important?

What was Bzyantium? What were the Crusades?

After the fall of Rome, what was life like in Western & Central Europe?• In the aftermath of Rome’s collapse, no single

authority emerged in western or central Europe to take its place.

• Instead, small & short-lived kingdoms rose and fell.

• Constantly menaced by migrating barbarians & Muslim invaders, these monarchies were also weakened by decentralization: their rulers lacked the money, military strength, & administrative tools to govern their lands effectively.

Partial solution to solve these problems came around the 700s – feudalism!•Monarchs awarded land to loyal followers,

or vassals.•In exchange, these vassals guaranteed

that their parcels of land – fiefs – would be governed, crops grown, and lands protected.

•Those who received the land – the largest parcels – evolved into Europe’s noble or aristocratic class.

Who’s Who: starting at the bottom

Serfs- Serfs are the poor people or the slaves that had to do all the work for the higher people and classes. The Serfs work for the knights.

Next to bottom….Knights- Knights were given land by the Barons (lords) in favor for military service when demanded, and to protect the manor.

Lords aka Barons akaNobles - allowed to establish their own system of justice-minted their own money -set their own taxes.

At the top!

Kings: Controlled everythingOwned everyone

Feudalism: started in the 700s.Starts to decline due to the population shifts/ devastation of the Black Death of the 1300s…

Who was Charlemagne?Why was he important?•A prime example of an early and successful

state-builder is the Frankish King Charlemagne.

•Lived from 748 – 814 (66 years)•Defeated the Vikings, Muslims, and

Barbarians•Sponsored education & culture•Created a network of administrators and local

officials to supervise his growing territories•Formed the Holy Roman Empire

Charlemagne: known for 2 key strategies

•1. To legitimize one’s rule by association with the Catholic Church – whose political role in medieval Europe was considerable.

•2. To use the Roman Empire as an effective model of government to imitate

Man of War, Man of Peace•Tall, strong and vigorous, Charlemagne inspired the respect of his enemies on the battlefield, who were worried more by his physical strength than his tactical intelligence.

Charlemagne…

•Showed great kindness•Gave the poor alms• Was know to burst into tears after the

death of a friend•Revered his mother Bertrade who was a

good advice-giver.•Was an inquiring mind, he learned a lot of

subjects.

Charlemagne…

•First and foremost a warrior, although his main aim was peace. ▫Side note: Aristotle’s quote – “We make war

so that we may live in peace.”•Deeply religious•Was convinced that God had entrusted to

the Franks to spread and defend the Christian faith

•Spent his life fighting the barbarians from north to south Europe.

Charlemagne: Father of Modern Europe• By iron and blood,

he managed to establish a Christian empire over much of Western Europe, to the point of attributing him the title “Pater europae”, father of the modern Europe.

Charlemagne’s EmpireDark green – inheritedPink - conquered

http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne#Check it out!Article Videos

http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne/videos/the-reign-of-charlemagne

• The Carolingian empire began to disintegrate soon after Charlemagne's death (814).

• Charlemagne was survived by his son Louis the Pious.

• After the death of Louis the Pious, the three surviving sons divided up the kingdom into three major sections.

The Disintegration of the

Carolingian Empire

FeudalismViking and Muslim invasions and the disintegration of the

Carolingian world led to the emergence of a new type of relationship between free individuals.

When new governments ceased to be able to defend their subjects, it became important to find some powerful lord who could offer protection for service - Feudalism▫ Feudalism came to be characterized by a set of

practices known as the Feudal Contact▫ It was determined by a relationship between a

lord and a vassal.• With the breakdown of governments, powerful

nobles took control of large areas of land.▫ In order to protect their land, nobles needed

Knights!

Knights and Vassels•Knights earned great social prestige

and formed the backbone of the European autocracy. ▫However, knights were really nothing

more than glorified thugs!!▫Nobles trained and hired Knights to

protect their land. As payment, the knights were given land themselves!

•This made the knights vassals!▫By the 8th/9th century, an individual who served a

lord was known as a vassal.▫Land would be given to individuals (fiefs) in

return for military service.

Obligations of…Vassals Lords

•Major service (military)

•Give advice•Sit in judgment of legal cases

•Financial payments to the lord

•Provide Protection

•Maintenance of vassals (through giving land).

Serfs

• Free peasants gave up their freedom to the lords in return for use of the lord’s land and protection.▫ Although large class of free peasants

continued to exist, serfs were bound to the land and required to provide labor services, pay rent, and be subject to the lord’s jurisdiction.

▫ By the 9th century, 60% of the population of western Europe had become serfs.

• Labor services consisted of working the lord’s land, the

land retained by the lord, which consists of one-third to one-half of the cultivated lands scattered throughout the manor.▫ Peasants usually worked three days a

week for their lord.

Manor•The entire Feudal system revolved

around the Manor.▫An agricultural estate operated by a lord

and worked by peasants.

•The Feudal System, new farming tools (Heavy Plow,

Horseshoe, and the Yolk), and new farming techniques (Crop

Rotation) helped pull Europe out of the Dark Ages and into the Middle Ages!!

What was Byzantium?The Eastern Roman EmpireBy far the strongest & most advanced state in medieval EuropeCapital - Constantinople

Crossroads of Europe & Asia (Turkey)

Wh

at w

as

Byzan

tium

?By far the strongest

and most

advanced state in

medieval Europe

aka Eastern

Roman Empire.

Byzantium in 1025

ByzantiumEconomically…

1025 CE•Participated

directly in the Mediterranean trade AND the Silk Road Commerce

•Participated indirectly with the Indian Ocean trade network

Byzantium

Politically… 1025• Leaders used Eastern

Orthodoxy to legitimize rulership

• Took advantage of large & elaborate bureaucracies – a holdover from the days of Rome – to administer & supervise territory

• Used theme system: gave land to soldiers serving in frontier zones as a cost effective way to protect the borders!

The Byzantine State Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A Global

History with Sources. 2nd Edition. Boston, MA: Beford/ St. Martins, 2013. Print

• In its heyday, it was an impressive creation.• Political authority remained tightly

centralized in Constantinople, where the emperor claimed to govern all creation as God’s worldly representative, styling himself “the peer of the Apostles” and “the sole ruler of the world.”

• The imperial court was grand – parades of silk-clad officials, mechanical lions that roared, birds that sang, and an immense throne that quickly elevated the emperor high above his presumably awestruck visitors.

The Byzantine State Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A Global History with Sources. 2nd Edition. Boston, MA: Beford/ St. Martins, 2013. Print

•Highly centralized government touched only lightly on the lives of most people

•Focused primarily on collecting taxes, maintaining order, and suppressing revolts.

•“Personal freedom in the provinces was constrained more by neighbors and rival households,” concluded one historian, “than by the imperial government.”

What happened to the Byzantine State?•After 1085, Byzantine territory shrank

due to aggressive Western European powers, Catholic Crusaders, & by Turkic Muslim invaders.

•The end came in 1453 when the Turkic Ottoman Empire, then known as “the sword of Islam,” finally took Constantinople.

Constantinople in 1453: an eye-witness account Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A Global History with Sources. 2nd Edition. Boston, MA: Beford/ St. Martins, 2013. Print. P 471

• A moving lament to his fallen city:• “And the entire city was to be seen in the tents of

the [Turkish] camp, the city deserted, lying lifeless, naked, soundless, without either form or beauty. O city, head of all cities, center of the four corners of the world, pride of the Romans, civilizer of the Barbarians…. Where is your beauty, O paradise…” Where are the bodies of the Apostle of my Lord…? Where are the relics of the saints, those of the martyrs? Where are the remains of Constantine the Great and the other emperors?... Oh, what a loss!”

Interesting contrast…The Western half of Christendom was on the rise.

The eastern part (Byzantium) was in decline.

Time out for exam prep!Essay –writing :Connecting content with formats

Remember the 3 types of essays!• DBQ – document based

question▫ approx. 50 min. ▫ Plus 10 min. of rdg time

• Continuity and Change Over Time (CCOT)▫ Approx 40 min.▫ Analysis of how a theme has

changed or not over time

• Comparative Essay▫ Approx 40 min.▫ Analysis of likenesses &

differences of two or more societies or geographic regions

Comparative Essay: Sample QuestionAfter the fall of the Rome, compare Western Europe with the Byzantine Empire

5 paragraphs: intro, body, conclusionNote: the following three points… all are correct but there is a problem. See if you can find it.

•1st Key Point:•Western Europe collapsed politically in

the fifth century, whereas Byzantium survived as a single political entity until its conquest in 1453. The Byzantine emperor exerted greater control over the Orthodox Church than political authorities in Western Europe did over the Catholic Church.

2nd Key Point

•The Byzantine Empire maintained a prominent role in the long distance trade networks of Eurasia throughout the period, whereas Western Europe’s role declined precipitously following the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, only to reengage with those trade networks after 1000.

3rd key point

•After 1000, Western Europe’s influence on the Mediterranean and in Eastern Europe expanded, while the influence of the Byzantine Empire contracted (especially in the Mediterranean basin) after 600.

Did you notice a problem?!?!?---see the next slide

Comparative Essay

•Choice 1:•2 similarities and one difference

•Choice 2:•2 differences and one similarity

OUR SAMPLE HAD THREE

DIFFERENCES!!!!

What would be a similarity?

Similarity…

•Religious teachings•History of the faith•Bond of Christian forefathers – traditions

– teaching….▫Founder▫Apostles▫Bible/ text▫Practices – baptism, communion

Moving on!

What were the Crusades?A series of “holy wars”Began in 1095Captured the imagination of Western Christendom for centuries

Background

•Wars undertaken at God’s command•Authorized by the Pope•Required participants to swear a vow •Benefits

▫offered an indulgence, which removed the penalties for any confessed sins

▫Immunity from lawsuits▫A moratorium on the repayment of debts

The target

•Aimed at wrestling Jerusalem and the holy places associated with the life of Jesus from Islamic control & returning them to Christendom.

•Beginning in 1095: wave after wave of Crusaders▫Demonstrated a growing European

capacity for organization, finance, transportation, and recruitment

▫Also demonstrated: extreme cruelty

Christian seizure of Jerusalem: 1099

• Accompanied by the slaughter of many Muslims and Jews

• Crusaders made their way, according to perhaps exaggerated reports, through streets littered with corpses and ankle deep in blood to the tomb of Christ.

Role of Church in Middle Ages

Never was there a time when the Church was so powerful in Western Civilization.

The Church was led by the Pope. Priests and nuns converted and

gave care to people. Monks were spiritual leaders

They lived in monasteries that acted like trade schools and YMCAs

• Since there were no strong empires or kingdoms the Church was the one organization that had universal respect and power.▫ Popes were more powerful than kings!

Churches and Cathedrals during the High Middle

Ages

The Arab World•The Arab world was relatively peaceful and civilized at the time. •Jerusalem itself was a multicultural city.

• Jews, Muslims and Christians all lived together harmoniously.

• Christians on pilgrimages to Jerusalem were freely allowed access to the Holy Places.

•However, in 1009 AD, the Fatimite Khalif of Egypt inexplicitly ordered the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.•Then, in 1076, the tolerance ends.

The Crusades

1st CrusadeIn 1095 - Pope Urban II presided over a church council to

address a series of pressing issues.

Major Issue - An appeal from the Eastern empire for military assistance against the Muslims.

Seeing this as an opportunity to increase his own

power, Pope Urban II launched the 1st crusade in 1095 ** Granted Indulgences = Forgiveness of sin in

repayment of military serviceThree great armies, tens of thousands of crusaders,

gathered from France, Germany, and Italy converged on the Middle East.

1st CrusadeThousands of knights and “barbarian”

soldiers united under Christianity attacked Muslims and Jews in Turkey and Jerusalem to gain the land for Christians.

Crusaders marched to Constantinople killing and looting along the way.LyceaAntiochCrusaders took Jerusalem in

1099!There were a total of 9 Crusades.

First Crusade began in 1096; the 9th last one ends in 1272.

Following the 1st Crusade•The Crusaders captured the Holy City of Jerusalem.

•To protect the Holy Land, the Crusaders established ‘Crusader Kingdoms’. ▫Jerusalem, Antioch,

Tripoli, and Edessa.

2nd Crusade

2nd Crusade•1144 A.D. the Muslim’s

captured the Crusader kingdom of Edessa!▫ The capture of Edessa threatened the safety

of Jerusalem and led to the 2nd crusade.

•The crusaders fail to recapture their lost lands and are annihilated!!▫Jerusalem fell to the Muslims

in 1187 A.D.

It was a failed crusade!

3rd Crusade•Launched in 1189.

▫In response to the fall of Jerusalem in 1187

3rd Crusade• Launched by the three greatest rulers of Europe:

King Richard 1st of EnglandKing Philip Augustus of FranceGerman Emperor Fredrick Barbarossa Barbarossa drowned in a swollen stream He was nearly 70 years old Germans leave after his death

In 1191, the French and the English capture a Muslim city of Acre!The French and English were constantly bickering so

the French eventually went home.

King Richard vs. Saladin

•For nearly two years Richard is fighting daily combats with Saladin’s troops.

• Saladin played Psychological warfare on Richard!▫Sending him the finest fruits when he fell ill.

▫Saladin sent Richard the finest steed in Arabia when his personal horse was killed in battle.

• After years of fighting, King Richard became frustrated with the slow pace of negotiations. In order to rush the peace negotiations, he had three thousand Muslim prisoners lined up and had their throats slit one at a time.

Peace Achieved•Finally in 1192 Richard and Saladin made

peace.▫Richard never conquered Jerusalem

▫But the peace treaty gave access to Christians to Jerusalem and the holy sites.

▫Christians did not have to pay tribute.

Crusades 4 – 9•4th Crusade (1201 C.E.)

▫Attacked Constantinople•5th Crusade (1215 C.E.)

▫Attacked Egypt•6th – 9th Crusades

▫The King Crusades

All failed

Crusades: What happened?

•European power was not strong enough to last the test of time.

•European gains had come under Muslim control by 1300.

Think about this! What were the long term effects of the Crusades? *How would Europe be impacted?

Take 5

minutes

for

“Table

Talk”

•How did the Crusades affect Europe?

Talking it over

Impact of the Crusades•Persecution of Jews and Muslims.

•Economic development via trade.

•Kings and popes, gained power as a result.

•Islamic culture was introduced to small portions of Europe (Soap, etc…)

Crusades: Long term consequences•Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic region were brought

permanently into Western Christendom.•Declining Byzantium, weakened by the Crusader

sacking of Constantinople in 1204, was left even more vulnerable to Muslim Turkish conquest.

•Popes strengthened their position of influence.•Tens of thousands of Europeans came into

personal contact with the Islamic world ▫Gaining a taste for luxury goods▫Stimulating a demand for Asian goods

More long term effects…

•Learned techniques for producing sugar on large plantations using slave labor **would have a tremendous global impact centuries later

•Cross – cultural exchange – trade, technology, scholarship

Challenges of the Middle Ages

• Following the Crusades, wars swept across Europe as a result of the new power granted to kings and Pope’s!

•The Hundred Year’s War (1328-

1453) and the War of the Roses (1461-

1485) tore the continent apart!

•In 1347, the Black Death Swept across Europe!

•Estimates range from 1/3 to ½ the population of Europe died!!

•Anti-clericalism began to rise as people blamed God for the plague.

End of the Middle Ages

•Due to the great loss in population from the wars and the plague, the manor system collapsed as more people moved to cities!▫Decrease in population allowed farmers to buy

more land and produce more food! This drove down food prices and gave people money to spend on luxuries.

▫The demand for more luxuries and the migration to cities ushered an era of trade and urbanization not seen in Europe since Rome!

• In 1453, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople sending many Greeks fleeing to Italy.▫They brought with them ancient writings that

were thought to be lost! A renewed interest in the classics was founded!

Vocab Shout Out!

Europe: 600 - 1450key vocabulary

•Early Middle Ages•500 – 1000 CE•Political decentralization•Perpetual military threats•feudalism

High Middle Ages

•1000 – 1300 CE•Era of cultural and economic revival•Nations took firmer shape

The Middle Ages

and Daily Life

The Grimness of Daily Life

•People during the early Middle Ages were smelly and dirty.▫Their hair was long, matted, and filled with lice.

▫Their teeth broken and decayed.▫Their breath as funky as a sudden outburst of sewer gas.

▫Body odor was compared to old cheese.

Appearance•People looked very old despite often being very young.

An average girl of seventeen had been married for three years and would have had three children.She’d be lucky to reach 25.

Women in the Middle Ages

•Being a women in the middle ages was not easy.

•Civil law both permitted and encouraged wife beating.▫A great advance for feminism was made in the thirteenth century by the laws and customs of Beauvais, which stated that a man should beat his wife only “for a good reason.”

Living Conditions•Living conditions were appalling•The first castles, constructed at the end of the ninth century, were built to defend the people of the manor from barbarians.▫The castles were cold, dark, and devoid of

any comforts.▫Everything was covered with filth and grime.▫And the beds were swarming with bedbugs

(that really bites).

Food•The meat was undercooked, rancid, and indigestible.

•The bread is covered with mold.▫The favorite feast is boiled eel, with

a helping of frogs, toads, and snails.

▫Pigs ate garbage and people eat pigs.•Great sausages stuffed with blood was also a delight.

Widespread IgnoranceThe people were woefully

ignorant.Anything that contradicted the

teachings of Christ was heresy! Thus science was all but outlawed! There are no books so no one read!

They knew nothing of art, science, or the outside world!

Late Middle Ages

•1300 – 1500 CE•The Renaissance in Italy•States trended toward greater

centralization•Still had significant challenges

▫Constant warfare▫Social unrest▫Crises such as the Black Death

Feudalism

•System emerging by the 700s•Monarchs awarded lands to loyal

followers or vassals•Vassals were in charge of government,

justice, agriculture, & protection.•Nobles typically subdivided their own

land, becoming lords to their own their vassals.

Norman Conquest

•1066•Norman conquest of England•11th century invasion & occupation of

England by French soldiers, including William the Conqueror

•To control his kingdom, William gave lands to his followers, built castles, & commanded military strong points throughout the land

Norman Conquest – William the Conqueror•Brought French style of Feudalism to

England•Fused Latin, Celtic, & Anglo-Saxon

traditions

Magna Carta:

Imposed on the king (King John) by his barons Guaranteed the nobility certain rights & privileges – restricted King’s powers.

King John signing the Magna Carta at Runnymede on June

15, 1215

Magna CartaLater, England’s nobility won the right to form a Parliament, which made laws in conjunction with the King.

Hundred Year’s War

•1337 – 1453•Conflict over England & France’s

competing claims over French territory•Was the last & most important•Coincided with social unrest & the Black

Death•English had the upper hand at first;

however, French ultimately won – thanks to Joan of Arc

Hundred Years War: Joan of Arc• French victory due to

Joan of Arc - heroine• She rallied the French

troops• Claimed the saints told

her to lead• Was captured, tried, &

killed by the English – burned at the stake!

• Burned for heresy• Considered a Roman

Catholic Saint

Ren

ais

san

ce

Click icon to add picture “rebirth”beginning in Italian city-states: Florence, Milan, & Venice in the North and Naples in the South

Ideal of Christendom

•The concept of Europe as a single civilization – common allegiance to the church

•The Political authority of the Pope counted for as much as that of any other King or Prince OR they thought they should be higher!

Heresy•An opinion that goes against the Church

•Heretic: one who commits heresy

Holy InquisitionA set of special courts that had wide-ranging powers, to seek out and punish non-conformity.

The end!This concludes the HW/ lecture review of Unit 3: Europe, 600-1450.