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Appendix I
Forbes‘ first-ever list of the World’s Top 51 Microfinance Institutions were chosen
from a field of 641 micro-credit providers. The list was prepared by the Microfinance
Information Exchange ( www.themix.org) under the direction of Forbes magazine. To
qualify, the institutions must have made available their audited financials and must have
passed review by a Forbes panel of advisers. This table gives the rank (out of 641) for the
top institutions according to scale, which is based on the size of their gross loan portfolio;
efficiency, which considers operating expense and the cost per borrower as a percent of
the gross national income per capita of their country of operation; risk, which looks at the
quality of their loan portfolios, measured as the percent of the portfolio at risk greater
than 30 days; and return, which is measured as a combination of return on equity and
return on assets. Each category is equally weighted for an institution’s overall ranking.
Rank Name Country Scale Efficiency Risk Returns
1 ASA Bangladesh 14 83 56 40
2 Bandhan (Society and
NBFC)
India 108 49 42 1
3 Banco do Nordeste Brazil 46 27 213 25
4 Fundación Mundial de la
Mujer Bucaramanga
Colombia 58 72 193 1
5 FONDEP Micro-Crédit Morocco 119 26 196 1
6 Amhara Credit and
Savings Institution
Ethiopia 56 126 118 42
7 Banco Compartamos,
S.A., Institución de Banca
Múltiple
Mexico 15 24 295 11
8 Association Al Amana for
the Promotion of Micro-
Enterprises Morocco
Morocco 17 212 133 1
9 Fundación Mundo Mujer
Popayán
Colombia 53 181 141 1
10 Fundación WWB
Colombia – Cali
Colombia 27 206 155 4
11 Consumer Credit Union
‘Economic Partnership’
Russia 82 300 19 1
12 Fondation Banque
Populaire pour le Micro-
Credit
Morocco 59 126 219 1
13 Microcredit Foundation
of India
India 75 142 7 185
14 EKI Bosnia &
Herzegovina
66 102 242 1
15 Saadhana Microfin
Society
India 263 79 73 1
16 Jagorani Chakra
Foundation
Bangladesh 136 176 128 1
17 Grameen Bank Bangladesh 8 280 100 62
233
Rank Name Country Scale Efficiency Risk Returns
18 Partner Bosnia &
Herzegovina
64 169 230 1
19 Grameen Koota India 209 106 156 1
20 Caja Municipal de Ahorro y
Crédito de Cusco
Peru 48 99 222 119
21 Bangladesh Rural
Advancement Committee
Bangladesh 10 159 126 205
22 AgroInvest Serbia 84 195 222 1
23 Caja Municipal de Ahorro y
Crédito de Trujillo
Peru 20 163 220 101
24 Sharada’s Women’s
Association for Weaker
Section
India 229 207 55 13
25 MIKROFIN Banja Luka Bosnia and
Herzegovina
60 240 205 1
26 Khan Bank (Agricultural
Bank of Mongolia LLP)
Mongolia 19 149 280 59
27 INECO Bank Armenia 96 173 202 39
28 Fondation Zakoura Morocco 51 268 194 1
29 Dakahlya Businessmen’s
Association for Community
Development
Egypt 200 215 102 1
30 Asmitha Microfin Ltd. India 80 254 73 111
31 Credi Fe Desarrollo
Microempresarial S.A.
Ecuador 28 252 206 34
32 Dedebit Credit and Savings
Institution
Ethiopia 50 246 80 154
33 MI-BOSPO Tuzla Bosnia and
Herzegovina
128 120 283 1
34 Fundacion Para La
Promocion y el Desarrollo
Nicaragua 173 89 171 100
35 Kashf Foundation Pakistan 123 194 219 1
36 Shakti Foundation for
Disadvantaged Women
Bangladesh 170 221 151 1
37 enda inter-arabe Tunisia 198 90 257 1
38 Kazakhstan Loan Fund Kazakhstan 120 118 320 1
39 Integrated Development
Foundation
Bangladesh 300 134 140 1
40 Microcredit Organization
Sunrise
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
114 103 341 17
41 FINCA – ECU Ecuador 125 138 264 54
42 Caja Municipal de Ahorro y
Crédito de Arequipa
Peru 23 126 220 215
43 Crédito con Educación
Rural
Bolivia 135 152 298 1
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Rank Name Country Scale Efficiency Risk Returns
44 BESA Fund Albania 109 135 345 1
45 SKS Microfinance Private
Limited
India 61 395 141 1
46 Development and
Employment Fund
Jordan 83 388 135 1
47 Programas para la Mujer –
Peru
Peru 292 82 242 1
48 Kreditimi Rural i
Kosoves LLC (formerly
Rural Finance Project of
Kosovo)
Kosovo 213 158 247 1
49 BURO, formerly BURO
Tangail
Bangladesh 137 207 186 91
50 Opportunity Bank A.D.
Podgorica
Serbia 49 234 319 23
51 Sanasa Development
Bank
Sri Lanka 86 206 93 241
Source : www.forbes.com (Swibel, 2007)
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Appendix-II
Social Security Schemes in India Contingency Public
Employees
Private Sector
Workers
The General Poor Comment
Medical Care Free treatment
in state hospitals
and drugs
Free treatment in
Employees State
Insurance
Hospital
Treatment in public
hospitals. Free supply
to a limited extent of
through primary
health centres
The quality of care is
low, so low in fact that
there is a massive
private health care
industry
Sickness Medical leave
on full pay for
upto 2 years in a
3 year period
Same if covered
under the ESI
Nil Since many Indians fall
into the general poor ,
loss of income from
sickness remains the
significant concern
Maternity Maternity leave
upto 12 weeks
on full pay.
Same if covered
under ESI or the
MBA
Social Assistance
under the National
Social Assistance
Programme
Unemployment Retrenchment
benefits under
Renewal Fund
for the
employees of
public sector
enterprises
Retrenchment
benefits under the
Industrial
Disputes Act
Public employment
generation scheme
Work related
injury
Ex-gratia relief
plus benefits
under the ESI
and the
Workmen’s
Compensation
Act
ESI and the
Workmen’s Act
Social Assistance
from welfare funds
for those engaged
under occupations in
certain states.
Invalidity Ex-gratia relief
plus benefits
under the ESI
and the
Workmen’s
Compensation
Act
ESI and the
Workmen’s Act
Old age pensions
provided under the
NSAP and state
government s for the
destitute poor
EPF payments
described as “woefully
inadequate to meet any
kind of retirement need
…offer no protection
against
inflation..contributions
made by employer on
employees behalf
cannot be claimed by
employee”(Outlook
Money,2003)
Survivor
(widow, orphan)
Subsidised
group insurance
for death while
in service;
family pension
in the case of
death after
retirement
Deposit Linked
Insurance and
Family pensions
under the EPF
Subsidised life
insurance under the
NSAP and limited
accident cover
available; survivor
benefit and relief
schemes available in
certain states;
pensions for windows
in each of the states;
compensation under
the Motor Vehicles
Act
Source: Roth, Churchill, Ramm & Namerta (2005)
236
Appendix-III
STUDY ON THE IMPACT AND SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE PRACTICES IN
ARUNACHAL PRADESH INTERVIEW SCHEDULE-I
Micro Finance Institutions(MFIs)
Sl No. : Date of interview : A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1. Name of the organization :
2. Location of Office / Organisation :
3. Nature of Organization-Banks/Money lenders/Cooperative Society/NGO/others:
4. Please mention the primary area of your business:
a. Urban only [ ] b. Rural Only [ ] c. Both [ ]
B. SUPPORT AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT TO MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS
1. Please indicate your opinion regarding prevalence/availability of support mechanisms for the given microfinance practices from Govt.
Nature of Microfinance practices Prevalence of Support
Yes No
Micro Insurance
Micro Credit
Small Savings
Refinancing Micro Finance
Any Other (please specify)
2. Please indicate your response in reference to your perception whether focus and / or emphasis has increased for the given microfinance practices in the last 5 years (2007-2012) either based on your efforts or part of institutional strategy.
Microfinance practices Focus / Emphasis increased during 2007-2012 period
Yes No Not Sure
Micro Insurance
Micro Credit
Small Savings
Remittance
Others (please specify)
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3. Please indicate your response IF the following internal support (influencing the progress of the given microfinance practices) is available in Y (for Yes) / N (for No) / NS (for Not Sure)
Microfinance practices
Availability of trained staff
Provision for incentives (monetary and non monetary)
IEC / Awareness
Micro Insurance
Micro Credit
Small Savings
Remittance
<< For Micro Insurance only>>
4. Please provide the following details regarding micro insurance scheme offered by your
organisation (schemes that have low premium and ideally targeted towards poor)
a. Name of the Scheme : b. Target Client Base :
5. In reference to above (Sl. 4) please indicate your opinion / perception based response for
the following
Name of
Scheme
Opinion about Awareness Levels Opinion about Market Presence in
Very High High Low to Nil Very High High Low to Nil
C. IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE
1. Please indicate whether you have individual women customers as compared to individual
male customers. Also indicate approx percentage of individual women customers.
Tick () any one Indicate approx %
More Individual Male Customers [ ] [ %]
More Individual Female Customers [ ] [ %]
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2. Please indicate an appropriate response drawn on your perception about influence of microfinance practices on the following aspects
Human Development Indicators YES NO NOT SURE / MAYBE
Health and Nutrition
Education (children and/or dependents)
Enabling citizen entitlements
For settling / repayment of loans taken from unorganized sector
For meeting balance costs for any income generating venture such as setting up a shop, purchase of additional inputs and related expenses
Promoting Women centric interests
For safekeeping of thrift and savings at household level
For ensuring risk coverage of income generating activity
3. Please indicate your response regarding the following consequential possibilities related to customer retention and value maximization microfinance practices being followed by your organization?
Sl. Particulars YES NO NOT SURE
a) Is there any migration of customers due to better rate of interest
b) Whether timely repayment is linked to increase in loan /credit eligibility.
c) Whether there is awareness about benefits of repayment
d) Whether there are enough options for availing microcredit for consumption and production purposes alike
e) Whether there is adequate awareness about crop and livestock insurance amongst target clients
f) Whether there is adequate supply side arrangements for micro insurance
C. SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE PRACTICES
1. Please indicate your opinion whether the following requests are “often” made regarding non repayment as per committed schedule for micro credit to your organization in reference to given options:-
Sl REASONS YES/ NO
a) Request for more time for repayment or waiver due to increase in input costs of micro enterprise / business venture
b) Request for more time for repayment or waiver due to inability to market produce / less than perceived income
c) Request for more time for repayment due to increase in cost / price of nutrition, health and / or education
d) Increase in Credit Quantum (initial loan sanction being insufficient)
e) Waiver of loan based on Govt. announcements
f) Lack of insurance of business / farm / life as a reason for non repayment / delayed / partial waiver esp in ref to loss / damage
g) Default as client peers (neighbours / acquaintance are not paying)
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2. Please mention other valid reasons based on your experience that has contribute to non
repayment of micro credit to your organisation
a. ________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________
3. Please indicate you’re the most critical (top most priority) response while prioritizing reasons for extending micro credit (basis for giving small loans)
a. Collateral / Guarantor / Guarantee [ ]
b. Proof of Income [ ]
c. Past Repayment Performance [ ]
d. Assessment of Returns on economic activity [incl DPR] [ ]
e. Others (please specify) [ ]
4. In your opinion lack or non availability of proper demographic and socio economic data including that of livelihoods affects proper planning for increasing scope and extent of micro credit?
a. Not Applicable (Required data exists) [ ]
b. Applicable to an extent [ ]
c. Applicable to a large extent [data does not exist] [ ]
5. Please indicate your response regarding strategic importance of the following in reference to sustainability of microfinance
Sl No.
Particulars Very Important Important Not so important
a) Value Addition
b) Product Customisation
c) Distribution / Client Outreach
d) Human Resource Development
e) Client Protection
240
Appendix-IV
STUDY ON THE IMPACT AND SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE PRACTICES IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE-II
BORROWERS (HOUSEHOLDS)
Sl No. : Date of interview : A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION / DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE 1. Name of the respondent : 2 Sex : MALE / FEMALE 3.Address (Location / Village and Block): 4. Age : 6. Literacy Level: a. Upto Cl. V [ ] b. Upto Cl. VIII [ ] c. Matriculate [ ] d. Under graduate [ ] e. Graduate & above [ ] 7. Current Occupation (tick any one relevant]
a. Farm based [ ] b. Non-farm based [ ] c. Both(Farm & nonfarm based) [ ] d. Service(Exclusive) [ ] e. Others (specify) [ ]
8. What is the average annual income of the family in Rs. Lakhs: B. DEMAND ASSESSMENT FOR MICROFINANCE (CLIENT BASED) 1. IF you have a savings bank account please select from the following options for depositing
savings (Select multiple if you have more than one option)
a. Savings Bank A/c in a Nationalised Bank
b. Savings Bank A/c in a Cooperative / Regional Rural Bank
c. Savings A/c in Thrift and Credit Cooperative
d. Membership in a SHG / Savings schemes in any Federation
e. Savings Schemes in Post Offices
2. If Yes to above, please select from the following the approximate average quantum of deposit that you normally deposit in a month in your savings bank account / savings options combined.
Sl. Average Quantum of deposit per month
1. Till Rs. 5000/-
2. From Rs.5001/- to Rs. 25000/-
3. From Rs. 25001/- to Rs. 50000/-
241
3. What is the average number of transactions per month that you normally have for your
savings bank account with the bank / savings options combined?
Sl. Number of transactions
1. Generally nil on a monthly basis (less than 1)
2. Between 1 – 3 per month
3. Between 4 – 6 per month
4. More than 6 per month
4. Please RANK the following according to your choice for opening a savings bank account
and/or increasing the overall quantum and number` of transactions with your choice of
depositing savings:
a. Increase in Rate of Interest
b. Free of charge ATM facility
c. Assurance of credit on savings
d. Provision of insurance cover on savings
e. Accepting deposits from a centralized location outside the bank and near to the households
f. Any Other (Please Specify)
5. Demand for Credit : Do you normally take credit or have taken credit (not exceeding (3- 4 lakhs) from any source in recent past or intend to take it in immediate future? Yes/No.
6. In reference to your response at Sl. No. 5 above, please indicate your choice for the following
Reason Reason for taking credit. Please ()
Choice of MFI where you had got / have got (current) / most hopeful of getting credit (highest priority)
Personal (including health, purchase of domestic goods, or any household specific reasons not attributed elsewhere)
Education (including financing for admission fee, hostel, travel, purchase of books, education equipment such as laptops, computer and others)
Business (including financing for establishment, upgradation,
242
purchase for inputs, construction, modification or beautification of shopping establishment, repayment of old business related dues amongst others)
Agriculture (including financing for purchase of farm inputs such as seeds, equipments such as tractors (if), implements, barbed wire, posts, jungle clearance and land development)
In the event respondent accords ‘highest priority’ to multiple microfinance institutions the same are indicated here for greater understanding regarding assessment of demand for microcredit.
7. Please select the appropriate choices from following for ‘Insurance’ Options
Insurance Options Are you aware of Insurance Options regarding the following in Y / N
Have you availed / availing insurance for the following in Y / N
Life Insurance
Agriculture Crop / Plantation
Livestock
General Disaster [Fire / Floods and others]
8. If you are aware of an option to insure the following – please mention corresponding reason
for non availing micro insurance
Insurance Options Reason 1 Reason 2 Reason 3
Life Insurance
Agriculture Crop / Plantation
Livestock
General Disaster [Fire /Floods & others]
If there are more reasons the same may be captured on the additional sheet where observations of Focus Group Discussions are being recorded.
243
9. Please answer the following options in Y / N regarding demand assessment for Insurance options
Insurance Options
Are you interested in availing insurance for the following if the Government provides support for availing insurance? Answer in Y / N
Will you be interested in availing insurance for the following if premium is paid fully / partly (more than 50%) by the Govt? Answer in Y / N
Life Insurance
Agriculture Crop / Plantation
Livestock
General Disaster [Fire / Floods and others]
C. IMPACT PERCEPTION 1. Please indicate an appropriate response based on your perception if the following
influences your choice for accessing microfinance
Human Development Indicators YES NO NOT SURE / MAYBE
Health and Nutrition
Education (children and/or dependents)
Enabling citizen entitlements
For settling / repayment of loans taken from unorganized sector
For meeting balance costs for any income generating venture such as setting up a shop, purchase of additional inputs and related expenses
Promoting Women centric interests
For safekeeping of thrift and savings at household level
For ensuring risk coverage of income generating activity
For risk coverage of farm including rice fields and plantations
244
2. Please indicate an appropriate response drawn on your perception about influence of
microfinance practices on the following aspects
Sl. No.
Factors Response
Yes NO May be
1. ECONOMIC FACTORS
a) Whether incomes have increased due to micro finance support
b) Whether you have changed your MFI due to changes in rate of interest for savings/loan/insurance
c) Whether timely repayment has been enabled obtaining additional loan / credit
SOCIAL FACTORS
a) Whether there has been an increase in your ability in influencing financial / economic decisions at household level (Participation at Household level)
b) Whether there has been a higher acceptance /acknowledgement from peers / society due to increase in income (Social Acknowledgement)
c) Whether there has been an increase in confidence in interacting with official functionaries (Interpersonal Communication)
d) Increase awareness of rights, entitlements and duties
e) Whether you are currently engaged in diffusion of positive practices in the society
POLITICAL FACTORS
a) Whether microfinance support has induced you towards increased participation in local level politics
b) Whether you are inclined to organize members from consumer households on a common platform
c) Whether you are inclined to assume leadership role limited to microfinance related issues
D. SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE PRACTICES 1. IF you have taken a loan in recent past and are currently under repayment or have finished
repayment within the current month, please select the appropriate from the given choices
Sl. No. Average Loan Quantum (in Rs.) Amount Name of MFI
Reponses from those respondents which have held that they have taken credit or are likely to take credit in immediate future are to be indicated MFI wise here.
245
2. Please indicate your response based on your experience regarding given options in
reference to loan repayment and related issues
Sl.
REASONS YES / NO / NOT SURE
Response from MFI (+ve / -ve)
Please indicate the name of MFI also to whom this request was made*.
a) Request for more time for repayment or waiver due to increase in input costs of micro enterprise / business venture
b) Request for more time for repayment or waiver due to inability to market produce / less than perceived income
c) Request for more time for repayment due to increase in cost / price of nutrition, health and / or education
d) Increase in Credit Quantum (initial loan sanction being insufficient)
e) Waiver of loan based on Govt. announcements
f) Lack of insurance of business / farm / life as a reason for non repayment / delayed / partial waiver esp in reference to loss / damage
g) Any Other (Please specify)
* Indicate multiple options (on a separate sheet if necessary to assess MFI specific information
3. Please indicate your response regarding strategic importance of the following in reference
to sustainability of microfinance
Sl. Particulars Very Important
Important Not so important
a) Value Addition
b) Product Customisation
c) Human Resource Development (Skill Development for Record Keeping and Marketing)
d) Client Outreach (Incentives and Handholding)
e) Protection of Customer Interests
*****
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