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Applying Ecosystem Services to Collaborative Forest Management
Elk River Public MeetingNikola Smith
Ecologist and Ecosystem Services SpecialistU.S. Forest Service
Port Orford City HallFebruary 2, 2017
✓What are ecosystem services?✓How have we applied this idea to
planning?
Why are forests important?
“60% of the world’s environmental services are being degraded faster than they can recover”
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Ecosystem ServicesThe benefits people obtain from ecosystems
Water (quantity)FuelwoodEnergy and MineralsFood and MedicinesFiberForage
TimberRangeFish and Wildlife
PROVISIONING
Soil formationSeed dispersalPollinationNutrient cycling
SUPPORTING
CULTURALAesthetic valuesEducational valuesSpiritual valuesCultural heritageRecreation Public health
Carbon sequestration
Climate regulation
Soil stabilizationWatershed services
REGULATING
(water quality and flood control)
Strengthening multiple use to tell a more complete story
Our Story
Using ecosystem services to frame forest management is like going from
black and white to color
~ John Allen, Forest Supervisor, Deschutes National Forest
The way we think changes how we behave.
Thinking about landscapes as integrated systems.
Describing Outcomesin addition to reporting Outputs
• Acres treated• Miles restored• Number of visits• Board feet sold
• Healthy watersheds• Resilient, functioning
ecosystems• Benefits for communities
Ecological, Social and Economic Outcomes
Recreation
Fuels Treatment
Forest Products
Watershed Restoration
Habitat Restoration
Cultural Resources
Starting with the Land
From Kandziora et al. (2013), after Haines-Young and Potschin (2010a); Haines-Young and Potschin, (2010b); de Groot et al. (2010b) and Müller and Burkhard (2010)
Adapted from Kandziora et al. (2013), after Haines-Young and Potschin (2010); Haines-Young and Potschin, (2010); de Groot et al. (2010) and Müller and Burkhard (2010)
Biophysical structure or process
Ecosystem Properties
BenefitsValues
EcosystemServices
EcosystemFunction
Ecological Integrity
Understanding Human
Dependence on Natural
Systems
image courtesy of Don Boucher
How Do We Make This Real?National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Promote harmony between people and the environment
PROPOSEDACTION
DECISIONPROPOSAL Implementation
Monitor and Evaluate
Adaptive Management
Information exchange about
public values and forest conditions
What is this landscape about?foundational processes
Geology and Landforms
Hydrology and Fisheries
Vegetation and Habitats
Fire Regimes
How do functions and processes extend beyond our boundary?What and where are challenges and stressors on the system?
Impacts of Natural and Human Disturbance on Landscape Patterns
Vegetation type and composition of successional stages
Habitat connectivity
Case StudiesDeschutes, Willamette and Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forests
From Theory to Practice:The Marsh Project
Crescent Ranger District, Deschutes National Forest
Identify Values & Benefits
Describe Attributes & Components
Define Current
Condition
Potential Management
Actions
Pos/Neg Effects and Trade-offs
Internal and External Workshops: Collaborative Identification of Priority Ecosystem Services
integrated systems approach
Slide courtesy of Frank Burris, OSU Extension
Shasta Agness Planning Area ~ Gold Beach Ranger District
Biodiversity
Pollination
Recreation
Water Quality
Timber
Cultural Resources
Landforms Available Water Storage
Joni Brazier, Soil Scientist, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest
PotentialVegetation Types
Unique and Fire-DependentPlant Assemblages
Clint Emerson, BotanistRogue River-Siskiyou National Forest
“Pollinators and the ecosystem services they provide are critical to life as we know it.”
Pollinators
Ecology
Botany
Engineering
Wildlife
Veg Mgt.
Recreation
Integrated Approaches to Management:Relationships Between Diverse Program Areas and Ecosystem Services Objectives
Pollinators
Forest Products
Food
Recreation
Cultural Resources
Resilience
Habitat
Integrated Approaches to Management:Relationships Between Pollinators and Other Ecosystem Service Objectives
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT AREAS
Specifically designed for testing alternative approaches to more effectively achieve desired ecological, social and economic objectives
o all-lands approach to address resilience to disturbance and climate change
o collaboratively develop projectso build on connections between ecological
conditions and a sustainable flow of goods and services
APPLEGATE AMA PLANNING GOALS
“every piece of land has its own signature and function”
Karen Bennett, Retired Regional Soil Scientist, USFS Pacific Northwest Region
making connections between values and ecological context
Driving Values
Oak woodlandsPine-dominated systems
At-risk endangered species habitatOld-growth (present and “next generation”)
Timber infrastructureCommunities at risk due to fire
Nature’s Benefits
Clean waterPollinators and their habitats
BiodiversitySustainable supplies of wood products
History and heritage
Geology, Landforms and Soils
Vegetation and Disturbance
Stream Conditions
Where do topography and soil types suggest that erosion is or could be a concern?
Where is water storage limited and rapid runoff possible during precipitation events?
Where are roads intercepting groundwater storage and causing overland flow?
Clean WaterGeology, Landforms and Soils
Clean WaterVegetation and Disturbance
Which vegetation types are more / less resilient to fire, drought, insects & disease?
Which of these areas correspond with highly erosive soils?
Where might management be needed to enhance resilience or sustain water storage and filtration?
Clean WaterStream Conditions
Proximity of streams to roads
Riparian vegetation water filtration
Vicinity to instream mining sedimentation and lower summer flow
Iron Mountain Botanical Area
Biodiversity
Special Habitats
Recreation
Scenic Values
Cultural Values
User Impacts
Disturbance
Human Health
Marbled Murrelet Habitat
Fisheries
Scenic Values
Balancing Several Ecosystem Services in a Single Program AreaRecreation
Highlights the relevance of climate change to people
and communities
Ecosystem Services Topic Area
Cultural and heritage valuesCarbon sequestration
Natural hazard mitigationForest products
PollinationAir quality
Keeping the Big Picture in Mind
Resilience and DiversityEcological Integrity
Processes and Functions
Biodiversity Conservation, May 2016
Jabiol et al., 2013
USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service
Co-Benefits of Riparian Restoration
Shade and temperature reductions Water quality improvements Regulation of water flowErosion preventionFood source for aquatic organisms Large wood recruitmentAesthetic values…..
It depends on where we are and what we are trying to achieve
Floodplains are among the most endangered and
ecologically significant lands in the United States
Multiple Drivers for Floodplain Restoration
Water purificationFlow regulation / flood prevention
Water and sediment storageCarbon sequestration
Air quality improvementsHabitat connectivity
RecreationSoil formation
Nutrient cycling
Critical Benefits Provided by Floodplains
A New Approach:Multi-Credit Watershed Markets
MAKING MARKETS WORK FOR LOCALECONOMIES AND FUNCTIONALECOSYSTEMS
Diverse LandscapesIntegrated Approaches
Questions and DiscussionNikola SmithEcologist and Ecosystem Services SpecialistPacific Northwest RegionNational Forest System / State and Private Forestry / PNW Research Station503-808-2270, nmsmith@fs.fed.us
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