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Introduction to R
(a tutorial)
Gerardo Soto-Campos, PhD
Modeling Health
www.modelinghealth.com
http://www.modelinghealth.com/http://www.modelinghealth.com/8/9/2019 APrimerOn R Tutorial
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PART I
The Basics
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What is R?
R is an inexpensive, well maintained, free, andbeautiful language to do statistical programmingand graphics.Actually it is more than that. It is the way of doing statistics
for the future.
It can be used to build whole modeling and simulationenvironments.
R is the good-twin of S and S-Plus, an expensive
program developed at Bell Labs by Becker,Chambers, and Wilks. One day, when you know R well, read Chambers book
(Chamber 2008)
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R expected to take over the data world by2015 true/false?...
RA Muenchen in theblog r4stats.com
Predicts R taking over
SAS by 2015:http://r4stats.com/articles/popularity/
Plot of # of paperspublished in R, Stata,SAS, SPSS, and S-Plus
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http://r4stats.com/articles/popularity/http://r4stats.com/articles/popularity/http://r4stats.com/articles/popularity/http://r4stats.com/articles/popularity/http://r4stats.com/articles/popularity/8/9/2019 APrimerOn R Tutorial
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How to get R
Download it from the R project site:
http://www.r-project.org/
It works in any platform: Windows, Mac and Linux.
Mexico has two mirrors at: ITAM: http:
http://cran.itam.mx/
Colegio de Postgraduados de Texcoco:
http://www.est.colpos.mx/R-mirror/
* Si trabajamos duro podria haber uno mas en Pachuca Hgo.
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http://www.r-project.org/http://cran.itam.mx/http://www.est.colpos.mx/R-mirror/http://www.est.colpos.mx/R-mirror/http://www.est.colpos.mx/R-mirror/http://www.est.colpos.mx/R-mirror/http://www.est.colpos.mx/R-mirror/http://www.est.colpos.mx/R-mirror/http://cran.itam.mx/http://www.r-project.org/http://www.r-project.org/http://www.r-project.org/http://www.r-project.org/http://www.r-project.org/8/9/2019 APrimerOn R Tutorial
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R IDE, decent but there is better
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Better integrated development environments (IDEs) to run
R: Rstudio, Eclipse, Emacs, Revolution Analytics
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Rstudio http://rstudio.org/ (easy to configure, one of my favorites)
Eclipse http://eclipse.org/ (Requires StatET plugging, the favorite
among computer nerds, it also supports java, python, C++,not too easy to configure)
Emacs http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/ (an old and ugly classic.
I neither use it nor like it)
Revolution Analytics R http://www.revolutionanalytics.com/(a commercial version of
R, excellent packages to handle BIG data, smart people, lotsof webcasts, great service, free for academics)
http://rstudio.org/http://eclipse.org/http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/http://www.revolutionanalytics.com/http://www.revolutionanalytics.com/http://www.revolutionanalytics.com/http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/http://eclipse.org/http://eclipse.org/http://rstudio.org/http://rstudio.org/8/9/2019 APrimerOn R Tutorial
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Two more things
The bioinformatics community has a specific softwarewritten in R called Bioconductor: http://www.bioconductor.org/
Bioconductor is specific for genomics, and can be use to run in
the Amazon cloud Bioconductor can also be run as an R package called from
Rstudio using standard R.
Revolution Analytics R Revolution Analytics has a standard version of R, called
Revolution R. It is free and can be ran from RStudio or thestandard R GUI
Revolution Enterprise costs money, it has a great GUI, and
excellent packages. It can be customized to run in the cloud. Modeling Health, LLC
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Most of this deck will deal with RStudio
www.rstudio.org
Download andinstall it for linux,
Mac or windows In windows is
extremely easy toconfigure
In linux is not soeasy to configure:
Ask CARLOS
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A session on R in RStudio
Open Rstudio
In the Rstudio menu go to Project -> NewProject
Say New Directory I chose C:/Users/jerry/R2.13.0/Rdemo/primerOnR/tutorialOnR
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Parts of the R session in RStudio
Console It is the working horse of Rstudio
Use it to test things you dont care to loose
In general it is not a good idea to develop code in the console
R Scripts Go to File -> New -> R Script -> Save As -> aScriptName.R
I call it Rtutorial.R
Comments are coded with symbol: #
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R objects and data structures
Everything in R is anobject in the sense ofobject orientedprograming
Data Types Double- Integer Complex Logical Factors Character Missing data
Data Structures Numbers Vectors Matrices
Lists Data.frames Strings
IMPORTANT R is case sensitive
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R Help
In the console enter:
help(aDataStructure):
help(vector)
help(matrix)
help(factor)
Useful reference cardfor R:
http://cran.r-
project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdf
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http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdf8/9/2019 APrimerOn R Tutorial
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Working Directory, Image, and History
Creating projects in RStudio directly sets the workingdirectory In the console type
getwd()
To set the working directory from the console: setwd(aDirctoryPath)
Image Binary containing all the objects defined in an R session
save.image(. RTutorialImage) #at the end of the session
load.image(.RTutorialImage) # at the beginning of the session
History save.history(.RTutorialHistory) #at the end of session
load.history(. RTutorialHistory) #at the start of session
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Vectors
In the script type:
vec1
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Matrices: algebra of matrices remains
mat1
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Factors
Factors are useful variables in R taking on a limitednumber of values called levels.
Useful for statistical modeling
Example data=c(1,2,2,3,1,2,3,3,1,2,3,3,1) ; as.factor(data) [1] 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 1
Levels: 1 2 3
summary(as.factor(data)) # summary of data as factors
1 2 3
4 4 5
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Lists
This is a veryversatile and important data structure Very useful in modeling and simulation
Technically a list is a recursive vector.
You can save any object in a list. Example agent
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data.frames
A list with a column vector on each column (see Matloff)
Useful structures to manipulate information with objectsfrom different classes.
Example
df1
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Strings
Knowing how to handle character strings is useful whenprogramming.
Commands grep("character",c("Knowing"," how"," to"," handle"," character","
strings"," is"," useful")).
paste("Knowing how to handle character strings is useful whenprogramming")
substr("Knowing how to handle character strings is useful whenprogramming",1,7)
nchar("Knowing how to handle character strings is useful whenprogramming")
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Dates and Times
as.Date('1960-7-21')
as.Date('1/30/2012',format='%m/%d/%Y')
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Input I
To do anything interesting with R we need to know how to readand write data into and out of it.
Reading CSV files
Example with data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 03-
04 (NHANES 03-04) http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/nhanes03_04.htm
Information on: Demographics; Dietary; Examination; Laboratory
For Demographics the list of available variables is:http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/vardemo_c.htm
The data comes in a format called xpt xpt is an export file from the SAS software, which is what the NHaNES
people used.
We need to install the package foreign
install.packages(foreign) or use RStudio Packages tab
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http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/nhanes03_04.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/vardemo_c.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/vardemo_c.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/vardemo_c.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/vardemo_c.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/vardemo_c.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/nhanes03_04.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/nhanes03_04.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/nhanes03_04.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/nhanes03_04.htm8/9/2019 APrimerOn R Tutorial
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Input II
Save demo_c.xpt locally
demo0304
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Input III
CSV From Local Directory
read.csv(directoryLocation/fileName.csv,header=TRUE)
From URL
csvFile
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Output
With the package foreign
Let us use the file csvFile defined in the previous slide
STATA write.dta(csvFile,dtaFile.dta) #writes a dta file in working directory
SAS binary write.foreign(csvFile,sasFile.dat,sasFile.sas,package=SAS) # writes a .DAT sas file in the workingdirectory
CSV write.csv(csvFile,"csvFile.csv") # writes a CSV file in the working
directory
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PART II
Programming Tools
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for () loops
Syntax for (j in 1:N) {statements}
EXAMPLE
Vec5
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Conditionals: if{ } then{} else{}
Read the csvFile from previous section
csvFile
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Programming functions in R Syntax
functionName
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Useful Tools for R programming
fix(functionName) # allows to edit changes in the function Example: fix(raceDist)
Debug(functionName) #walks the code of a function lineby line
After invoking debug() the browser command appears Commands:
n gives the next line in browser-mode.
c continues the function until the end.
Q quits the browser-mode.
Example debug(raceDist)
In the console try: raceDist(csvFile)
IMPORTANT: after debugging have to run undebug(raceDist)
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PART III
III.1 Data Analysis in RIII.2 Data Modeling in R
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Data analysis in R. 1
This is an extensive field in data analysis.
R is provided with a large number of functions to performanalysis: mean(), sd(), summary(),max(), min(), etc
In practice, we will use the package rattle() written andmaintained by Dr. Graham Williams
Install.packages(rattle) This steps is straightforward buy it involves multiple packages
install.packages(rattle)
Once rattle is installed invoke it in the console as: rattle()
g ,
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Data Analysis in R. 2
Load rattle(), andinvoke it in the console
We will analyze the
data from csvFile. The data gets loadedinto the session whenthe R image gets
loaded: load(".RTutorialImage")
See snapshot of rattlesIDE on the right panel:
g ,
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Reading data into rattle
Make sure the objectcsvFile is in yousession, i.e. type
objects() in theconsole and check
Select the R Datasetoption
In the box DataName, locate csvFile
Click Execute. Thefollowing opens:
g
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Exploring data distributions
Go to tab Explore inrattle
As an example, I
selected the age as avariable to explore.
The boxplot,histogram, cumulative,
and Benfordsplotsappear to the right.
More variables couldbe used.
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Multiple regression model Variables: i4=average drinks per day Age=age of individual Substance=alcohol/cocaine/heroine Model: how does i4 depend on age and substance
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 18.2545 5.7713 3.163 0.00171 ** age 0.3341 0.1441 2.319 0.02106 * substancecocaine -17.5678 2.6301 -6.679 1.10e-10 *** substanceheroin -20.0985 2.7334 -7.353 1.71e-12 *** --- Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 19.18 on 313 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.2183, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2108
F-statistic: 29.14 on 3 and 313 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
==== ANOVA ====
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: i1 Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) age 1 7669 7669.4 20.847 7.159e-06 *** substance 2 24490 12245.2 33.285 7.825e-14 *** Residuals 313 115149 367.9
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Rattle give the option to build othermodels (beyond our scope)
Trees
Random Forests
Neural Networks
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R has world support
A plethora of developers with different specialties maintainand improve R
Packages with multiple applications have to undergo acode per-review from the R project: http://www.r-
project.org/index.html
CRAN supports
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Applications of R in Biomedical Sciences
There is no time to treat this topic with detail
The reader is encourage to check it on her/his own: http://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-
statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.html#
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http://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.htmlhttp://a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/src/biomedicalstats.html8/9/2019 APrimerOn R Tutorial
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PART IV
Graphs in R
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X-Y plotting
Use the csvFile data
plot(csvFile$age,csvFile$pcs,xlab=Age(y),yl
ab=MCS,main=Plot ofthe Mental CompositeScore Versus age inthe HELP study)
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3D plots
library(rgl) #load rglpackage
plot(csvFile$age,csvFil
e$pcs,csvFile$cesd,xlab=Age(y),ylab=MCS,main=Plot of theMental Composite
Score Versus age inthe HELP study)
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PART IV: ADVANCED TOPICS
IN R (FOR THE FUTURE)
Object Oriented Programming in RParallel Programming
R Programming in the Cloud
Numerical Simulations in R
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A personal suggestion/opinion Start easy and build up in complexity
Learn R with Lams book then move to more advanced works, i.e. useChambers book when you are VERY comfortable with R
Pick up any interesting problem you want to solve, then goahead and do it in R. Examples:
Financial time series Stochastic Processes Pharmacoeconomics Physiological modeling, Etc
Get familiar with the relevant R packages at CRAN: http://cran.r-
project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.html Subcribe to R-bloggers: http://www.r-bloggers.com/ Form an R meetup users group Dont study R, use it and have fun with it.
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http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.htmlhttp://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.htmlhttp://www.r-bloggers.com/http://www.r-bloggers.com/http://www.r-bloggers.com/http://www.r-bloggers.com/http://www.r-bloggers.com/http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.htmlhttp://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.htmlhttp://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.htmlhttp://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available_packages_by_name.html8/9/2019 APrimerOn R Tutorial
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Bibliography 1
Braun WJ and Murdoch DJ, A first course in statistical programming with R (Cambridge UP, CambridgeUK, 2007)
Excellent book for beginers.
Chambers JM (2008) Software for Data Analysis: http://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/137398/Software_for_Data_Analysis_-_Programming_with_R.pdf
This is an advanced book!!!
Coghlan Avril (2012) A Little Book of R for Biomedical Statistics: https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdf
Journal of Statistical Software, http://www.jstatsoft.org/ Excellent source of papers on diverse statistical applications. Many of the papers are R packages.
Kainman K and Horton NJ, SAS and R (CRC Press, New York NY, 2010) Great book with lots of examples. Excellent if you come to R from SAS.
Lam, L (2010) An introduction to R: http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Lam-IntroductionToR_LHL.pdf This is the best intro book on R I know.
Maindonald J and Braun WJ, Data Analysis and Graphics Using R (Cambridge UP, Cambridge UK, 2010) Third Edition. An excellent reference. Not for the beginner, it assumes a lot of background in R. Also the notation is very compact.
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http://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/137398/Software_for_Data_Analysis_-_Programming_with_R.pdfhttp://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/137398/Software_for_Data_Analysis_-_Programming_with_R.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttp://www.jstatsoft.org/http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Lam-IntroductionToR_LHL.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Lam-IntroductionToR_LHL.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Lam-IntroductionToR_LHL.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Lam-IntroductionToR_LHL.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Lam-IntroductionToR_LHL.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Lam-IntroductionToR_LHL.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Lam-IntroductionToR_LHL.pdfhttp://www.jstatsoft.org/http://www.jstatsoft.org/https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttps://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics/latest/a-little-book-of-r-for-biomedical-statistics.pdfhttp://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/137398/Software_for_Data_Analysis_-_Programming_with_R.pdfhttp://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/137398/Software_for_Data_Analysis_-_Programming_with_R.pdfhttp://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/137398/Software_for_Data_Analysis_-_Programming_with_R.pdfhttp://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/137398/Software_for_Data_Analysis_-_Programming_with_R.pdfhttp://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/137398/Software_for_Data_Analysis_-_Programming_with_R.pdfhttp://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/137398/Software_for_Data_Analysis_-_Programming_with_R.pdf8/9/2019 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Bibliography 2
Matloff N,The Art of R Programming (No starch press, San Francisco, 2011)
One of my favorites references covering both elementary and up to dateapplications in R.
The R Journal, http://journal.r-project.org/
Papers available from repository since 2001.
Spector P, Data Manipulation with R (Springer, 2008)
Nice little book with good practical examples on special topics.
Torgo L, Data Mining with R (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011)
Good selected topics on data mining with R.
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Bibliography 3
Venables, WN, and Smith DM (2012) An introuduction to R:http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf
The classic reference, to learn R I prefer Lams work. But use what
fits you best.
Williams, G, Data Mining with Rattle and R (Springer, 2011)
Excellent book on data mining. Also the rattle IDE is very good.
Witten IH, Frank E, and Hall M, Data Mining practical machinelearning tools and techniques (MK, Amsterdan, 2011) 3rdEd.
http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdfhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdfRecommended