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Osteology,Miology,Arthrology Biomedic I
ARTHROLOGYBiomedic I
Muh. Iqbal Basri
Department of Anatomy
Hasanuddin University
1
Reference
Agur, Anne M.R, Dalley, Arthur F.Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, 12th Edition.
Grays Anatomy for student
Atlas of Spatelholz
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2
Articulations of Bones of Trunk
The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
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Joints of the vertebral bodies
Intervertebral discs
between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of:
Nucleus pulposus, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core )
Annulus fibrosus
an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage
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Hemination of nucleus pulposus
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Anterior longitudinal ligament
Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2
Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum
Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs
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Joints of the vertebral arches
Ligamenta flava elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column
Interspinal ligament
Supraspinal ligament
Ligamentum nuchae
Intertansverse ligament
Zygapophysial joint
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Atlantooccipital joint
Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles
Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas
Action nodding of head, lateral tilting of head
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Atlantoaxial joint
Three synovial joints between atlas and axis
Laterally, paired joints between articulating facets
Median joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas
Supported by ligaments
apical ligament of dens
alar ligament
transverse ligament of atlas
tectorial membrane
Action allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column
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Normal Curves of vertebral column
Cervical curvature convex forward
Thoracic curvature convex backward
Lumbar curvature
convex forward
Sacral curvature convex backward
Movement of the vertebral column
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Spina bifida cystica
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Joints of skull
Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis
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Temporomandibular joint
Aticulating surfaces
Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, above
Head of mandibule, below
Capsule: thin and lax in front and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligament
Articular disc: separates surfaces, forming upper and lower compartments within joint
Movement: mandible may be elevated or depressed, protruded or retracted; rotation may also occurs as in chewing( a slight amount of side to side movement is also permitted)
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Joints of limbs
Muh.Iqbal Basri
Department of Anatomy
Hasanuddin University
15
Joints of upper limb
Joints of should girdle
Sternoclavicular joint
Bones: sternal end of clavicle, clavicular notch of sternum, and first costal cartilage
Articular capsule: strong and is reinforced by anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
An articular disc is attached to the capsule, dividing the joint into two cavities.
Movements: elevation and depression, forward and backward, rotation and circumduction of the acromial end of the clavicle
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Acromioclavicular joint
Bones: acromion and acromial end of clavicle
Movement: rotation of scapula on clavicle
Coracoacromial arch
formed by coracoacromial ligament, coranoid process, and acromion, that prevents the shoulder joint
from superior dislocation
coranoid process
acromion
coracoacromial
ligament
Joints of free upper limb
Articulatio humeri
(ball and socket)
Bones: head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Capsule:
Thin and lax, especially lower part
Attachments: proximal to glenoid labrum; distal to anatomical neck of humerus, except medially where it is slightly distal to surgical neck
Tendon of long head of biceps brachii passes though the cavity
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Accessory structures
Glenoid labrum: fibrocartilaginous ring on periphery of glenoid cavity
Coracohumeral ligament runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle
Movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Articulatio cubiti
Bones: lower end of humerus, upper ends of radius and ulna
Humeroulnar joint :
formed by trochlear of humerus and troclear noch (hinge)
Humeroradial joint:
formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius (ball and socket)
Proximal radioulnar joint: formed by articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna
Capsule: thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly, strongly thickened on either side by collateral ligaments
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Ligaments:
Radial collateral ligament: attached to lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of radius
Ulnar collateral ligament: attached to medial epicondyle to medial border of trochlear notch
Annular ligament of radius: attached to anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of ulna, surrounds the head of radius
Movements: flexion and extension, pronation and supination
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Dislocation
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Joints between radius and ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint: formed by head of ulna, ulnar notch of radius and an articular disc
Interosseous membrane of forearm
: a fibrous membrane between the shaft of radius and ulna
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Joints of hand
Radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)
Bones
Carpal articular surface of radius and articular disc below the ulna
Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones, but not pisiform
Capsule: lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament
Movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
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Intercarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joints:
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Bones: trapezium and base of first metacarpal
Movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and opposition
Intermetacarpal joints
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
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Joints of Lower limb
Joints of pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Bones: auricular surface of sacrum and ilium
Capsule: very tight and strengthened by ligaments
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Vertebropelvic ligaments
Iliolumbal ligament: runs from transverse process of L5 to the posterosuperior part of iliac crest
Sacrotuberous ligament: runs from lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx to the inner margin of ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous ligament: runs from ischial spine to lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx
These two ligaments convert the sciatic notches the greater and lesser sciatic foramina
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Pubic symphysis
Articulation: symphysial surface and interpubic disc (fibrocartilage)
Ligaments: superior pubic ligament and arcuate pubic ligament
Obturator membrane
obturator canal
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Bony pelvis
Composition: formed by paired hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, and their articulations
In anatomical position, anterior superior iliac spines and pubic tubercles on same vertical plane, while the tip of coccyx and superior border of pubic symphysis on same horizontal plane
Terminal line: formed by promontory of sacrum, arcuate line, pectin of pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of pubic symphysis
Two portions: a greater pelvis and a lesser pelvis
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Lesser pelvis
pelvic inlet (terminal line):
Pelvic outlet : formed by tip of coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium, inferior ramus of pubic, symphysis
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch, subpubic angle
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Main difference between male and femal pelvis
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Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Female
Male
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic outet
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch
90~1000
70~750
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Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Male Female Overall Narrow and longWide and short Iliac alaMore verticalMore horizontalInlet Oval or heart shapedRound Subpubic angleAcute angle (about 70~750)Right angle (about 90~1000)Pelvic cavityDeep narrowShallower, wideOutlet Small Larger34
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Joints of free lower limb
Articulatio coxae
Bones: acetabulum and femoral head
Articular capsule attachments
Above: margins of acetabulum and transverse acetebular ligament
Below: in front to intertrochanteric line; behind, to the neck of femur above 1 cm above the intertrochanteric crest
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Accessory structures
Acetabulum labrum; transverse acetebular ligament
Ligaments
Iliofemoral lig.
Ligament of head of femur
Pubofemoral lig.
Ischiofemoral ligament
Zona orbicularis
Movement: flexion, extention, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
Transverse
acetebular lig.
Ligament of head
of femur
Acetabulum labrum
Iliofemoral lig.
Ischiofemoral lig.
Pubofemoral lig.
Zona orbicularis
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Articulatio Genu
Bones: lower end of femur, upper end of tibia and patella
Articular capsule: superapatellar bursa, deep infrapatellar bursa ala folds
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Accessory structures
ligaments
Patellar lig.
Fibular collateral lig.
Tibial collateral lig.
Patellar lig.
Fibular
collateral
lig.
Tibial collateral
lig.
Oblique popliteal ligament
Anterior cruciate ligment
Posterior cruciateligament
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Medial meniscus (C-shaped)
lateral meniscus (O-shaped)
Movements: flexion and extension; flexed knee joint may be passively rotated through 700
lateral
Medial
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Tibiofibular syndesmosis
Tibiofibular joint
Crural interosseous membrane
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
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Joint of foot
Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
Bones: lower ends of tibia and fibula, trochlea of talus
Articular capsule: thin and lax in front and behind, and supported on each side by strong collateral ligaments
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Ligaments
Medial lig.
Lateral lig.
Anterior talofibular lig.
Calcaneofibular lig.
Posterior talofibular lig.
Movements: dosiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion (flexion); when the ankle joint is fully plantar flexed, small amounts of abduction, and adduction
are possible
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Intertarsal joints
Talocalcaneal joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Tarsometatarsal joints
Intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
transverse tarsal joint
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Arches of foot (Arcus pedis)
Medial longitudinal arch: formed by calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiforms and first to third metatarsal bones, head of talus is the keystone of this arch
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Lateral longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsals; cuboid is is the keystone of this arch
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Tranverse arch:
formed by cuboid, three cuniforms and all metatarsals; the intermediate cuneiform is the keystone of this arch
Function: give to foot strength stability and resilience; protect plantar vessels and nerves
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Normal arch
Flatfoot
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THANK YOU
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