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Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Objective: Students will explain asexual (binary fission, budding, vegetative, mitosis) and sexual
reproduction (angiosperms, mammals)
Asexual ReproductionProcess by which a single parent
reproduces by itself without the joining of gametes (reproductive cells)
Sexual ReproductionProcess by which male and female gametes unite to produce the first cell
of a new organism
Asexual ReproductionExamples:
– Spore Formation– Binary Fission– Vegetative
Reproduction– Regeneration– Budding– Mitosis
• Does not involve meiosis or the joining of haploid gametes
• Cells are diploid (2N)• Produces offspring
that are genetically identical to the parent
Spore Formation• Spores - (“mummified” bacterium) – dormant non-reproductive body
• Protective coating encase key parts of the bacterium
• Spores formed by certain bacteria in response to harsh environmental conditions
• Spore able to survive for weeks (even years) through drought, heat, even radiation
• When conditions become more favorable, bacterium “comes to life” (transforming from a spore back to a cell)
• Also produced by certain fungi, algae, and non-flowering plants.
Binary Fission (p. 475)
• One cell splits into two cells
• Offspring are genetically identical to parent
• Occurs in Prokaryotes (organisms w/out a nucleus) i.e. Bacteria
Vegetative Reproduction
• Also called vegetative propagation
• Process by which new plant "individuals" arise or are obtained without production of seeds or spores (without sexual reproduction)
• produce new plants from existing vegetative structures by cutting from stems, leaves, roots, parts of leaves and thick canes
Budding• Formation of a new
organism by the protrusion of part of another organism.
• Very common in plants and fungi (vegetative Reproduction), but may be found in animal organisms, as well.
• Shortly, the new organism will break away from parent and live independently
• New organism is genetically identical to the primary one (a clone)
A new hydra budding from an existing hydra
Budding Yeast
Regeneration
• Form of tissue repair and/or healing
• Ability to regrow lost limbs, severed nerve connections, damaged tissues and organs
• Example of plant regeneration - when grass is cut, the blade regrows
Starfish
Planaria
Mitosis
Mitosis produces two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis of a diploid cell (2n) produces two diploid daughter cells.
Sexual Reproduction
• Process by which male and female gametes unite to produce the first cell of a new organism
• Involves the joining of haploid gametes that have been produced by meiosis
• Offspring are not genetically identical to either parent
Sexual Reproduction
In Mammals• Reproduce by internal
fertilization (male deposits sperm inside the reproductive tract of the female – where fertilization occurs)
• Meiosis used to produce the gametes: sperm and egg
In Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
• Meiosis used to produce the spores -- which in time will produce the gametes (pollen -male; egg - female)
• Reproduce by cross-pollination (transfer of pollen to female reproductive structure)
Angiosperms(CH 24-1, pp. 612-621)
• Flowering plant that produces seeds within an ovary that develops into a fruit; therefore, the seeds are covered
• Most abundant plant on Earth• Terrestrial and lack locomotion
– Poses a problem– Gametes are delicate single cells. For two plants
to cross-pollinate, there must be a mechanism for the two gametes to reach each other safely
Reproductive Parts of a Flower
• The flower is the reproductive organs of angiosperms• Stamen - male organ that produces pollen (consists of the anther &
filament)• Carpel (also called pistil) – female organ that produces egg• Other parts of the flower
– Sepal – green (resemble leaves) protect the flower while it’s developing– Petal – often brightly colored – attract pollinators (i.e. insects) to flower
• Most angiosperm flowers contain both the stamen and pistil
Active Artphschool.com
webcode cbp-7241(click the link to go to activity)
Answer the questions.
• What is the function of flowers?
• An angiosperm is a plant that produces seeds that are enclosed in a _______________.• The male structure of a flower is known as the _______________.• The female structure of a flower is known as the _______________ .• List the structures that make up the stamen.
• List the structures that make up the carpel.
• Describe the function of petals on a flower.
• Where does meiosis take place?
• Where does pollination take place?
Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
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