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Federal AviationAdministration
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft
Side-Facing Seats Using the ES-2
Anthropomorphic Test Dummy
The Fifth Triennial International Aviation Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference
Richard DeWeese FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
October 30, 2007
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 2Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Background
• Occupant injury assessments found in dynamic seat testing requirements focus on forward and aft-facing seats.
• Current FAA policy on side-facing seats cites injury assessments based in part on Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS)
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 3Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Background
• Advanced means of assessing injuries in side impacts have been developed for application to motor vehicles.– Test dummies with improved biofidelity – More specific prediction of injury
• Inflatable restraint systems now available to potentially mitigate injuries in side-facing impacts.
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 4Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Project Goals
• Conduct a project to evaluate the injury risk presented by a typical side-facing seat configuration using the state-of-the-art methods.
• Assess the potential for injury mitigation provided by inflatable restraint systems.
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 5Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Project Tasks
• Conducted dynamic tests with typical aircraft side-facing seat configurations using the ES-2 ATD.– ES-2 ATD cited in proposed automotive
requirements– 44 ft/s 16 G (Part 25) test condition (used to allow
comparison with previous studies)– Rigid seat used for repeatablilty
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 6Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Project Tasks
• Conducted dynamic tests with typical aircraft side-facing seat configurations using the ES-2 ATD (continued).– Seat and restraint configuration based on survey of
leading seat manufacturers• Rigid seat configuration reflected the pertinent reported
dimensions • Three point (body-centered) restraint system
– Seating Scenarios• Next to a rigid wall (full body support)• Center occupant of a multiple-place couch• Next to an armrest
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 7Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Project Tasks
• Evaluated the potential for injury using current, proposed, and preliminary injury criteria.– 14 CFR 25.562
• Head Injury Criterion (HIC)• Shoulder Belt Tension
– FMVSS-214• Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI)• Pelvis Acceleration
– EU 96/27/EC• Viscous Criterion (V*C)
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 8Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Project Tasks
• Evaluated the potential for injury using current, proposed, and preliminary injury criteria (continued).– Proposed FMVSS-214 (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)• T-12 (chest) Acceleration• Rib Deflection• Abdominal Forces• Pubic Force
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 9Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Project Tasks
• Evaluated the potential for injury using current, proposed, and preliminary injury criteria (continued).– FMVSS-208
• Neck Forces and Moments• Preliminary Lateral Nij
– Research Criteria• Neck Bending Angle• Femur Twisting Moment• Belt Impingement on Neck
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 10Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Project Tasks
• Evaluated the ES-2 ATD’s functionality when used in the aviation environment– Interaction with restraints– Durability
• Investigated test methods unique to side-facing seats– Seating methods for consistency
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 11Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Project Tasks
• Evaluated the ability of inflatable restraint systems to mitigate injuries in these seating configurations– Inflatable Shoulder Belt– Self contained crash
sensor / inflationsystem.
– Prototype similar tocurrent certified systemsfrom AmSafe
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 12Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Project Tasks• Test Matrix
Configuration Restraint Type
ATD Type
Test Number
ES-2 A05066 Conventional ES-2 A05068 ES-2 A05067
Center Inflatable
ES-2 A05070 Close Wall Conventional ES-2 A05065
Conventional ES-2 A05071 Far Wall Inflatable ES-2 A05072
ES-2 A05075 Conventional ES-2 A05076 ES-2 A05073 Inflatable ES-2 A05074
Armrest
Conventional FAA H-III A06004
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 13Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Wall PositionConventional Restraint
Video Deleted
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 14Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Wall PositionConventional Restraint
Upper-Rib Deflection (A05071)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (ms)D
efle
ctio
n (m
m)
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 15Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Wall PositionInflatable Restraint
Video Deleted
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 16Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Center PositionConventional Restraint
Video Deleted
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 17Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Center PositionInflatable Restraint
Video Deleted
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 18Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Armrest PositionConventional Restraint
Video Deleted
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 19Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Armrest PositionConventional Restraint
Video Deleted
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 20Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Armrest PositionConventional Restraint
Upper-Neck Mx (A05075)
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (ms)B
endi
ng M
omen
t (in
-lb)
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 21Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Armrest PositionConventional Restraint
Femur Mz vs Leg Angle
-600-400-200
0200400600800
100012001400
-20 0 20 40 60 80
Lower Leg Angle (Degrees)Tw
istin
g M
omen
t (in
-lb)
ES-2 H-3
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 22Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Armrest PositionInflatable Restraint
Video Deleted
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 23Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Armrest PositionH-III ATD, Conventional Restraint
Video Deleted
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 24Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Head Injury Results
ES2 Head Injury Response
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000A
0506
6
A05
068
A05
067
A05
070
A05
065
A05
071
A05
072
A05
075
A05
076
A05
073
A05
074
Cnv Cnv Inf Inf Cnv Cnv Inf Cnv Cnv Inf Inf
Center CloseWall
Far Wall Armrest
HIC
HIC after contact HIC15
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 25Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Neck Injury Results
Upper Neck Peak Response
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800A
0506
6
A05
068
A05
067
A05
070
A05
065
A05
071
A05
072
A05
075
A05
076
A05
073
A05
074
A06
004
Cnv Cnv Inf Inf Cnv Cnv Inf Cnv Cnv Inf Inf CnvH-III
Center CloseWall
Far Wall Armrest
Load
(lb)
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Mom
ent (
in-lb
)
Up Neck Shear Fy (lb) Up Neck Tension Fz (lb) Up Neck Moment Mx (in-lb)
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 26Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Shoulder Belt Tension Results
Shoulder Belt Peak Response
0200400600800
100012001400160018002000
A05
066
A05
068
A05
067
A05
070
A05
065
A05
071
A05
072
A05
075
A05
076
A05
073
A05
074
A06
004
Cnv Cnv Inf Inf Cnv Cnv Inf Cnv Cnv Inf Inf CnvH-III
Center CloseWall
Far Wall Armrest
Load
(lb)
Upper Shldr Belt Tension (lb) Lower Shldr Belt Tension (lb)
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 27Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Conclusions• Injury Assessment
Tested Seat Configurations (Conventional Restraint) Body
Region Center Close
Wall Far Wall Armrest
Head HIC HIC HIC15
Neck Nij Prelim Nij
Prelim Nij
Prelim
Thorax Belt Tension Rib
Def Belt
Tension
Abdomen
Pelvis
Leg Femur Mz
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 28Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Conclusions• Test Method Evaluation
– Consistent initial position achieved by preloading the lower torso during installation.
• ATD evaluation– Good overall functionality– Shoulder area not biofidelic– Neck not durable
• Inflatable restraint evaluation– Mitigated most injury risks
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 29Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Conclusions• Proposed injury criteria can be met using
proper seat design features and advanced restraint systems.
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 30Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Recommendations• Use of the ES-2 and its associated injury
criteria for aircraft seat tests would allow a better assessment of the potential for injury than the current test methods.
• Neck injury criteria are needed to interpret the high neck loads measured.
• Improvements in the ES-2 shoulder’s biofidelity would allow better assessment of the potential for injury caused by belt contact forces.
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 31Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
Acknowledgments• Co-authors:
– David Moorcroft, CAMI – Tom Green, AmSafe Aviation, Inflatable Restraints Division– Mat Phlippens, TNO Netherlands
• Seat survey participants:– Cessna Aircraft– BE Aerospace– DeCrane Aircraft
• Test articles:– Restraint systems: AmSafe– Seat Cushions: BE Aerospace
Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats 32Federal AviationAdministrationOctober 30, 2007
References• Soltis S, Frings G, van Hoof J, et al. Development
of Side Neck Injury Criteria and Tolerances for Occupants of Sideward Facing Aircraft Seats. NATO/PFP; May 2003; RTO-MP-AVT-097.
• Green T, Barth T. Injury Evaluation and Comparison of Lateral Impacts When Using Conventional and Inflatable Restraints. Creswell, OR: SAFE Association; October 2006; E509868.
• DeWeese R, Moorcroft D, Green T, PhilippensM.M.G.M. Assessment of Injury Potential in Aircraft Side-Facing Seats Using the ES-2 Anthropomorphic Test Dummy. Washington DC: Federal Aviation Administration May 2007; Report No. DOT/FAA/AM-07/13.
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